近年來，由於消費者對於產品安全的重視程度與日俱增，各式各樣的私營標準開始蓬勃發展。這些私營標準雖不具備法律強制力，其所導致的市場排擠效應仍使生產者不得不積極使其產品取得各項私營標準的認證，引發私營標準是否具有實質上強制力並進而影響國際間自由貿易之疑慮。隨著開發中國家自2005年開始於SPS委員會中提出全球良好農業慣例標準對國際自由貿易之負面影響，私營標準之相關法律議題於WTO場域中益發重要，實有研究討論之必要。鑒於私營標準種類、數量之眾，本論文以於WTO下被具體指謫之全球良好農業慣例標準為例，探討全球良好農業慣例標準是否有落入WTO法規範管轄範疇之可能，並透過涉及私營標準議題之食品衛生檢驗與動植物檢疫措施協定、技術性貿易障礙協定與關稅及貿易總協定相關條文的解釋與分析，討論全球良好農業慣例標準與該些規範之關連性及適法性，既而於WTO下甚至WTO以外之國際場域，探究尋求相關貿易衝擊因應之道的可行性，希冀能為私營標準對國際自由貿易體系所帶來的影響及其與WTO之關係進行審視並作出建議。

In recent years, all kinds of private standards have started to develop prosperously because consumers consider product safety more and more important. Although these private standards are not mandatory, the crowding out effect of markets causing by these standards still makes producers have to achieve relevant certification as far as possible. This situation causes anxiety about the possibility that private standards are de facto mandatory and create trade barriers. While developing countries have stated that GlobalGAP Standard makes bad influence on international trade in the SPS Committees since 2005, the legal issues about private standards become more and more important under WTO regime and need to be studied and discussed. In view of the fact that there are too many kinds of private standards, the thesis takes GlobalGAP Standard for example to discuss whether private standards shall be subject to the rules of WTO Agreements. In order to conduct careful examining and come up with suggestions of the influence on international trade which caused by private standards and the relationship between private standards and WTO, it is necessary to research into the connection between GlobalGAP Standard and WTO rules and the legality of this standard through explaining and analyzing relevant rules which involves the issue of private standards under the SPS Agreement, TBT Agreement, and GATT and to discuss the feasibility of finding the solution to relevant trade impact under WTO regime or other international fields.

第壹章　緒論 1
第一節　研究動機與目的 1
第二節　研究方法與研究限制 2
第三節　研究內容與架構 3
第貳章　GlobalGAP標準概述 5
第一節　發展背景 6
第二節　組織架構與運作模式 7
第三節　規範架構及功能 8
第四節　認證程序 12
第参章　GlobalGAP標準之適用個案討論 17
第一節　拉丁美洲國家經驗 17
第二節　次撒哈拉非洲國家經驗 26
第三節　東南亞國家經驗 37
第四節　小結 46
第肆章　GlobalGAP標準於WTO法規範下之適法性分析 49
第一節　WTO法規範與私部門行為間之關係 52
第二節　WTO法規範對GlobalGAP標準之可適用性分析 56
第三節　GlobalGAP標準於TBT協定下之適法性分析 74
第伍章　WTO對GlobalGAP標準造成的貿易衝擊因應之道 87
第一節　於WTO爭端解決機制下提訴之可行性與可能產生的問題 87
第二節　於WTO場域解決GlobalGAP標準議題之契機 89
第三節　WTO以外之其他國際場域 93
第陸章　結論與建議 95
參考文獻 101
附錄──縮寫、全文與翻譯名詞對照表 105

