中國政府長年以經濟依賴為槓桿，在各國培育「在地協力者」施展作用力，試圖「以商逼政」，卻催生不少「在地抵抗者」與各國政府的反作用力。然而，爬梳各國反作用力經驗可以發現，每個政府的反作用力強度不盡相同，究竟是什麼原因造成差異？哪些因素有助政府強化反作用力？

本文以國際政治經濟互動為基礎，從外部視角提出理論：一國政府的中國因素反作用力，是由三項系統因素驅動，包括對中經濟依賴程度、對中經濟依賴性質，以及政策擴散。若一國對中經濟依賴程度高，愈容易催生反作用力；若一國對中經濟依賴性質為「雙向互賴」而非「單向依賴」，更容易產生強韌的反作用力；若該國依賴的盟國、國際組織皆採取制衡中國的政策態度，也會產生更強韌的反作用力。

本文針對澳洲、紐西蘭的反作用力經驗進行兩層次分析：首先以縱時性個案研究，觀察兩國2012至2021年間，遭受中國因素作用力影響及產生反作用力的過程。本文發現澳洲、紐西蘭對中國存在高度經濟依賴，經過在地抵抗者與在地協力者的角力，兩國政府都出現了值得關注的反作用力。再以比較個案研究分析兩國反作用力，發現具有跨國經濟優勢的澳洲，對中國呈現「雙向互賴」，且擁有更具制衡中國共識的跨國政策網絡，紐西蘭則因跨國經濟優勢不足，對中國呈現「單向依賴」，缺乏具制衡中國共識的跨國政策網絡，導致澳洲在立法、政策、發言方面，皆比紐西蘭生成更積極、強韌的反作用力。

China has cultivated "local collaborators" in various countries to exert influence and achieve its political objectives through economic dependence. This approach has also given rise to "local counteractors", resulting in a global wave of counteraction against China. However, there has been various strength of counteraction in different countries. What are the key factors causing these differences? Which factors contribute to counteracting China’s influence?

Based on the framework of international political economy interactions, this thesis proposes a theory from an external perspective. It suggests that the government's counteraction against China is driven by three systematic factors: the degree and the characteristic of economic dependence on China, and the policy diffusion. It is hypothesized that countries with higher dependence on China are more likely to counteract China’s influence. Moreover, countries with bidirectional interdependence on China will exhibit stronger counteraction compared to those with unidirectional dependence. Additionally, the government’s counteraction will be strengthend if it’s allies and international organizations adopt a policy stance against China's influence.

The thesis conducted a two-stage analysis: the first stage employed longitudinal case studies to trace the process of Australia and New Zealand being influenced by China factors and generating counteraction from 2012 to 2021. It is found that both countries have a high level of economic dependence on China, and their governments exert counteraction after the local counteractors weaken the local collaborators. The second stage is a comparative case study of the two governments’ counteraction. It is found that Australia is bidirectionally interdependent with China due to its transnational economic advantages. Moreover, Australia has a more extensive transnational policy network with a consensus on countering China's influence. On the other hand, New Zealand is unidirectionally dependent on China due to the lack of transnational economic advantages. Additionally, it lacks the extensive international policy network with a consensus on countering China's influence, which limits policy diffusion. As a result, Australia has developed the more positive and powerful counteraction in terms of legislation, policies, and discourse compared to New Zealand.

