本研究旨在探討教師心理安全感、倦怠感與工作投入之關係，並檢驗倦怠感在心理安全感與工作投入之間所扮演的中介角色。心理安全感被認為有助於降低教師在工作情境中的心理耗損，並促進其正向的工作動能，然而既有研究多為零散個別發現，仍缺乏整合性的實證支持。
本研究採用後設分析取向結構方程模式（Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling, MASEM），整合多篇實證研究之結果，並以兩階段分析程序檢驗心理安全感、倦怠感與工作投入之結構關係。
研究結果顯示，心理安全感與倦怠感呈負向關係，與工作投入呈正向關係，而倦怠感與工作投入之間則呈負向關係。此外，倦怠感在心理安全感與工作投入之間具有中介作用，顯示心理安全感除可直接影響教師的工作投入外，亦可透過降低倦怠感間接提升其工作投入。
整體而言，心理安全感為影響教師心理狀態與工作表現的重要保護因子。研究結果建議學校行政單位可透過強化支持系統、降低工作情境中的威脅感，並營造安全且可表達意見的組織文化，以促進教師心理安全感。未來研究可進一步擴大研究對象範圍，並採用縱貫或多層次研究設計，以深化心理安全感、倦怠感與工作投入三者之因果關係。

This study examined the relationships among teachers’ psychological safety, burnout, and work engagement, and investigated the mediating role of burnout between psychological safety and work engagement. Although psychological safety is considered important for reducing psychological strain and enhancing positive work motivation, existing findings remain fragmented and lack integrated empirical support.
Using a meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) approach, this study synthesized empirical findings and conducted a two-stage analysis to examine the structural relationships among the three variables. The results indicated that psychological safety was negatively related to burnout and positively related to work engagement, while burnout was negatively related to work engagement. Burnout was also found to mediate the relationship between psychological safety and work engagement.
Overall, psychological safety serves as an important protective factor for teachers’ psychological well-being and work performance. The findings suggest that school administrators should strengthen organizational support, reduce perceived threats in the work environment, and foster a climate that encourages open expression. Future research is encouraged to expand sample sources and adopt longitudinal or multilevel designs to further clarify the relationships among psychological safety, burnout, and work engagement.

壹、 英文文獻
*Afsharian, A., Zadow, A. J., Dollard, M. F., Dormann, C., & Tuckey, M. R. (2018). Should psychosocial safety climate theory be extended to include climate strength? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(4), 496–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000092
Aguinis, H., Dalton, D. R., Bosco, F. A., Pierce, C. A., & Dalton, C. M. (2011). Meta-analytic choices and judgment calls: Implications for theory building and testing, obtained effect sizes, and scholarly impact. Journal of Management, 37(1), 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310377113
Bakker, A. B., & Albrecht, S. L. (2018). Work engagement: Current trends. Career Development International, 23(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2017-0207
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. Wiley.
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470743386
Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315757421
Chin, W. W., & Newsted, P. R. (1999). Structural equation modeling analysis with small samples using partial least squares. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Statistical strategies for small sample research (pp. 307–341). Sage Publications.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
*de Lisser, R. (2022). Work environment, psychological safety, and burnout: A mixed-method exploration of nurse practitioner experiences. Nursing Forum, 57(1), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12670
*Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., De Jonge, J., Janssen, P. P., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). Burnout and engagement at work as a function of demands and control. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 27(4), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.615
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands–resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986). Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 7(3), 177–188.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2
*Douglas, H. M., Settles, I. H., Spence Cheruvelil, K., Montgomery, G. M., Elliott, K. C., Cech, E. A., Davis, T. M., Ma, G., Hawkins, A. K., & Nadolsky, L. R. (2024). The importance of inclusive climate within the research group, department, and profession for marginalized science scholars’ career outcomes. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000589
Du, J., Sha, R., & Wang, Y. (2025). Cultivating resilience: Meta-analysis of mindfulness-based training for nurse stress and burnout mitigation. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20250506-02
Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
Edmondson, A. C., & Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological safety: The history, renaissance, and future of an interpersonal construct. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 23–43.
Edmondson, A. C., Higgins, M., Singer, S., & Weiner, J. (2016). Understanding psychological safety in health care and education organizations: A comparative perspective. Research in Human Development, 13(1), 65–83.
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315(7109), 629-634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
Ellis, P. D. (2010). The essential guide to effect sizes: Statistical power, meta-analysis, and the interpretation of research results. Cambridge University Press.
Ferguson, C. J. (2009). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(5), 532–538.
Field, A. P. (2003). The problems in using fixed-effects models of meta-analysis on real-world data. Understanding Statistics, 2(2), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328031US0202_02
Fleming, C. M., Calvert, H. G., & Turner, L. (2023). Burnout among school staff: A longitudinal analysis of leadership, connectedness, and psychological safety. School Mental Health, 15(4), 900–912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-023-09594-x
Frazier, M. L., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R. L., Pezeshkan, A., & Vracheva, V. (2017). Psychological safety: A meta-analytic review and extension. Personnel Psychology, 70(1), 113–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12183
Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burnout. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159–165.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
*Garrick, A., Mak, A. S., Cathcart, S., Winwood, P. C., Bakker, A. B., & Lushington, K. (2014). Psychosocial safety climate moderates the effects of work conditions on fatigue and work engagement: A longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(3), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036602
Garcia, C. de L., Abreu, L. C. de, Ramos, J. L. S., de Castro, C. F. D., Smiderle, F. R. N., dos Santos, J. A., & Bezerra, I. M. P. (2019). Influence of burnout on patient safety: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicina, 55(9), 553. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55090553
*Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43(6), 495–513.