中文部分：
1.牛惠之，「WTO技術性貿易障礙（TBT）協定就安全貿易之適用與限制」，《政大法學評論》，第95期，2007年2月。
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4.陳啟民，ISO認證必備手冊，麥可國際出版公司，2006年6月，初版第1刷。
5.黃立、李貴英、林彩瑜合著，WTO國際貿易法論，元照出版有限公司，2004年10月，三版第4刷。
6.羅昌發，國際貿易法，元照出版有限公司，2002年2月，初版第4刷。
英文部分：
1.Arthur E. Appleton, Supermarket Labels and the TBT Agreement: Mind the GAP, 4 BUS. L. BRIEF: 10 (2007).
2.Canada－Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, Report of the Panel, WTO Doc. WT/DS139/R, WT/DS142/R (11 Feb. 2000).
3.Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Communication from UNCTAD: Private Sector Standards and Developing Country Exports of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables, WTO DOC. G/SPS/GEN/761 (26 Feb. 07).
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5.Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Note by The Secretariat: Summary of The Meeting Held on 29-30 June 2005, WTO Doc. G/SPS/R/37/Rev.1 (18 Aug. 05).
6.Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Note by The Secretariat: Summary of The Meeting of 28 February－1 March 2007, WTO Doc. G/SPS/R/44 (30 May, 07).
7.Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Note by The Secretariat: Summary of The Meeting of 18-19 October 2007, WTO Doc. G/SPS/R/46 (02 Jan. 08).
8.Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Note by The Secretariat: Summary of The Meeting of 24-25 June 2008, WTO Doc. G/SPS/R/51 (27 Aug. 08).
9.Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Note by The Secretariat: Summary of The Meeting of 25-26 February 2009, WTO Doc. G/SPS/R/54 (28 Apr. 09).
10.European Communities－Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, Appellate Body Report, WTO Doc. WT/DS135/AB/R (12 Mar. 2001).
11.European Communities－Measures Affecting The Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, Report of the Panel, WTO Doc. WT/DS291/R, WT/DS292/R, WT/DS293/R (29 Sep. 2006).
12.European Communities－Trade Description of Sardines, Appellate Body Report, WTO Doc. WT/DS231/AB/R (26 Sep. 2002).
13.European Economic Communities－Restrictions on Imports of Dessert Apples-Complaint by Chile, GATT Doc. L/6491, 36th Supp. B.I.S.D. 93, 18 April 1989 (1990).
14.GATT Dispute Panel Report on EEC－Measures on Animal Feed Proteins, GATT B.I.S.D. (25th Supp.) (14 Mar.1978).
15.GATT Dispute Panel Report on Italy－Discrimination Against Imported Agricultural Machinery, GATT B.I.S.D. (7th Supp.) (23 Oct. 1959).
16.Jan Wouters, Axel Marx, Nicolas Hachez, Food Safety, Private Standards and International Trade Law, Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies.
17.Japan－Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper, WT/DS44/R, 31 March 1998.
18.Japan－Restrictions on Imports of Certain Agricultural Products, 18 November 1987, GATT Doc. L/6253, 35th Supp. B.I.S.D. 163 (1988).
19.Japan－Trade in Semi-conductors, GATT Doc. L/6309, 35th Supp. B.I.S.D. 116, 4 May 1988 (1988).
20.Joost Pauwelyn, The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures as Applied in the First Three SPS Disputes, EC-Hormones, Australia-Salmons and Japan-Varietals, 2 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW: 641(1999).
21.Kevin C. Kennedy, The GATT-WTO System at Fifty, 16 WIS. INT’L L.J. 421, (1998).
22.Korea－Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef, WT/DS161 & 169/AB/R, adopted 10 Jan. 2001 (2000).
23.Report by the Panel on Review Pursuant to Article XVI:5, GATT Doc. L/1160, 9th Supp. B.I.S.D. 188, adopted 24 May 1960 (1961).
24.Rex J. Zedalis, When Do the Activities of Private Parties Trigger WTO Rules?, 10 J. INT’L ECON. L. 335 (Jun. 2007).
25.Samir R. Gandhi, Regulating the Use of Voluntary Environmental Standards Within the World Trade Organization Legal Regime: Making a Case for Developing Countries, JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 39(5): 855 (Oct. 2005).
26.Steven Bernstein, Erin Hannah, Non-State Global Standard Setting and the WTO: Legitimacy and the Need for Regulatory Space, 11 J. INT’L ECON. L. 575 (Sep. 2008).
27.United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Challenges and Opportunities Arising from Privae Standards on Food Safety and Environment for Exporters of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables in Asia: Experiences of Malaysia, Thailand and Viet Nam, United Nations Publication, UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2007/6 (2007).
28.United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Private-Sector Standards and National Schemes for Good Agricultural Practices─Implications for Exports of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables from sub-Saharan Africa: Experiences of Ghana, Kenya and Uganda, United Nations Publication, UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2007/13 (2008).
29.United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, The Implications of Private-Sector Standards for Good Agricultural Practices─Exploring Options to Facilitate Market Access for Developing-Country Exporters of Fruit and Vegetables: Experiences of Argentina, Brazil and Costa Rica, United Nations Publication, UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2007/2 (2007).
網路資源：
1.Ahold: http://www.ahold.com/
2.BRC: http://www.brc.org.uk/
3.CIES: http://www.ciesnet.com/
4.GlobalGAP: http://www.globalgap.org/
5.ISO: http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htm
6.Oxford English Dictionary: http://dictionary.oed.com/
7.Taylor Shannon International:
http://www.taylorshannon.com/
8.WHO: http://www.who.int/en/
9.WTO: http://www.wto.org/index.htm
10.台灣農產品安全追溯資訊網：http://taft.coa.gov.tw/。
11.行政院農委會網站：http://www.coa.gov.tw/。
12.慧典市場研究報告網，http://big5.hdcmr.com/。