Hackerspaces are open and public workshops where participants pro-actively engage with technology in a social context. From origins in 1990s Germany, the global propagation of hackerspaces has been grassroots, decentralized, and extra-institutional. How does a new hackerspace emerge? What are some key social processes at work within a hackerspace and how are they conditioned by a multilingual, multicultural setting? What roles do values and ideology play? The present study addresses these questions through immersion in the social world of a hackerspace in Taipei, Taiwan. Participant observation and in-depth interview data were analyzed using grounded theory techniques. The results emphasize that initial organizing depends on catalysts and relevant prior experience may be crucial. Local conditions in the form of a multicultural, multilingual environment are shown to affect social processes, sometimes as a source of friction. Ideological and political concerns do not seem salient to Taipei Hackerspace participants generally, though values implicit in practices present alternatives to institutional conventions. In addition, four primary processes are proposed: “Project-ing,” Sharing, “Making it one’s own,” and Negotiating. Finally, support is given to the concept of a transferable hackerspace model that is adapted to local conditions. The values and principles observed—sharing and openness norms, “do-ocracy”, ad hoc organizing, resistance to rules and hierarchy—can be traced to various influences in hackerspaces’ historical development, particularly the open source movement, and serve to optimize hacking potential while fostering a heterogeneous community network.

ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
PREFACE vii
Setting the Stage: A Dynamic, Heterogeneous Network vii
Notes on Terminology ix
INTRODUCTION 1
LITERATURE REVIEW 8
The Hackerspace Model and its Social and Historical Context 8
Hackerspace Interactions & Processes 33
RESEARCH QUESTIONS 49
METHODOLOGY 51
Restatement of Research Objective and Overview of Methodology 51
Data Collection 59
Rigor & Credibility 65
Data Management 67
Data Analysis 68
RESULTS 77
RQ1) Through What Processes Did the Taipei Hackerspace Emerge? 77
RQ2) How Do the Local Conditions in Taipei, Taiwan, Affect the Organizing of a Hackerspace? 89
RQ3) Are Any Ideological Elements from Hackerspaces’ General Development Incorporated within Local Practice? 98
RQ4) What Are the Key Community Dynamics and Processes? 109
Project-ing: An Ad Hoc Organizing and Meaning-producing Process 110
Sharing: A Norm with Diverse Expressions and Interpretations 121
“Making It One’s Own”: Domesticity and Participation 129
Negotiating: Meaning & Individual/Collective Tension. 137
DISCUSSION 157
Key Findings in Context 158
Future Studies 170
Limitations 173
CONCLUSION 175
BIBLIOGRAPHY 181
APPENDICES 197
Appendix A: The Arduino Microcontroller 197
Appendix B: Interview Guide 199
Appendix C: The Facebook “Like” Counter 201
Appendix D: Initial Categories and Codes after Phase 1 Data Coding 204
Appendix E: Refined Categories and Codes after Phase 1 & 2 Data Coding 206
Appendix F: Intermediate, Axial Coding Chart 208
Appendix G: The Four Primary Categories with Linking Interactions 214

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