《亞里斯多德場所觀》一文是柏格森在1889年寫作的論文，筆者會以此文為題，一方面是由於對柏格森哲學的興趣，一方面乃是對強調綿延和時間的柏格森，會在早期著作中對亞里斯多德的場所觀進行討論的原因產生好奇。因此，本文由探討柏格森如何討論亞里斯多德的場所開始，企圖了解柏格森為何如此討論亞里斯多德的場所、有何看法及其批評背後的理由。
為了解柏格森討論亞里斯多德背後的理由，本論文分為五個部分討論：第一個部分為導論，先介紹柏拉圖的空間 ( chôra ) 觀，而後陳述亞里斯多德的場所 ( topos ) ，對空間與場所議題作一個概略式的理解。從第一章開始，會隨著柏格森對亞里斯多德場所的分析，一步步分析出亞里斯多德的場所觀。首先，討論柏格森對亞里斯多德場所設定的討論，排除一些不屬於場所的東西。而在排除不屬於場所的東西後，第二章討論柏格森所推導出的亞里斯多德的場所的定義，以及柏格森所提出的問題和批評，而後，柏格森認為亞里斯多德的場所就是空間的結論。接著，筆者參考柏格森在1990年寫的《意識的直接與料》、《物質與記憶》、《形上學導論》，以及康德與萊布尼茲的說法，在第三章進一步對柏格森所理解的空間進行探討與再思考。最後，在結論的部分，說明筆者認為柏格森討論亞里斯多德的場所的理由，並引入德勒茲的詮釋，初探在德勒茲的詮釋下，柏格森哲學的另一種面向。

“Aristotle’s concept of place” is an essay that Bergson wrote in 1889. I take this article as the theme of my essay, partly to my interest in the philosophy of Bergson; on the other hand, to my curious about Bergson’s reason to wrote this article. Why Bergson discussed Aristotle’s concept of place in the early work？So, I start from the way how Bergson discussed Aristotle’s concept of place, attempt to realize Bergson’s view of it, and the reason why Bergson discussed it.
For realizing the reason, I will discuss it in five parts. The first part is the introduction, in which I introduce Plato’s concept of “space” ( chôra ), and discuss Aristotle’s concept of “place” ( topos ). Then, start from the Chapter Ι, I will follow to Bergson’s analyze to the concept of Aristotle’ place, and I will inference the place of Aristotle step by step. First, I will discuss the hypothesis of Aristotle’s place, and exclude some characters which not belong to Aristotle’s place. Then, in the Chapter Ⅱ, I will discuss the definition of Aristotle’s place which inference by Bergson, and the problem and critic of Bergson. And, Bergson thought Aristotle’s concept of place is space. Again, I refer to Bergson’ work like Time and Free Will, Matter and Memory, and the Introduction of Metaphysics. And otherwise, I will refer to the openion of Kant and Leibniz, too, in order to discuss and reflect the further means of Bergson’s space in the Chapter Ⅲ. Finally, in the conclusion, I will return to my curious about why Bergson discussed Aristotle’s concept of place. Then, I will sketch in the interpretation of Deleuze, in order to see another feature of Bergson’s philosophy.

