紐西蘭最近宣布改變其在太平洋地區外交政策的走向。目前的政策「太平洋堅韌」（Pacific Resilience)被視為是2018年「太平洋重啟」( Pacific Reset )更加成熟的版本。

新政策的論述側重於紐西蘭作為太平洋島國的身份，以及紐西蘭與其他太平洋島國間的共有文化、語言、歷史與人民之間的連結。本研究聚焦探討「為何紐西蘭現在選擇了這個話語位置（discursive position)？」本文同時探究紐西蘭身份的這種概念，是何以建構國際環境，及被自身所身處的國際環境所建構。

本文將嘗試呈現「太平洋堅韌」（Pacific Resilience)政策與環繞於其周圍的話語，是有助於平衡紐西蘭在該地區的利益，並在具有不同利益及競爭利益的參與者間取得平衡。此外，本研究將進一步體現毛利人的世界觀以及紐西蘭嚴守新自由主義規則與基於規範的秩序是如何結合在一起，以支持紐西蘭在該地區與更遠處的國際關係。最後，本文描述了話語中的變化是如何構成不斷變化中的區域背景，而其也反過來受到不斷變化中的區域背景所構成。

New Zealand has recently announced changes to its approach to foreign policy in the Pacific. The current policy, named “Pacific Resilience” has been described as a “maturation” of the “Pacific Reset” policy announced in 2018. The discourse of the new policy focuses on New Zealand’s identity as a Pacific island country (PIC), and the shared cultural, linguistic, historical, and people to connections between New Zealand and other PICs.
Why is has this discursive position been chosen now? This research is focused on this question, along with an enquiry into how this conception of New Zealand identity is both constructed by and constitutive of the international environment in which it is presented.
This paper will attempt to show that this policy and the discourse that surrounds it serves to balance New Zealand’s interest in the region among a wide range of actors with varied and competing interests. This study will further show how Māori worldviews (particularly the concept of whānau) and New Zealand’s adherence to a neo-liberal rules and norms based order are being married together to support New Zealand’s international relations both in the region and further afield. It also describes how the changes in the discourse are constitutive of and constituted by the changing regional context.

Al Jazeera. (2021, March 22). Australia parliament debates motion on Uighur abuses in Xinjiang. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/22/australia-parliament-debates-motion-on-uighur-abuses-in-xinjiang
Anderlini, J. (2020, January 9). China is taking its ideological fight abroad. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/8e839064-317c-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de
Ardern, J. (2021, August 1). Speech to Dawn Raids Apology [Speech]. https://www.beehive.govt.nz/speech/speech-dawn-raids-apology
Baker, N., Tarte, S., & Fry, G. (Eds.). (2015). New Zealand and Australia in Pacific Regionalism. In The new Pacific diplomacy (pp. 137–148). ANU Press.
Bartelson, J. (1995). A Genealogy of Sovereignty (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511586385
Belich, J. (1996). Making Peoples: A History Of The New Zealanders From Polynesian. Penguin New Zealand. http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9781742288222
Brady, A.-M. (2020, June 30). New Zealand’s Quiet China Shift. July. https://www.proquest.com/magazines/new-zealand-s-quiet-china-shift/docview/2419185200/se-2?accountid=14782
Brady, A.-M., & Ratuva, S. (2019). Neighbours and Cousins: Aotearoa-New Zealand’s Relationship with the Pacific. In Small States and the Changing Global Order New Zealand Faces the Future. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18803-0
Buchanan, P. G. (2010). Lilliputian in Fluid Times: New Zealand Foreign Policy after the Cold War. Political Science Quarterly, 125(2), 255–279. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165X.2010.tb00675.x
Cabinet External Relations and Security Committee. (2018). The Pacific Reset: The First Year (Minute of Decision ERS-18-MIN-0028).
Campbell, D. (1998). Writing security: United States foreign policy and the politics of identity (Rev. ed). University of Minnesota Press.
