摘 要
「世界貿易組織」（World Trade Organization，以下簡稱WTO）爭端解決下之貿易制裁，對於確保其任務之達成，扮演著十分重要的角色。惟自WTO成立後至今的數年間，所出現之「爭端解決機構」（The Dispute Settlement Body）授權貿易制裁之實例，透露了本機制之引發之問題，例如除了被制裁國強力反彈外，採取制裁措施之國自身也倍嚐其苦。針對上述問題，不論是學界或WTO會員國均有一些檢討改革的方案。
上述改革方案包括倡議以其他手段完全取代現行「爭端解決程序與規則瞭解書」（Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes，以下簡稱DSU）之貿易制裁者，經過本文之分析，發現此等手段縱然取代DSU之貿易制裁，仍無法解決問題，蓋彼等或不具可行性、或有強制執行之困難。
鑑於貿易制裁對WTO規範遵循之確保，目前無可取代，故本文肯定其繼續存在之必要，同時強調貿易制裁之法制化並無礙WTO協定整體架構之邏輯一貫性。此外，法制化的結果，不但可確保貿易制裁受到監督，降低濫用的空間，更可藉由內建之定期檢討與修正，促使授權貿易制裁得以持續獲得改善，將負面影響降到最低。

The authorization of trade sanction, which secures the objectives of the World Trade Organization (hereinafter the “WTO”) to be achieved, plays a very important role in WTO dispute settlement mechanism. However, since the establishment of the WTO, the DSB authorization of trade sanctions in some cases has revealed some problems. In some instances, the exercise of the trade sanctions triggers counter-measures of the respondent member, while in others, the complaint member also suffers for the trade sanction it imposes as authorized. In response to the aforementioned problems, commentators as well as WTO members have proposed some ideas of reform.
The reform proposals include replacing the WTO trade sanctions with alternative measures. Nevertheless, after careful analyses of these proposals for alternatives, it is found in this thesis that the replacement of the WTO trade sanctions cannot resolve the aforementioned problems, in the sense that those alternatives suggested are not feasible or lack of ways to enforce them.
In light of the fact that currently no feasible alternative can have the function as trade sanction has in assuring the compliance of the WTO rules, this thesis argues that it needs to be preserved. Besides, this thesis believes that it does not cause any conflict in the current WTO legal framework. To preserve it under the WTO framework, the abuse can be avoided through the surveillance of the DSB. Moreover, the built-in review mechanism, which will continue reform trade sanction measures, can minimize their negative effects.

目 錄
第一章 緒論 3
第一節 研究動機 3
第二節 章節架構 4
第二章 背景介紹 5
第一節 補償與貿易制裁的介紹 5
第一項 補償 5
第二項 貿易制裁 5
第二節 DSU貿易制裁與GATT1947貿易制裁的差異 5
第一項 關於授權制裁的決定 5
第二項 正面共識決與負面共識決的差異 5
第三項 被控訴國退出協定的規定 5
第四項 小結 5
第三節 GATT與WTO爭端解決程序流程圖的對照 5
第一項 GATT爭端解決程序流程圖（1989年以前） 5
第二項 WTO爭端解決程序流程圖 5
第三章 DSU貿易制裁手段缺點的探討 5
第一節 貿易制裁不易完全等同被控訴國貿易得失 5
第二節 貿易制裁的反噬 5
第三節 貿易制裁之貿易保護主義色彩 5
第四節 無成本的不履行義務期間 5
第五節 貿易制裁之不公平性 5
第一項 交叉制裁對小國形同具文 5
第二項 不能確保被控訴國受損產業能獲得救濟 5
第三項 池魚之殃 5
第四項 無法完全保護跨國企業利益 5
第六節 貿易制裁手段易招致被控訴國的反彈 5
第七節 小結 5
第四章 取代DSU貿易制裁之替代方案 5
第一節 停權 5
第二節 課處罰金 5
第三節 內國法的履行 5
第四節 貿易補償 5
第一項 金錢補償 5
第二項 另行降低關稅作為補償 5
第五節 小結 5
第五章 貿易制裁存在之必要性與改革建議 5
第一節 廢除現行貿易制裁的後果 5
第二節 貿易制裁之效能與法制化 5
第一項 貿易制裁的效能 5
第二項 維持貿易制裁的法制化 5
第三節 貿易制裁的改革建議 5
第一項 減少被控訴國拖延履行DSB建議及裁決的誘因 5
第二項 集體報復與移轉報復 5
第三項 放寬、豁免小國對於DSU交叉制裁的限制 5
第四節 小結 5
第六章 結論 5
參考文獻 5