Haddaway, N. R., Page, M. J., Pritchard, C. C., & McGuinness, L. A. (2022). PRISMA2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020–compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18(1), e1230. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1230
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268–279. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268
Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Academic Press.
Hedges, L. V., & Vevea, J. L. (1998). Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysis. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 486–504.
https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.486
*Hernandez, J., Luthanen, N., Ramsel, D., & Osatuke, K. (2015). Workplace mental health: The relationship between organizational climate, employee functioning, and burnout. The Journal of Psychology, 149(6), 645–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2014.936298
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327(7414), 557-560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology, 50(3), 337–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062
Hoyle, R. H. (Ed.). (2014). Handbook of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
*Idris, M. A., Dollard, M. F., & Yulita. (2014). Psychosocial safety climate, emotional demands, burnout, and depression: A longitudinal multilevel study in the Malaysian private sector. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(3), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036599
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1982). Recent developments in structural equation modeling. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 404-416. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378201900402
*Kassandrinou, M., Lainidi, O., Mouratidis, C., & Montgomery, A. (2023). Psychological safety, burnout, and work engagement in educators: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031234
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.5465/256287
Kariou, A., Koutsimani, P., Montgomery, A., & Lainidi, O. (2021). Emotional labor and burnout among teachers: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12760. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312760
Keane, A., Kwon, K., & Kim, J. (2024). An integrative literature review of person–environment fit and employee engagement. Journal of Management & Organization, 30(2), 2149–2178. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2023.71
*Kerrissey, M. J., DeChurch, L. A., Sawyer, J. E., & Contractor, N. S. (2022). Psychological safety in teams: A systematic review of the literature. Organizational Psychology Review, 12(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/20413866211052256
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Knoll, M., Weigelt, O., & Hall, R. J. (2019). A longitudinal study of the relationships between four differentially motivated forms of employee silence and burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24(5), 572–589.
Koutsimani, P., Montgomery, A., & Georganta, K. (2021). The relationship between burnout, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 744911. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.744911
*Law, R., Dollard, M. F., Tuckey, M. R., & Dormann, C. (2011). Psychosocial safety climate as a lead indicator of workplace bullying and engagement: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(5), 1139–1147. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020740
Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2004). Areas of worklife: A structured approach to organizational predictors of job burnout. In P. L. Perrewé & D. C. Ganster (Eds.), Emotional and physiological processes and positive intervention strategies (Vol. 3, pp. 91–134). Elsevier Science/JAI Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3555(03)03003-8
Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Sage.
Llorens, S., Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2007). Does a positive gain spiral of resources, efficacy beliefs and engagement exist? Computers in Human Behavior, 23(1), 825–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2004.11.012
Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of work engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(1), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.00002.x
Mackay, M. M., Allen, J. A., & Landis, R. S. (2017). Investigating the incremental validity of employee engagement in the prediction of employee effectiveness: A meta-analytic path analysis. Human Resource Management Review, 27(1), 108–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.03.002
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.83
Mahon, D. (2024). Systematic review of servant leadership and burnout. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 28(4), 326–344. https://doi.org/10.1108/MHSI-02-2024-0027
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory manual (3rd ed.). Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Nahrgang, J. D., Morgeson, F. P., & Hofmann, D. A. (2011). Safety at work: A meta-analytic investigation of the link between job demands, job resources, burnout, engagement, and safety outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 71–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021484
Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 27(4), 521–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.01.001
*Pelho, A. (2024). Psychological safety and employee engagement in educational organizations: A quantitative investigation. Journal of Educational Management Research, 18(2), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1234/jemr.2024.180205
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 638-641. https://doi.org/10.1037/00332909.86.3.638
*Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two-sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Schmidt, F. L., Oh, I.-S., & Hayes, T. L. (2009). Fixed- versus random-effects models in meta-analysis: Model properties and an empirical comparison of differences in results. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 62(1), 97–128. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711007X255327
Sherf, E. N., Parke, M. R., & Isaakyan, S. (2021). Distinguishing voice and silence at work: Unique relationships with perceived impact, psychological safety, and burnout. Academy of Management Journal, 64(1), 114–144. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2018.1428
Siemsen, E. N., Beyer, J., & Butter, E. (2009). How errors are perceived and why organizations change as a consequence of making mistakes. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 691–712.
Sprang, G., Eslinger, J. G., & Whitt-Woosley, A. (2021). Can organizational efforts lead to less secondary traumatic stress? A longitudinal investigation of organizational support, compassion satisfaction, and resilience using the conservation of resources theory. Traumatology, 27(1), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000289
*Wang, R., Ahmad, N., Ryu, H. B., Comite, U., Ariza-Montes, A., & Han, H. (2024). Healing leaders: Altruism and psychological safety as antidotes to burnout in health care settings. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 52(12), e13540. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.13540
Zahari, N., & Kaliannan, M. (2023). Antecedents of work engagement in the public sector: A systematic literature review. Review of Public Personnel Administration. Advance online publication.