一、 原典：

1. 柏格森著作與譯本：
‧ Bergson, Henri. L’idée de lieu - chez Aristote ( 1948 ) , tr. by M. Robert Mossé-Bastide, in Mélange. Paris : PUF, 1972.
- 翻譯於Bergson, Henri. Quid Aristoteles de loco senserit. Lutetiae Parisiorum: edebat F. Alcan, 1889.
- 英譯本： Bergson, Henri. Aristotle’s concept of place, in Studies in philosophy and the history of philosophy, volume 5, tr. by John K.Ryan, Washington, D.C.; The catholic university of America press, 1970. pp.13-71.
‧ Bergson, Henri. Essai sur les données immédiate de la conscience ( 1890 ), Paris : PUF, 1970.
- 英譯本：Bergson, Henri. Time and Free Will – an essay on the immediate data of consciousness, translated by F.L. Pogson, New York : Harper Torchbooks, 1960.
‧ Bergson, Henri. Cours Ⅱ – Leçons de morale, psychologie et métaphysique, Paris : PUF, 1992.
‧ Bergson, Henri. Cours Ⅲ – Leçons d’histoire de la philosophie moderne Théories de L’ame, Paris : PUF, 1995.
‧ Bergson, Henri. Matière et Mémoire – essai sur la relation du corps à l’esprit ( 1896 ), Paris : PUF, 2008.
- 英譯本： Bergson, Henri. Matter and Memory, translated by Nancy Margaret Paul and W. Scott Palmer, New York : Zone Books, 1988.
‧ Bergson, Henri. Introduction à la métaphysique, ( 1903 ), in La pensée et le mouvant ( 1859-1941 ), Paris : PUF, 1969.
- 英譯本： Bergson, Henri. The creative mind, translated by Mobelle L. Andison, New York : Greenwood press, 1976.
‧ Bergson, Henri. L'évolution créatrice. Paris: PUF, 1948.
‧ Bergson, Henri. Durée et simultanéité, à propos de la théorie d'Einstein. Paris: F. Alcan, 1922.

2. 亞里斯多德著作與譯本：
‧ Aristotle. The Works of Aristotle ( Collections English 1930 ). tr. by W. D. Ross. New York : Oxford, 1970.
‧ Aristotle. The Basic Works of Aristotle. tr. by Richard McKeon. New York: Random House, 1941.
‧ Aristotle. The Physics. tr. by Philip Henry Wicksteed, and Francis Macdonald Cornford. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1929.
‧ Aristotle. Aristotle's Physics. tr. by Hippocrates George, Apostle. Grinnell, Iowa: Peripatetic Press, 1980.
‧ Aristote. Physique. tr. by Henri Carteron. Paris: Les Belles lettres, 1926.
‧ Aristotle. On the Heavens. tr. by W. K. C. Guthrie. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1960.
‧ Philoponus, John, and Simplicius. Corollaries on place and void / Against Philoponus on the eternity of the world. London: Duckworth, 1991.
‧ Philoponus, John, Simplicius, Paul Lettinck, and J. O. Urmson. Philoponus, on Aristotle Physics 5-8. with Simplicius, on Aristotle on the Void. London: Duckworth, 1994.
‧ Simplicius, and J. O. Urmson. On Aristotle's Physics 4.1-5, 10-14. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992.

3. 網路資料：
‧ 維基：Aristotle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle
‧Fr. Kenny's version, Greek and English in parallel：ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΗΛΟΥΣ, ΦΥΣΙΚΗΣ ΑΚΡΟΑΣΕΩΣ - Aristotle, Physics（希臘文與英文對照版）
http://www.kennydominican.joyeurs.com/GreekClassics/AristotlePhysics.htm
‧ Aristotle. De caelo. tr. by J. Barthelemy-Saint-Hilaire. Paris : Librairie Philosophique de Ladrange, 1866.
http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/philosophes/Aristote/ciel1.htm
‧ Aristotle. Aristotelis Opera. tr. by Immanuel Bekker, Friedrich Sylburg, and Karl F. Neumann. Oxonii: e Typographeo academico, 1837.
http://isnature.org/Files/Aristotle/（希臘文）
‧ 維基：Plato
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato
‧ Plato. Plato's Republic: The Greek. Benjamin Jowett, and Lewis Campbell. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1894. （希臘文與英文對照版）
http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/physis/plato-timaeus/default.asp
‧ Plato. The Dialogues of Plato. tr. by Benjamin Jowett. New York: Macmillan and co, 1892.
http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=767&chapter=93827&layout=html&Itemid=27

二、 二手文獻：

1. 工具書：
‧ Borchert, Donald M. Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Detroit: Thomson Gale/Macmillan Reference USA, 2006.
‧ Glare, P. G. W. Oxford Latin Dictionary. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Clarendon Press, 1982.
‧ Simpson, J. A., and E. S. C. Weiner. The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.

