  本研究在研究期間正好適逢2004年總統大選，藉此選舉，以民意調查瞭解當人們使用錯誤資訊時，很容易產生誤知意見氣候的情形，形成不同的感知意見形式，例如多數無知和看鏡效果等。除此之外本研究也希望再次探究沈默螺旋是否在選舉議題上發酵。

  研究者選取「總統選舉的投票取向」、「選民對前總統李登輝的喜好程度」、「是否贊成320廢票運動」以及「是否贊成320公投和大選一起舉辦」四項議題作為初探民意資訊性和規範性影響的觀察議題。

Price & Oshagan(1995)從社會心理學觀點指出，感知意見氣候對人們有兩種功能：規範性(normative)和資訊性(informational)功能。

從社會總體層次來說，Price & Oshagan(1995)和Noelle-Neumann認為民意具有整合規範功能，因為害怕孤立或者想得到社會認可的肯定，人會不斷感知意見和瞭解主流意見為何，以確定自己符合主流價值。如果認為自己的意見和主流意見不同，會趨於沈默，反之則樂於發言，這種現象後來稱為沈默螺旋(Spiral of silence)，此為民意規範效果。

然而Price & Oshagan(1995)強調，並不是每項議題都有清楚的主流意見，特別在團體對於何謂主流意見的紛歧情形下，對民意的不確定程度，使得民意的資訊功能發揮作用。為了瞭解當前的混亂的意見趨勢，人會藉著不斷溝通和蒐集資訊，以瞭解社會環境和感知他人意見，作為形成自己意見的參考，此稱為民意的資訊性功能，像是多數無知、看鏡效果，。

本文藉著分析分析在「總統選舉的投票取向」、「選民對前總統李登輝的喜好程度」、「是否贊成320廢票運動」以及「是否贊成320公投和大選一起舉辦」四項議題的瞭解民意規範性和資訊性效果，如何在這些議題中運作。

研究發現選民看鏡效果、教育程度高低會影響選民對於議題的意見，此外，選民的意見強度、對議題關心程度、年齡都會影響其意見表達意願，並部分支持沈默螺旋假設。

一、中文書目
王湘茹(1991)。《沈默的螺旋理論實證研究---以週休二日制為例》。
私立輔仁大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文。
王嵩音(2003年11月)。〈第三人效果與表達意願--- 以2002年台北市市長選舉為例〉，「2002年台灣選舉欲民主化調查國際學術研討會」論文。台北，木柵。
林淑敏(1991)。《沈默的螺旋理論實證研究》。私立輔仁大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文。
林麗雯(1992)。《沈默的螺旋理論實證研究---以『國中畢業生自願就學方案』之議題為例》。私立輔仁大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文。
周玫楓(2002)。《以沈默螺旋理論探討不同政治立場選民之表達意願因素：以九十年台北縣縣長為例》。國立南華大學傳播管理研究所碩士。
翁秀琪(1998)。大眾傳播理論與實證。台北：三民書局。
翁秀琪(1997)。〈選民意見的形成---以民國八十二年台北縣長選舉為例檢驗『沈默螺旋理論』〉，《新聞學研究》，55:160-182。
孫秀蕙(1994)。《民意理論中的死硬派之研究—以『興建核四』議題為例》。國科會論文研究報告。
諾爾紐曼(1994)。民意---沈默螺旋的發現之旅（Öffentliche Meinung: die Entdeckung der Schweigespirale.）（翁秀琪等譯）。台北：遠流。 （原作1991年出版）

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Lasorsa, L. Dominic (1991). Polotical Outspokenness : working Against the spiral of silence. Journalism Quarterly, 68(1/2), 131-140.

MacDonald, Daniel G., Glynn, Carroll J., Kim, Sei-Hill & Ostman, Ronald E. (2001). The spiral of silence in the 1948 Presidential election. Communication Research, 28(2), 139-155.

Major, Ann Marie (2000). Correlates of accuracy and inaccuracy in the perception of the climate of opinion for four environmental issues. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(2), 223-242.

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Noelle-Neumann, Elizabeth (1977). Turbulences in the climate of opinion：methodological application. Journal of Communication, 24, 43-51.

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Noelle-Neumann, Elizabeth (1984). The spiral of silence public opinion- our social skin. Chicago: the University of Chicago press.

Noelle-Neumann, Elizabeth (1991). the theory of public opinion the concept of the spiral of silence. In James A. Anderson, (Ed.) Communication Yearbook 14 (pp.256-278). Newbury Park:Sage.

O’Gorman, Hubert J. (1975). Pluralistic ignorance white estimates of white support for racial segregation. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 39(3), 313-330.

O’Gorman Hubert J., & Garry, Stephen L. (1976). Pluralistic ignorance:a replication and extension. Public Opinion Quarterly, 40(4), 449-458.

O’Gorman Hubert (1979). White & black perceprtions of racial value. Public Opinion Quarterly, 43(1), 48-59.

O’Gorman, Hubert J. (1986). The discovery of pluralistic ignorance : an ironic Lesson. Journal of History of the Behavioral Sciences, 22,333-347.

Papastamou. & Mugny G. (1985). Rigidity and minority influence: the influence of the social in social influence. In Moscovici S. et la (Eds), Perspectives on minority influence(pp.113-136). New York: Cambridge University Press.
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Rimmer, Tonny & Howard, Mark (1990). Pluralistic ignorance and the spiral of silence :the test of the role of the mass media in the spiral of silence hypothesis. Mass Communication Research, 17(1-2), 47-56.