Chaban, N., & Kelly, S. (2017). Small States in a New Era of Public Diplomacy: New Zealand and Digital Diplomacy (No. 20; Small States and the New Security Environment). University of Canterbury. https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/media/documents/research/How-to-communicate-New-Zealand-to-global-audiences-via-new-media.pdf
Chapman, K. (2012, August 24). Chinese influence growing in Pacific. Stuff. http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/7570945/Chinese-influence-growing-in-Pacific
Chinese Foreign Ministry. (2021, September 23). Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson’s Remarks. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/ceau/eng/sghdxwfb_1/t1909396.htm
Chinese Foreign Ministry. (2022, May 17). Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson’s Remarks. Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia. http://au.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sghdxwfb_1/202201/t20220122_10632098.htm
Crump, B. (Director). (2021, June 8). Nights. In China in the Asia Pacific Region. Radio New Zealand. https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/nights/audio/2018798886/china-in-the-asia-pacific-region
Dann, C. (Director). (2022, April 21). No visibility on terms of China-Solomon Islands agreement—Nanaia Mahuta [Interview]. In Morning Report. RNZ National. https://www.rnz.co.nz/audio/player?audio_id=2018838940
Darkins, H. (2017, June 8). Post-structuralist ‘critique’ and How It Treats Power in Global Politics. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2017/06/08/post-structuralist-critique-and-how-it-treats-power-in-global-politics/
Defence Assessment 2021: He Moana Pukepuke e Ekengia e te Waka (p. 36). (2021). [Policy Advice]. New Zealand Ministry of Defence. https://www.defence.govt.nz/publications/publication/defence-assessment-2021
Devlin, C. (2018, December 4). Winston Peters increases diplomatic footprint in the Pacific. Stuff. https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/109080636/winston-peters-increases-diplomatic-footprint-in-the-pacific
Economist Intelligence Unit. (2021). Western countries enhance scrutiny of China over Xinjiang. The Economist. http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=470633430&Country=China&topic=Politics&subtopic=For_3
Fa’alau, F., & Wilson, S. (2020). Pacific perspectives on family violence in Aotearoa New Zealand Strong families (No. 16; pp. 1–38). New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse. https://www.pasefikaproud.co.nz/assets/Uploads/NZFVC-Issues-Paper-16-pacific-peoples.pdf
Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse—Textual analysis for social research. Routledge.
Fairclough, N. (2015). Language and power (Third edition). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Foucault, M. (1971). Orders of discourse. Social Science Information, 10(2), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847101000201
Gee, J. P., & Handford, M. (Eds.). (2012). The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis. Routledge.
Gill, B., & Huang, Y. (2006). Sources and limits of Chinese ‘soft power’. Survival, 48(2), 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396330600765377
Hager, N. (2019). Principled Small Nation or Stalwart Ally? New Zealand’s Independent Foreign Policy. In A.-M. Brady (Ed.), Small States and the Changing Global Order New Zealand Faces the Future (pp. 363–377). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18803-0
Hayward-Jones, J. (2013). Big Enough for All Of Us: Geo-Strategic Competition in The Pacific Islands. Lowy Institute. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/big-enough-all-us-geo-strategic-competition-pacific-islands
Hill, B. (2017, February 16). NZ - Tokelau row over helicopter purchase. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/radio-australia/programs/pacificbeat/nz---tokelau-row-over-helicopter-purchase/8277776
Iati, I. (2021a). Assessing the Pacific Reset: Dr Iati Iati examines and analyses some of the key tenets of New Zealand’s approach to Pacific Islands countries. New Zealand International Review, 46(1), 6–13.
Iati, I. (2021b). China’s Impact on New Zealand Foreign Policy in the Pacific: The Pacific Reset. In T. Wesley-Smith (Ed.), The China Alternative: Changing Regional Order in the Pacific Islands (1st ed., pp. 143–166). ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1h45mkn
Jennings, R. (2022, March 12). China-Australia Relations Hit New Low Over Military, Politics, Science. VOA. https://www.voanews.com/a/china-australia-relations-hit-new-low-over-military-politics-science/6481950.html
Jørgensen, M., & Phillips, L. (2002). Discourse analysis as theory and method. Sage Publications.
