1979年伊斯蘭革命後，伊朗逐步發展出以代理人戰爭（Proxy Warfare）為核心的不對稱安全戰略，並透過扶植非國家武裝組織擴展其區域影響力。其中，黎巴嫩真主黨（Hezbollah）不僅是伊朗最重要的代理人組織，也是觀察代理人戰爭運作的重要案例。然而，隨著真主黨軍事能力與政治影響力持續提升，其與伊朗之間的關係已逐漸超越傳統主從式代理模式，進而引發代理人自主性與主國控制能力變化的研究問題。
本文以伊朗與真主黨的代理關係為研究對象，採用文獻分析法與歷史研究法，探討伊朗代理人戰爭的形成背景、雙方代理關係的演變，以及真主黨自主性提升對代理關係所造成的影響。
研究發現，伊朗透過代理人戰爭達成抗衡以色列、降低直接衝突成本及擴展區域影響力等戰略目標，而真主黨則在伊朗長期支持下逐漸發展為兼具軍事與政治影響力的重要區域行為者。隨著真主黨自主性提升，雙方關係亦由早期以控制為主的代理模式，逐步轉變為控制與合作並存的互動模式。儘管代理人自主性增加提高了伊朗的控制成本，但基於共同利益與戰略需求，雙方關係仍具有高度可持續性。
伊朗與真主黨的案例顯示代理關係並非固定不變，而是會隨著代理人能力成長而持續調整。此一發現有助於補充代理人戰爭理論對代理人自主性的討論，並作為理解伊朗區域戰略與中東安全局勢的重要參考。

Following the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran gradually developed proxy warfare as the core of its asymmetric security strategy and expanded its regional influence through the support of non-state armed groups. Among these groups, Hezbollah in Lebanon has become not only Iran’s most important proxy organization but also a significant case for examining the dynamics of proxy warfare. As Hezbollah’s military capabilities and political influence have grown, its relationship with Iran has gradually evolved beyond a traditional hierarchical proxy model, raising questions regarding proxy autonomy and the principal’s ability to maintain control.
This study examines the proxy relationship between Iran and Hezbollah through literature analysis and historical analysis. It explores the origins of Iran’s proxy warfare strategy, the evolution of the Iran–Hezbollah relationship, and the impact of Hezbollah’s increasing autonomy on their relationship.
The findings indicate that Iran has employed proxy warfare to achieve strategic objectives such as counterbalancing Israel, reducing the costs of direct confrontation, and expanding its regional influence. With long-term Iranian support, Hezbollah has gradually developed into a major regional actor with significant military and political influence. As Hezbollah’s autonomy has increased, the relationship between Iran and Hezbollah has shifted from a control-oriented proxy model toward a more interactive arrangement characterized by both control and cooperation. Although increasing proxy autonomy has raised Iran’s control costs, the relationship remains highly sustainable due to shared interests and strategic objectives.
This study argues that proxy relationships are not static but evolve as proxies gain capabilities and influence. The findings contribute to the literature on proxy warfare by highlighting the role of proxy autonomy and provide insights into Iran’s regional strategy and the broader security dynamics of the Middle East.

(一) 專書
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(三) 會議論文
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(四) 學位論文
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二、英文部分
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(三) 期刊論文
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Levitt, Matthew. “Hezbollah: Party of Fraud.” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, July 28, 2011. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hezbollah-party-fraud
Lubiczki, Ibolya. “Iran’s Proxy Network in the Middle East.” Danube Institute, July 19, 2024. https://danubeinstitute.hu/en/research/iran-s-proxy-network-in-the-middle-east
Madijyar, Ahmad. “Hezbollah Leader Declares Victory in Syria, Recalls Meeting with Khamenei.” Middle East Institute, September 12, 2017. https://www.mei.edu/publications/hezbollah-leader-declares-victory-syria-recallsmeeting-khamenei
Newman, A. J. “Twelver Shiʿah.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, February 27, 2026. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Twelver-Shia
Ostovar, Afshon. “The Real War for Iran’s Future: Who Will Determine the Fate of the Islamic Republic?” Foreign Affairs, March 31, 2026. https://reurl.cc/X2aX2g
Rodgers, Joseph, and Bailey Schiff. “Operation Epic Fury and the Remnants of Iran’s Nuclear Program.” Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), February 28, 2026. https://www.csis.org/analysis/operation-epic-fury-and-remnants-irans-nuclear-program
Rose, Gideon. “Why the Cease-Fire with Iran Will Hold.” Foreign Affairs, April 11, 2026. https://reurl.cc/8eblOR
Schenker, David. “A New President for Lebanon.” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, October 31, 2016. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-president-lebanon
Sergie, Mohammed Aly. “The Sunni-Shia Divide.” Council on Foreign Relations, July 15, 2014. https://www.cfr.org/photo-essay/sunni-shia-divide
Soage, Ana Belén. “Islamism in the Middle East Sectarian Conflict.” Middle East Institute, August 29, 2017. https://mei.edu/ar/publication/islamism-middle-east-sectarian-conflict
Traboulsi, Karim. “Hassan Nasrallah: ‘Road to Jerusalem Passes Through Syria.’” The New Arab, July 13, 2015. https://www.newarab.com/analysis/hassan-nasrallah-road-jerusalem-passes-through-syria
Vakil, Sanam. “How Iran’s ‘Forward Defence’ Became a Strategic Boomerang.” Chatham House, March 16, 2026. https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/the-world-today/2026-03/how-irans-forward-defence-became-strategic-boomerang
Yahya, Maha. “Lebanon’s Coming Collapse.” Foreign Affairs, April 3, 2026. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/lebanon/lebanons-coming-collapse
Zeidan, A. “Axis of Resistance.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, October 19, 2025. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Axis-of-Resistance
Zeidan, A. “Shebaa Farms.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, February 25, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebaa-farms

