論文摘要

現今世界上的獨立國家，無論是民主的或獨裁的，除了一小部分外，大都擁有一部成文憲法，憲法的內容大同小異，所以一個國家究竟是為民主或為獨裁，不能以有無制定成文憲法這項標準來予評斷，而應以憲法適用的實質表現加以審視認定。所謂憲法適用的實質表現有三種涵義 , (一)憲法文字上的規定，(二)當權者執行憲法的精神，(三)憲法文字在因應內外在環境需要，在適用上所顯現的實質意義。任何名之為民主政體者，憲法之制定必在保障民權，規範政權，建立共識的政治運作程序。雖然憲法上的文字條款，一般人皆認為不應輕言更改，但不輕言更改絕非蕭規曹隨的一成不變，任何良法美意都會因為時代差距而變質，因此優良的憲政體制皆須推陳出新，以符合人民的需求。本文便是以美國最高法院處理第一、二次世界大戰及越戰之反戰言論訟案為素材，一窺美國憲法第一修正案有關言論自由規定實施之狀況，以及變遷之歷程。全文計分八章二十二節，十餘萬字，玆簡述其內容如下：

第一章，導論。概述言論自由之社會價值，以及為何須予限制之理論；並且解釋研究取向設定之理由。

第二章，歷年來為維護國家安全利益而抑制言論自由措施略論。旨在介紹美國聯邦政府於戰時、平時管制危害國家安全言論的直接性或間接性法令。

第三章，最高法院處理言論自由訟案所適用之原則。藉由這章將惡劣傾向原則、明顯而卽刻危險原則，優先適用原則及衡平原則等有系統地介紹，並且概述理論上的完美原則。

第四章，兩次大戰中反戰言論訟案處理經緯。詳細敘述兩次大戰中主要反戰言論訟案爭訟之原由，最高法院裁案之立論，以及最後之結果。

第五章，兩次大戰中反戰言論訟案理論評析。推敲最高法院前章各案裁決之主要原則，並予以評論；其次總結一九一七年間諜法與言論自由之理論性與實際性關係。

第六章，越戰中的象徵性言論訟案。說明言論自由因應時代環境產生的新面貌，運用於反戰言論後，所導致的爭論焦點和最後命運。

第七章，特殊身份的第一修正案權力―反越戰的其它主要訟案。藉由深入探討議員、軍人身份享有言論自由限度之架構，將反越戰之其它訟案一氣呵成，並且順便鳥瞰特殊身份言論自由爭訟之正反意見。

第八章，結論。扼要地說明本文研究心得。

由於筆者中途更換論文題目與指導教授，因此本文從擬訂題目、閱覽資料至撰寫文稿，僅為時七月餘，其中部分主要資料今年二月初方由美寄台，如今幸得完成，全賴荊知仁老師悉心地指導與啟迪，並且不辭辛勞地於百忙中，逐句批閱，此份厚愛之情，令筆者永銘五內。此外，亦十分感謝胡述兆先生遠由美國為一位不相識的晚生收集資料；張治安老師的明智開導與頻頻關照之情；張福建學長的鼓勵；王蕙娟同學的協助；以及許玉玲學妹在準備研究所期間仍撥冗幫忙整理資料，研商艱澀之英文詞句。最後，僅以此文獻給我敬愛的父母和可愛的弟妹們。