2. 專書：
‧ Algra, Keimpe. Concepts of space in Greek thought. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995.
‧ Bergson, Deleuze, la phénomeńologie. Annales bergsoniennes 2. Paris: PUF, 2004.
‧ Blumenthal, H. J. Soul and Intellect: Studies in Plotinus and Later Neoplatonism. Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain: Variorum, 1993.
‧ Casey, Edward S. The Fate of Place A Philosophical History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
‧ Deleuze, Gilles. Bergsonism. New York: Zone Books, 1988.
‧ Henry Bergson – Key Writings, New York : Continuum, 2002.
‧ Kant, Immanuel. Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. tr. by Norman Kemp Smith. London: Macmillan, 1929.
‧ Lacey, A. R. Bergson. London: Routledge, 1993.
‧ Lang, Helen S. The Order of Nature in Aristotle's Physics: Place and the Elements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
‧ Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. La monadologie. tr. by Clodius Piat. Paris: V. Lecoffre, 1900.
‧ Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Theodicy: Essays on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man, and the Origin of Evil. tr. by Austin Marsden Farrer. Charleston, S.C.: BiblioBazaar, 2007.
‧ Les études bergsoniennes. Paris: Albin Michel, 1948.
‧ Morison, Benjamin. On Location: Aristotle's Concept of Place. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
‧ Mullarkey, John. Bergson and Philosophy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999.
‧ Plato. The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Including the Letters. tr. by Edith Hamilton, and Huntington Cairns. New York: Pantheon Books, 1961.
‧ Plato. Complete Works. tr. by John M. Cooper, and D. S. Hutchinson. Indianapolis, Ind: Hackett Pub, 1997.
‧ Pradeau, Jean-François. L'imitation du principe: Plotin et la participation. Paris: Vrin, 2003.
‧ Thomas. Physiques d'Aristote: commentaire de Thomas d'Aquin. tr. by Guy-François Delaporte. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2008.
‧ 苗力田主編：《亞里斯多德全集》。北京：中國人民大學出版社，1997。
‧ 柏拉圖著，謝文郁譯：《蒂邁歐篇》。上海：上海人民出版社，2005。
‧ 康德著，鄧曉芒譯，楊祖陶校：《純粹理性批判》。北京：北京人民出版社，2004。
‧ 萊布尼茲著，朱雁冰譯：《神義論》。北京：三聯書店，2007。
‧ 劉若瑀：《劉若瑀的三十六堂表演課》。台北：天下遠見出版股份有限公司，2011。
‧ 錢穆：《莊子纂箋》。台北：東大圖書公司，2006。

3. 專文：
‧ Marcello Zanatta : La théorie aristotélicienne du lieu selon Bergson, in Henri Bergson : esprit et langage, Belgique: Mardaga, 1998.
‧ Mendell, Henry. 1987. Topoi on Topos: The Development of Aristotle's Concept of Place.Phronesis. 32, no. 2 : 206 - 231.

4. 網路資料：
‧Cicero, Marcus Tullius. De natura deorum; Academica. tr. by H. Rackham London: W. Heinemann.
http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=1498064&pageno=16
‧Fieser, James, and Bradley H. Dowden. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Martin, TN: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Pub, 1995. Internet resource.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/
‧ Leibniz’s exchange of papers with Samuel Clarke
http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/leibclar.html
‧ 楊凱麟論文平台
http://kailinyang.info/deleuze-TraditionalChinese.htm

5. 學位論文：
‧ 王銘：《知覺與身體行動─柏格森《物質與記憶》中「身體─影像」的論述策略》。華梵大學哲學研究所碩士論文，1998。