| 研究生: |
林旻駿 Lin, Ming Jhun |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
以主路徑軌跡分群檢驗技術分類體系:歐洲、日本、美國三大專利局的實證比較 Auditing Technology Classification Systems with Knowledge Flows: Comparative Evidence from the ЕРО, JPO, and USPTO |
| 指導教授: |
李浩仲
李文傑 |
| 口試委員: |
張景福
陳為政 |
| 學位類別: |
碩士
Master |
| 系所名稱: |
社會科學學院 - 經濟學系 Department of Economics |
| 論文出版年: | 2026 |
| 畢業學年度: | 115 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 117 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 知識流 、專利引文網路 、主路徑分析 、技術分類 、非監督分群 、專利計量 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | knowledge flows, patent citation networks, main path analysis, technology classification, unsupervised clustering, patentometrics |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:50 下載:0 |
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知識在技術之間流動的路徑,稱為知識流;知識流告訴我們一項技術的能力如何累積、該向誰學習,是促進技術進步的關鍵資訊。專家建構的技術分類,蘊含了專家對技術發展脈絡的看法,但這種理解是隱性的,建構與維護成本高;另一方面專利引用則是知識流的直接紀錄。本研究把 Nomaler 與 Verspagen (2021) 的主路徑軌跡共現分群,從綠色技術一般化到全部技術領域,以 PATSTAT 資料庫 2023 秋季版在歐洲、日本、美國三個專利局的引用資料上執行,讓技術分類直接從引用關係中浮現,再與專家建構的資通訊分類對照。研究有三項發現。第一,方法的可行性有其邊界,USPTO 的完整引文網路超出現有算力,兩局對照僅及於歐洲與日本。第二,兩局各自浮現的分群,界線大致落在同一個地方,多數的群能在另一局找到單一對應。第三,與專家分類對照,平均約八成的組成集中在單一專家領域,而一個專家領域底下往往是多個群,看得比專家的分類更細。這些發現顯示,至少在資通訊這樣範圍相對明確的領域,知識流分群可以不依靠專家,就做出有意義的分類;專家的分類劃出大的領域,知識流分群把領域分成一條條發展的脈絡,兩者互補,為取得知識流觀點提供一條低成本且不侷限於單一專利局的途徑。知識在技術之間流動的路徑,稱為知識流;知識流告訴我們一項技術的能力如何累積、該向誰學習,是促進技術進步的關鍵資訊。專家建構的技術分類,蘊含了專家對技術發展脈絡的看法,但這種理解是隱性的,建構與維護成本高;另一方面專利引用則是知識流的直接紀錄。本研究把 Nomaler 與 Verspagen (2021) 的主路徑軌跡共現分群,從綠色技術一般化到全部技術領域,以 PATSTAT 資料庫 2023 秋季版在歐洲、日本、美國三個專利局的引用資料上執行,讓技術分類直接從引用關係中浮現,再與專家建構的資通訊分類對照。研究有三項發現。第一,方法的可行性有其邊界,USPTO 的完整引文網路超出現有算力,兩局對照僅及於歐洲與日本。第二,兩局各自浮現的分群,界線大致落在同一個地方,多數的群能在另一局找到單一對應。第三,與專家分類對照,平均約八成的組成集中在單一專家領域,而一個專家領域底下往往是多個群,看得比專家的分類更細。這些發現顯示,至少在資通訊這樣範圍相對明確的領域,知識流分群可以不依靠專家,就做出有意義的分類;專家的分類劃出大的領域,知識流分群把領域分成一條條發展的脈絡,兩者互補,為取得知識流觀點提供一條低成本且不侷限於單一專利局的途徑。
Knowledge flows, the paths along which knowledge travels between technologies, tell us how a technology’s capabilities accumulate and whom to learn from; for anyone seeking to advance technology, this is essential information. Expert-built technology classifications embody experts’ views of how technologies develop, yet this understanding is tacit and such classifications are costly to build and maintain; patent citations, by contrast, are direct records of knowledge flows. This thesis therefore generalizes the main-path trajectory co-occurrence clustering of Nomaler and Verspagen (2021) from green technologies to all technology fields and runs it separately on the citation data of the European, Japanese, and American patent offices (PATSTAT, autumn 2023 edition), letting technology classifications emerge directly from citation relations and comparing them with the expert-built ICT taxonomy. The study yields three findings. First, the method’s feasibility has a boundary; the full citation network of the USPTO exceeds available computing capacity, so the cross-office comparison covers Europe and Japan. Second, the clusterings that emerge independently at the two offices draw their boundaries in largely the same places, and most clusters find a single counterpart at the other office. Third, compared with the expert classification, on average about eighty percent of a cluster’s composition concentrates in a single expert domain, while a single expert domain typically contains multiple clusters, so the clustering sees finer structure than the expert classification. These findings show that, at least in a broad but relatively well-delimited field such as ICT, knowledge-flow clustering can produce meaningful classifications without relying on experts; experts draw the large domains and knowledge-flow clustering divides each domain into its lines of development, the two complementing each other and offering a low-cost route to a knowledge-flow perspective that is not confined to a single patent office.
誌謝 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
摘要 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
1 序論 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 文獻探討 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 知識流的價值與衡量 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 建構知識流分類 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 主路徑分析的發展與技術軌跡分群 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 小結 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 資料 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1 資料來源 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 技術領域界定與樣本定義 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.1 國際專利分類(IPC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.2 OECD J tag ICT 分類 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.3 分析範圍與樣本定義 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.4 各專利局樣本與引文來源處理 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 資料敘述統計 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3.1 兩組分析之概覽 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3.2 全局分析之母體與引文可用性 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.3 全局分析之引文網路層級組成 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.4 ICT 分析之母體與引文可用性 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3.5 ICT 分析之引文網路層級組成 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4 研究方法 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.1 方法總覽 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 對 Nomaler 與 Verspagen (2021) 方法的調整 . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3 引文網路建構:三層引文有向無環圖 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.4 主路徑軌跡與共現網路 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.4.1 邊權重:SPNP 與對數變換 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.4.2 逐節點最佳軌跡:雙向動態規劃 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.4.3 軌跡群組之列舉 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.4.4 分數計數與群組向量 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.4.5 共現矩陣與關聯強度標準化 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.5 分群與解析度選定 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.6 成份表與對照表的計算方式 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5 研究結果 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.1 EPO 與 JPO 知識流分群的對照 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.2 知識流分群與專家分類的對照 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.3 小結 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6 結論 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
A 補充圖表 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
A.1 分群解析度與節點門檻之穩健性 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
B 全局分析分群之逐群命名與成員 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
B.1 各群命名與對齊總覽 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
B.2 各群完整成員 IPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
B.2.1 EPO(γ = 3.0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
B.2.2 JPO(γ = 3.25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
B.2.3 USPTO(γ = 3.0,審查端引用) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
C ICT 分析分群之逐群總覽與成員 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
C.1 各群總覽 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
C.2 各群完整成員 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
C.2.1 EPO(γ = 2.75) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
C.2.2 JPO(γ = 2.75) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
C.2.3 USPTO(γ = 2.75,審查端引用、≥2001) . . . . . . . . . . 101
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全文公開日期 2030/07/28