戴煙登謹誌 民國七十一年六月

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本論文使用參考資料目錄

Ⅰ判例：

(1)反戰判例：

1. Abrams v. United States, 250 U. S. 616 (1919)

2. Bachellar v. Maryland, 397 U. S. 564 (1969)

3. Bond v. Floyd, 385 U. S. 116, (1966)

4. Cohen v. California, 403 U, 5. 15 (1970)

5. Debs v. United States, 249 U. S. 211 (1919)

6. Frohwerk v. United States, 249 U. S. 204 (1919)

7. Gilbert v. Minnesota, 254 U. S. 325 (1920)

8. Hartzel v. United States, 322 U. S. 680 (1944)

9. Hess V. Indiana, 414 U. S. 105 (1973)

10. Keegan V. United States, 325 U. S. 478 (1945)

11. O’Connell v. United States, 253 U. S. 142 (1920)

12. Parker v. Levy, 417 U. S. 733 (1973)

13. Pelley v. United States, 318 U. S. 764 (1943)

14. Pierce v. United States, 252 U. S. 239 (1920)

15. Schacht v. U. S. 398 U. S. 58 (1969)

16. Schafer v. United States, 251 U. S. 239 (1920)

17. Schenck v. United States. 249 U. S. 47 (1919)

18. Secretary of the Navy v. Avrech, 477 F. 2d, 1237; 418 U. S. 676 (1974)

19. Sugarman v. United States, 249 U. S. 182 (1919)

20. Stilson v. United States, 250 U. S. 583 (1919)

21. Taylor v. Mississippi, 319 U. S. 583 (1943)

22. Tinker et. al. v. Des Moines Independent Community School Distract et. 93 U. S. 503 (1968)

23. U. S. v O’Brien, U. S. 367 (1968)

24. United States Ex, Rel. Milwaukee Social Democratic Publishing Co. v. Burleson, 255 U. S. 407 (1921)

(2)非反戰判例：

1. Adderley v. Florida, 385 U. S. 39 (1966)

2. American Communication Association v. Dounds, 339 U. S.382 (1950)

3. Barenblatt v. U. S. 360 U. S. 109 (1958)

4. Barker v. Carr, 369 U. S. 186 (1962)

5. Bell v. Maryland, 378 U. S. 226 (1964)

6. Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U. S. 444 (1969)

7. Brinegar v. United States, 338 U. S. 160 (1948)

8. Brown v. Louisiana, 383 U, S. 131 (1966)

9. Burns v. Wilson, 346 U. S. 137 (1953)

10. Burnside v. Byars, 363 F. 2d, 744 (1966)

11. Chaplinsky v. New Hamphire, 315 U. S. 568 (1942)

12. Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb, 414 U. S. 441 (1974)

13. Dennis v. United States, 341 U. S. 494 (1951)

14. Dynes v. Hoover, 20 How. 65 (1857)

15. Exparte Jackson, 96 U. S. 727 (1878)

16. Garner v. Louisiana, 368 U. S. 157 (1961)

17. Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U. S. 64 (1964)

18. Gitlow v, New York, 268 U. S. 652 (1925)

19. Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U. S. 339 (1960)

20. Grosjean v. American Press Co. 297 U. S. 233 (1936)

21. Herndon v. Lowry, 301 U. S. 242 (1937)

22. Jones v. Opelida, 316 U. S. 584 (1942)

23. Kovacs v. Cooper, 336 U. S. 77 (1949)

24. Lovett v. U. S., 328 U. S. 303 (1946)

25. Martin v. Mott, 12 Wheat. 1935, 6 L. ed. 537 (1827)

26. Masses Publication Co. v. Pattern, 244 F. ed. 535 (1917)

27. Milk Wagon Drivers Union v. Meadowmoor Dairies, 312 U. S. 287 (1941)

28. Roth v. United States, 354 U. S. 476 (1957)

29. Schneider v. State, 308 U. S. 147 (1939)

30. Smith v. California, 361 U. S. 147 (1959)

31. Smith v. Goguen, 415 U. S. 566 (1974)

32. Smith v. Whitney, 116 U. S. 167 (1886)

33. Stromberg v. California, 283 U. S. 359 (1931)

34. Swaim v. U. S. 165 U. S. 553 (1897)

35. Sweezy v. New Hamphire, 354 U. S. 234 (1957) U

36. Taylor v. Louisiana, 370 U. S. 154 (1962)

37. Thomas v. Collins, 323 U. S. 516 (1945)

38. Trop v. Dulles, 356 U. S. 86 (1957)

39. Terminello v. Chicago, 337 U. S. 1 (1948)

40. U. S. v. Bayes, 22 C. M. R. 487 (1955)

41. United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U. S. 144 (1938)

42. U. S. v. Fleming 7 U. S. C. M. A. 543, 23 C. M. R. 7 (1957)

43. U. S. v. Frantz 2 U. S. C. M. A. 161 (1953)

44. U. S. v, Harvey, 19 U. S. C. M. A. 539 (1971)

45. U. S. v. Holiday, 4 U. S. C, M. A. 454 (1954)

46. U. S. v. Howe, 17 U. S. C. M. A. 165 (1967)

47. U. S. v. Olson, 7 U. S. C. M. A. 460, 22 C. M. R. 250 (1957)

48. U. S. v. Priest, 21 U. S. C. M. A. 564 (1972)

49. U. S. v. Reese, 92 U. S. 214 (1875)

50. United States v. Robel 389 U. S. 258 (1967)

51. U. S. v. Sadinsky 14 U. S. C. M. A. 563 (1964)

52. U. S. v. Spock, 416 F. 2d 165 (1969)

53. U. S. v. Fletcher, 148 U. S. 84 (1893)

54. Watkins V. United States, 354 U. S. 178 (1957)

55. Watts v. U. S. 394 U. S. 705 (1969)

56. Whitney v. California 274 U. S. 357 (1927)

57. West Virginia State Bd. of Educ. v. Barnette, 319 U. S. 624 (1943)

58. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U. S. 254 (1964)

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Ⅲ 專題論文：

1.楊日青，「美國忠貞安全措施與公務人員免職之研究」國立政治大學學報第四十三期(1981)

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3.荊知仁，「最高法院處理預防共黨活動訟案之分析」民國六三年度國科會研究報告，編號H 195，(1974)

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