Kendall, G., & Wickham, G. (1999). Using Foucault’s methods. Sage Publications.
Khan, T. H., & MacEachen, E. (2021). Foucauldian Discourse Analysis: Moving Beyond a Social Constructionist Analytic. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20, 160940692110180. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211018009
King, M. (2005). The Penguin history of New Zealand. Penguin. http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9781742288260
Kirtenbrink, D. (2022, April 26). Teleconference with Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Daniel Kritenbrink [Government]. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/teleconference-with-assistant-secretary-of-state-for-east-asian-and-pacific-affairs-daniel-kritenbrink/
Köllner, P. (2021). Australia and New Zealand recalibrate their China policies: Convergence and divergence. The Pacific Review, 34(3), 405–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2019.1683598
Koopman, C. (2011). Foucault across the disciplines: Introductory notes on contingency in critical inquiry. History of the Human Sciences, 24(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695111417356
LaFrance, M. (2018). Institutional Ethnography. In P. Liamputtong (Ed.), Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences (pp. 1–14). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2779-6_82-1
Langa’oi, P. (2010). China’s Diplomatic Relations with the Kingdom of Tonga. In T. Wesley-Smith & E. A. Porter (Eds.), China in Oceania: Reshaping the Pacific? (pp. 164–178). Berghahn Books.
Lee, H. J. (2017, April 28). Winston, why are you like this? RNZ. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/the-wireless/374585/winston-why-are-you-like-this
Louma, L. (2021, August 11). Pacific Step-up or business as usual? Asia & The Pacific Policy Society. https://www.policyforum.net/pacific-step-up-or-business-as-usual/
Luthi, S. (2021, August 29). Meth, Vanilla and ‘Gulags’: How China Has Overtaken the South Pacific One Island at a Time. Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/08/29/tonga-china-south-pacific-influence-506370
Lyons, K. (2019, August 12). Australia coal use is ‘existential threat’ to Pacific islands, says Fiji PM. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/12/australia-coal-use-is-existential-threat-to-pacific-islands-says-fiji-pm
Lyons, K. (2022, April 26). US won’t rule out military action if China establishes base in Solomon Islands. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/26/us-wont-rule-out-military-action-if-china-establishes-base-in-solomon-islands
Lyons, K., & Wickham, D. (2022, April 20). The deal that shocked the world: Inside the China-Solomons security pact. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/20/the-deal-that-shocked-the-world-inside-the-china-solomons-security-pact
Macdonald, D. B. (2021). “An Antipodean Populism? Winston Peters, New Zealand First, and the Problems of Misclassification”. In The Palgrave handbook of populism (pp. 69–83). Palgave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-80803-7_4
Mahuta, N. (2021, November 3). Aotearoa New Zealand’s Pacific Engagement: Partnering for Resilience. Speech to NZIIA. https://www.beehive.govt.nz/speech/aotearoa-new%C2%A0zealand%E2%80%99s-pacific-engagement-partnering-resilience
Mahuta, N. (2022, May 10). New High Commissioner to Solomon Islands announced. Beehive.Co.Nz. https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/new-high-commissioner-solomon-islands-announced#:~:text=Foreign%20Affairs%20Minister%20Nanaia%20Mahuta,wh%C4%81nau%2C%E2%80%9D%20Nanaia%20Mahuta%20said.