壹、中文書目
1.羅昌發，《國際貿易法》，台北：元照，民國89年9月。
2.洪德欽，「GATT/WTO爭端解決體系－兼論其對我國加入WTO之意義與影響」，《行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計劃成果報告》，台北市：行政院國科會科資中心，民國87年10月。
貳、英文部分
一、英文書籍
1. ERNST-ULRICH PETERSMANN ed., INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW AND THE GATT/WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM (Kluwer Law International, October 1997).
2. JACKSON, JOHN HOWARD, MARCO BRONCKERS, REINHARD QUICK ed., NEW DIRECTIONS in INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW ESSAYS in HONOUR of JOHN H. JACKSON (Kluwer Law International, January 2001).
3. JAMES CAMERON, KAREN CAMPBELL ed., DISPUTE RESOLUTION in the WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION (Cameron May London, March 1998).
4. JOHN COLLIER, VAUGHAN LOWE, THE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW：INSTITUTIONS AND PROCEDURES (Oxford University Press, October 2000 ).
5. KENNEDY, DANIEL L. M. and JAMES D. SOUTHWICK ed., THE POLITICAL ECONOMY of INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW ESSAYS in HONOUR of ROBERT E. HUDEC (Cambridge University Press, June 2002).
二、英文期刊
1. ANDERSON, KYM, Peculiarities of Retaliation in WTO Dispute Settlement, WORLD TRADE REVIEW, Vol.1 ,No.2 ,p.127-129(July 2002).
2. BERNARD M. HOEKMAN AND PETROS C. MAVROIDIS, WTO Dispute Settlement, Transparency and Surveillance, THE WORLD ECONOMY, Vol.23, No.4, p.527-542 (July 2001).
3. CHI CARMODY, Remedies and Conformity under the WTO Agreement, JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, Vol.5, No.2, p.307-329 (July 2002).
4. PATRICIO GRANE, Remedies under WTO Law, JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, Vol.4, No.4, p.755-772 (July 2001).
5. PAUWELYN JOOST, Enforcement and Countermeasures in the WTO :Rules are Rules-Toward a More Collective Approach, 94 AM.J. INT’L L.347（April 2000).
6. STEVE CHARNOVITZ, Rethinking WTO Trade Sanctions, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, Vol.95, No.4, p.792-831 (July 2001).
三、WTO官方文件
1. WT/DS27/ARB, European Communities-Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas-Recourse to Arbitration by the European Communities under Article 22.6 of the DSU, Decision of the Arbitrators, 9 April, 1999.
2. WT/DS27/ARB/ECU, European Communities-Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas-Recourse to Arbitration by the European Communities under Article 22.6 of the DSU, 22 March, 2000.
3. WT/DS26/1, European Communities-Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)-Request for Consultations by the United States, 31 January, 1996.
4. WT/DS26/6, European Communities –Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)-Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the United States, 25 April, 1996.
5. WT/DS26/R/USA, EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)-Complaint by the United States-Report of the Panel, 18 August, 1997.
6. WT/DS26/9, EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)-Notification of an Appeal by the European Communities under Paragraph 4 of Article 16 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU), 25 September, 1997.
7. WT/DS26/AB/R, EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) – AB – 1997- 4 - Report of the Appellate Body, 16 January, 1998.
8. WT/DS26/14, European Communities - Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) - Surveillance of Implementation of Recommendations and Rulings - Request for Arbitration by the European Communities, 16 April, 1998.
9. WT/DS26/15, EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)-Arbitration under Article 21.3 (c) of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Dispute - Award of the Arbitrator, 29 May, 1998.
10. WT/DS26/19, European Communities - Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) - Recourse by the Unites States to Article 22.2 of the DSU, 29 May, 1999.
11. WT/DS26/20, European Communities - Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), Request by the European Communities for Arbitration under Article 22.6 of the DSU, 9 June, 1999.
12. WT/DS26/ARB, European Communities - Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) Original Complaint by the United States Recourse to Arbitration by the European Communities under Article 22.6 of the DSU, 12 July, 1999.
13. WT/DS26/21, European Communities – Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), Recourse by the United States to Article 22.7 of the DSU, 15 July, 1999.
14. JOB(03)/69, Special Session of the DSB “ Framework Document ”, 9 April, 2003.
15. Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, 15 April, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 2, available at URL:
http//www.wto.org/English/docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htm
16. Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, 15 April, 1994, available at URL:
http//www.wto.org/English/docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htm
17. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 available at URL:
http//www.wto.org/English/docs_e/legal_e/legal_e.htm