提要

　　傳統的公共財理論之研究，多以純公共財為對象，但因純公共財不具有“排他性與敵對性”的特性造成市場的失敗，無法經由私經濟的價格機能來有效提供；因此，必須政府介入，以稅租融通方式提供公共財的生產。但是，事實上同時具有“無敵對與無排他性”的財貨，除了國防及路燈外實難發現，其他諸如有線電視、高速公路、公園……等的財貨都不同時符合這二個特性，並且大多可適用排他原則。因此，解決了公共財私人提供的融資問題，於是這種可排他性公共財便可由私有市場生產提供；因而，近年來的公共財文獻中也多以此類的公共財為研究對象，而筆者的研究動機卽起於此，因為可排他性公共財的範圍比純公共財廣，而且可經由私人提供，因此在這種情況下吾人欲知在何種市場結構下生產，才是最有效率的。

　　本文除了第一章緒論與第二章的文獻回顧外，在第三、四章中便是探討可排他性公共財在競爭及獨佔市場下的定價及生產情況。於競爭生產中Thompson (1968)認為生產過度，而Oakland則認為是生產不足；但Demsetz與Auster二人却以為是最有效率的生產。而在獨占生產下，Lee認為依照“自然的價格歧視表”來訂價，並且定價中必須排除消費公共財所花費時間而增加利益的部分，才是真正的有效率訂價及生產；但是筆者認為定價中除了必須排除Lee所提出的時間因素外，尚應排除因使用次數所增加利益的因素，如是方可達有效率的訂價與供應。當然於發生擁擠時，這兩個因素應該包含於訂價中，才是真正的有效率訂價。然而，Brito & Oakland與Brennan & Walsh却認為獨占生產下必然造成生產不足的情形。

　　除了以上諸學者的研究外，吾人以為尚可加入寡占市場模型以補充公共財私人提供市場結構的完整性。此外，尚可藉重最適控制的數學工具，對於公共財訂價及生產情形作更複雜及深入的數學模型分析，這些都是未來研究發展可行的方向。

　　最後，在本文分析中最大的限制及難題，就是個人偏好顯示的問題，當然有許多學者試以投票及問卷調查等方式加以分析，但終究無法使消費者偏好正確地顯示。因此，如何設計更新的研究方法以解決此難題為當今之務；所以本文中雖主張可排他性公共財在私有市場提供下，可能會達到有效率的生產；但是如果需求面的偏好問題無法加以解決，則公共財的生產仍然是缺乏效率的。

參考書目
一、 中文部分
(1) 林華德：財政理論與政策，台北：東華書局，民國七十一年五版。
(2) 林華德：當代財政學，台北：自版，民國七十五年元月初版。
(3) 官威政：地方公共財最適水準之探討，政治大學財政研究所碩士論文，民國六十六年七月。
(4) 陳聽安：論都市財政，台北市銀月刊第七卷第九期，民國六十五年九月，頁1─14。
(5) 陳聽安：地方財政的理論與實際，稅務旬刊第一00三期，民國六十八年八月十日，頁4─7。
(6) 張盛和：公共財的理論，台北：財訓所，民國六十五年二月。
(7) 黃世鑫：殊價財最適供給之研究，政治大學財政研究所碩士論文，民國六十八年。
(8) 傅傳訓：俱樂部最適理論之研究，政治大學財政研究所碩士論文，民國七十二年六月。
(9) 劉永憲：財政學原理，台北：文笙書局，民國七十五年三月六版。

二、 英文部分
英文期刊縮寫之全稱：
(1) A.E.R.= American Economic Review
(2) E.E.R.= European Economic Review
(3) E.J.= Economic Journal
(4) I.E.R.= International Economic Review
(5) J.L.E.= Journal of Law and Economics
(6) J.P.E.= Journal of Political Economy
(7) J.Pub.E.= Journal of Public Economics
(8) P.F.= Public Finance
(9) Q.J.E.= Quarterly Journal of Economics
(10) R.E.S.= Review of Economics and Statistics
(11) S.J.E.= Swedish Journal of Economics

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