Manch, T. (2021, May 4). Trade Minister Damien O’Connor warns parliamentary debate on Xinjiang ‘genocide’ would damage trade. Stuff. https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/125021423/trade-minister-damien-oconnor-warns-parliamentary-debate-on-xinjiang-genocide-would-damage-trade
Manch, T., & Craymer, L. (2021, November 4). New Zealand’s diplomats to focus on ‘resilience’ in Pacific, as climate change and Chinese debt threat grows [News]. Stuff. https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/126877134/new-zealands-diplomats-to-focus-on-resilience-in-pacific-as-climate-change-and-chinese-debt-threat-grows
Mark, S. (2021). New Zealand’s public diplomacy in the Pacific: A reset, or more of the same? Place Branding and Public Diplomacy. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-020-00196-x
Mataʻafa, F. N. (2021, September 25). Statement by the Prime Minister, Afioga Fiame Naomi Mataafa at the General Debate, 76th United Nations General Assembley [Speech]. United Nations General Assembly, New York. https://www.samoagovt.ws/2021/09/statement-by-the-prime-minister-afioga-fiame-naomi-mataafa-at-the-general-debate-76th-united-nations-general-assembly/
McClure, T. (2021, April 24). 'A matter of time’: New Zealand’s foreign minister warns China ‘storm’ could be coming. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/25/a-matter-of-time-new-zealands-foreign-minister-warns-china-storm-could-be-coming
McClure, T. (2022a, April 5). New Zealand foreign minister blames ‘relationship failure’ for China-Solomons security deal. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/05/new-zealand-foreign-minister-blames-relationship-failure-for-china-solomons-security-deal
McClure, T. (2022b, May 3). This article is more than 4 months old NZ’s former deputy PM banned from parliament for visiting anti-vaccine-mandate protest. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/03/nzs-former-deputy-pm-banned-from-parliament-for-visiting-anti-vaccine-mandate-protest
McCulloch, C. (2022, May 11). New Zealand and Japan prime ministers meet, agree to boost security ties. RNZ. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/465694/new-zealand-and-japan-prime-ministers-meet-agree-to-boost-security-ties
McKinnon, M. (1993). Independence and foreign policy: New Zealand in the world since 1935. Auckland University Press.
McLachlan, R. (2021, November 1). COP26: New Zealand’s new climate pledge is a step up, but not a ‘fair share’. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/cop26-new-zealands-new-climate-pledge-is-a-step-up-but-not-a-fair-share-170932
Mclauchlan, D. (2020, October 4). The boxer and the towel: A short history of Winston Peters, politician. The Spinoff. https://thespinoff.co.nz/politics/04-10-2020/the-boxer-and-the-towel-a-short-history-of-winston-peters-politician
MFAT. (2019). Strategic Intentions 2019-2023. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. https://www.theprif.org/sites/default/files/documents/MFAT-Strategic-Intentions-2019-2023.pdf
MFAT. (2021). Strategic Intentions 2021-2025. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/About-us-Corporate/MFAT-strategies-and-frameworks/MFAT-Strategic-Intentions-2021-2025.pdf
Miller, G. (2021, December 10). Geoffrey Miller: China strategy dominates New Zealand’s foreign policy year. The Democracy Project. https://democracyproject.nz/2021/12/10/geoffrey-miller-china-strategy-dominates-new-zealands-foreign-policy-year/
Nye, J. S. (2008). The Powers to Lead. Oxford University Press.
Nye, J. S. (2021). Soft power: The evolution of a concept. Journal of Political Power, 14(1), 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2021.1879572
Royal Titles Act, (1974). https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1974/0001/latest/DLM411814.html
Peters, W. (2018, March 1). Shifting the Dial [Speech]. Speech to Lowy Institute, Martin Place, Sydney. https://www.beehive.govt.nz/speech/shifting-dial
Phillips, J. (1996). A man’s country? The image of the Pakeha male: a history (Rev. ed). Penguin Books.
Q+A: Winston Peters on China and the Pacific ‘reset’ (No. 1). (2018, March 4). In TVNZ Q+A. TVNZ. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA1803/S00039/qa-winston-peters-on-china-and-the-pacific-reset.htm
Ratuva, S. (2019). Aid and Foreign Policy: New Zealand Development Assistance in the Pacific. In Small States and the Changing Global Order New Zealand Faces the Future.