(五) 智庫報告
“Hezbollah Involvement in the Syrian Civil War.” The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. June 17, 2013.
“Hezbollah: An Introduction.” United Against Nuclear Iran. October 2024. https://www.unitedagainstnucleariran.com/report/hezbollah
“Hezbollah’s Martyrs Foundation: Purpose, Mode of Operation and Funding Methods.” The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. November 4, 2019.
“How Iran Exports Its Ideology.” United Against Nuclear Iran. November 2023. https://www.unitedagainstnucleariran.com/ideological-expansion
“Iran’s Networks of Influence in the Middle East.”The International Institute for Strategic Studies. London: Routledge, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003081104
“Iran’s Proxy Wars: Iraq, Lebanon, Palestinian Territories/Gaza, Syria, Yemen.”United Against Nuclear Iran. February 2024. https://www.unitedagainstnucleariran.com/proxy-wars/map
“Lebanon: The Israel-Hamas-Hezbollah Conflict.” Congressional Research Service, September 15, 2006.
“Nasrallah’s Speech: Hezbollah’s Budget Is Entirely Funded by Iran, Including Weapons and Operatives’Salaries: Analysis of Significance and Implications.” The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. October 7, 2016.
“The Hizballah Program: An Open Letter.”The International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. January 1, 1988. https://www.ict.org.il/UserFiles/The%20Hizballah%20Program%20-%20An%20Open%20Letter.pdf
“What Is Hezbollah?” Israel Policy Forum. https://israelpolicyforum.org/what-is-hezbollah/
Côte-Petit-François, Hugo.“The 2005 Syrian Disengagement from Lebanon.” Sciences Po Kuwait Program, 2017. https://www.sciencespo.fr/kuwait-program/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/KSP_Paper_Award_Fall_2017_Hugo_Cote-Petit-Francois.pdf
Daher, Joseph.“The Growth of Hezbollah: The Nexus of Iran’s Influence.” Italian Institute for International Political Studies, March 22, 2023. https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/the-growth-of-hezbollah-the-nexus-of-irans-influence-121909
Erlich, Reuven, and Yoram Kahati.“Hezbollah as a Case Study of the Battle for Hearts and Minds.” Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Israel Intelligence Heritage & Commemoration Center (IICC), June 2007.
Ghaddar, Hanin. “Hezbollahland: Mapping Dahiya and Lebanon's Shia Community.” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, March 14, 2022. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hezbollahland-mapping-dahiya-and-lebanons-shia-community
LeBrun, Emile.“Security Provision in Southern Lebanon.” Small Arms Survey Issue Brief 1 (2010): 1–12. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/143584/Lebanon-Armed-Violence-IB1-Security-Provision-in-Souther.pdf
Levitt, Matthew. “Hezbollah’s Procurement Channels: Leveraging Criminal Networks and Partnering with Iran.” CTC Sentinel, March 2019. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/sites/default/files/pdf/CTC-SENTINEL-032019.pdf
Love, James B. “Hezbollah: Social Services as a Source of Power.” JSOU Report, June 2010.
McInnis, Matthew. “The Strategic Foundations of Iran’s Military Doctrine.” The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2017. https://www.iiss.org/globalassets/media-library---content--migration/images/comment/analysis/2017/december/2-mcinnis2125.pdf
Wehrey, Frederic and Johnson, H. Charles. “The Iran War Is a Stress Test for Gulf States.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. April 23, 2026. https://carnegieendowment.org/emissary/2026/04/iran-war-stress-test-gulf-states

(六) 學位論文
Groh, Tyrone L. "War on the Cheap? Assessing the Costs and Benefits of Proxy War." PhD diss., Georgetown University, 2010, https://proxyone.lib.nccu.edu.tw/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/war-on-cheap-assessing-costs-benefits-proxy/docview/193246177/se-2

(七) 官方資料
Country Reports on Terrorism 2023. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State, 2024. https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2023/
The Taif Agreement. United Nations. New York: United Nations, 1989.
Unconventional Warfare Case Study: The Relationship Between Iran and Lebanese Hizbollah. U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Army. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense, 2015.