RNZ. (2021, April 20). New Zealand ‘concerned’ about China asserting itself in the region, foreign minister says. RNZ. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/440841/new-zealand-concerned-about-china-asserting-itself-in-the-region-foreign-minister-says
RNZ. (2022a, March 28). PM says Solomon Islands developing relationship with China ‘gravely concerning’. RNZ. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/464109/pm-says-solomon-islands-developing-relationship-with-china-gravely-concerning
RNZ. (2022b, April 13). Ukraine war: NZ Defence Force Hercules leaves for Europe on aid mission. RNZ. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/465192/ukraine-war-nz-defence-force-hercules-leaves-for-europe-on-aid-mission
RNZ. (2022c, April 22). Watch: PM Jacinda Ardern on New Zealand’s strategic partnership with Japan [News]. RNZ. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/465712/watch-pm-jacinda-ardern-on-new-zealand-s-strategic-partnership-with-japan
Rosenberg, M., & Rutherford, H. (2018, November 4). Government blindsided as Niue signs up to Chinese blandishments. Stuff. https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/108331406/government-blindsided-as-niue-signs-up-to-chinese-blandishments
Ryan, G. (2021). Smart Sanctions, Hollow Gestures, and Multilateral Sport: New Zealand–Fiji Relations and the Politics of Professional Rugby, 1987–2011. The Contemporary Pacific, 33(1), 124–150. https://doi.org/10.1353/cp.2021.0005
Sachdeva, S. (2022, January 5). The move towards a more Māori foreign policy. Newsroom. https://www.newsroom.co.nz/the-move-towards-a-more-maori-foreign-policy
Samoa Observer Editorial Board. (2021, December 22). True gratitude needed for overseas support. Samoa Observer. https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/editorial/96470
Stats NZ. (2020, March 3). China top trade partner for 2019 [Government]. Stats NZ. https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/china-top-trade-partner-for-2019
Tarte, S. (2010). Fiji’s ‘Look North’ Strategy and the Role of China. In T. Wesley-Smith & E. A. Porter (Eds.), China in Oceania: Reshaping the Pacific? Berghahn Books.
Thakur, R. (1986). In Defence of New Zealand: Foreign Policy Choices in the Nuclear Age. Routledge. https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=5785908
Tinirau, R. (2020). What is whanau research, and how is whanau research being conducted?: A literature review for the Whakapapa Research Project. https://teatawhai.maori.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Whakapapa-Literature-Review_web.pdf
Townend, A. (2003). The Strange Death of the Realm of New Zealand: The Implications of a New Zealand Republic for the Cook Islands and Niue. Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, 34(3), 571. https://doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v34i3.5768
Walker, T. (2011, May 5). Whānau – Māori and family. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. https://teara.govt.nz/en/whanau-maori-and-family/print
Wallis, J. (2017). Pacific power? Australia’s strategy in the Pacific Islands. Melbourne University Press.
Wallis, J. (2020, November 3). Stepping-Up With Australia’s ‘Pacific Family’. Australian Institute of International Affairs. https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/stepping-up-with-australias-pacific-family/
Wandel, T. (2001). The power of discourse: Michel Foucault and critical theory. Cultural Values, 5(3), 368–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/14797580109367237
Wang, W. (2022, April 25). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin’s Regular Press Conference on April 25, 2022 [Government]. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/202204/t20220425_10673526.html
Willig, C., & Stainton Rogers, W. (2017). The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology, 2e. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526405555
Wintour, P. (2021, December 9). Uyghurs subjected to genocide by China, unofficial UK tribunal finds. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/09/uyghurs-subjected-to-genocide-by-china-unofficial-uk-tribunal-finds
Wintour, P. (2022, April 23). New Zealand’s stance on China has deep implications for the Five Eyes alliance. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/23/new-zealands-stance-on-china-has-deep-implications-for-the-five-eyes-alliance
Wu, Y. (2012). Modern Chinese National-Cultural Identity in the Context of Globalization. Transtext(e)s Transcultures 跨文本跨文化, 7. https://doi.org/10.4000/transtexts.456
Wyatt, R. (2020, May 23). Losing Face: The Structural Inadequacies of Australia’s ‘Pacific Step Up’. The McGill International Review. https://www.mironline.ca/losing-face-the-structural-inadequacies-of-australias-pacific-step-up/
Young, J. (2017). Seeking ontological security through the rise of China: New Zealand as a small trading nation. The Pacific Review, 30(4), 513–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1264457
Young, J. (2021). US–China competition and small liberal democracies: New Zealand and the limits of hegemony. Political Science, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00323187.2021.1967763