英文部分
期刊論文、專書論文、研討會論文
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Sachdeva, Sam. 2021a. “Politicians, academics warned over foreign interference threat.” newsroom. Mar 31. https://www.newsroom.co.nz/politicians-academics-warned-over-foreign-interference-threat.
Sachdeva, Sam. 2021b. “NZ wades into South China Sea dispute.” newsroom. Aug 16. https://www.newsroom.co.nz/nz-wades-into-south-china-sea-dispute.
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Scott, David. 2020. “New Zealand Picks up on the Indo-Pacific.” East West Center. Mar 18. https://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/new-zealand-picks-the-indo-pacific.
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Sharples, Sarah. 2021. “China reveals plan to end the need for Australian iron ore.” News.com.au. Dec 2. https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/australian-economy/china-reveals-plan-to-end-the-need-for-australian-iron-ore/news-story/1035a296e5e45c60e8c0da4e3016b586.
Shepherd, Tory. 2022. “University students and staff face increasing threats, foreign interference inquiry finds.” The Guardian. Mar 5. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/mar/25/university-students-and-staff-face-increasing-threats-foreign-interference-inquiry-finds.
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Smyth, Jamie. 2020. “New Zealand university dismisses complaints against China expert.” Financial Times. Dec 11. https://www.ft.com/content/2b4f5f99-8c3c-477d-b7f1-447966e5cce5.
Smyth, Jamie. 2021. “New Zealand security chiefs warn of China threat.” Financial Times. Dec 11. https://www.ft.com/content/4c23258a-de28-11e7-a8a4-0a1e63a52f9c.
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Sugihara, Junichi. 2018. “US, Japan and Australia team on financing Indo-Pacific infrastructure.” Nikkei Asia. Nov 11. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/US-Japan-and-Australia-team-on-financing-Indo-Pacific-infrastructure.
Tarabay, Jamie. 2018. “Australia Likely to Block Hong Kong Company’s Bid for Gas Pipeline.” The New York Times. Nov 7. http://nytimes.com/2018/11/07/business/australia-ck-group-apa-group-li-ka-shing.
Thayer, Carl. 2020. “Australia Abandons Its Neutrality on the South China Sea Maritime Disputes.” The Diplomat. July 27. https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/australia-abandons-its-neutrality-on-the-south-china-sea-maritime-disputes/.
The Economist. 2017a. “How China’s “sharp power” is muting criticism abroad.” Dec 14. https://www.economist.com/briefing/2017/12/14/how-chinas-sharp-power-is-muting-criticism-abroad.
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The Economist. 2023. “Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine.” https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/.
The White House. 2021. “U.S. Strategic Framework for the Indo-Pacific.” https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/IPS-Final-Declass.pdf.
The White House. 2021a. “Joint Leaders Statement on AUKUS.” Sep 15. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/09/15/joint-leaders-statement-on-aukus/.
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Thomas, Rachel. 2020. “Andrew Little says New Zealand won't follow UK's Huawei 5G ban.” RNZ. July 15. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/421286/andrew-little-says-new-zealand-won-t-follow-uk-s-huawei-5g-ban.
Tibshraeny, Jenée. 2019. “ANZ, the National Party and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade confirm no involvement with John Key's meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping.” Intrest.co.nz. Oct 18. https://www.interest.co.nz/news/102203/anz-national-party-and-ministry-foreign-affairs-and-trade-confirm-no-involvement-john.
Tiffert, Glenn. 2020. “Compromising the Knowledge Economy Authoritarian Challenges to Independent Intellectual Inquiry.” National Endowment for Democracy. https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Compromising-Knowledge-Economy-Authoritarian-Challenges-Intellectual-Inquiry-Tiffert.pdf?utm_source=forum%20landing%20page&utm_medium=site&utm_campaign=intellectual%20inquiry.
Trafford, Will. 2021. “NZ Spy Agency acknowledges Chinese Smartphone censorship allegations.” Te Ao Maori News. Sep 25. https://www.teaomaori.news/nz-spy-agency-acknowledges-chinese-smartphone-censorship-allegations.
U. S. Congressional Research Service. 2021. “New Zealand: Background and Relations with the United States.” https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R44552.pdf.
U.S. Department of State. 2022. “2022 Investment Climate Statements: New Zealand.” https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-investment-climate-statements/new-zealand/.
Uhlmann, Chris, and Jane Norman. 2015. “Senior Defence Official Raises Security Concerns over Darwin Port Lease to Chinese-owned Company Landbridge.” ABC News. Oct 14. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-15/adf-concerned-over-darwin-port-sale-to-chinese -owned-company/6855182.
Uhlmann, Chris. 2016. “Chinese investment in Australia's power grid explained”. ABC News. Aug 21. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-21/chinese-investment-in-the-australian-power-grid/7766086.
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Uren, David. 2023. “Why China’s coercion of Australia failed.” The Strategist. Apr 27. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/why-chinas-coercion-of-australia-failed/.
UTS. 2019. “UTS CETC Review.” https://www.uts.edu.au/news/media-contacts/uts-cetc-review (Feb 16, 2023).
Varrall, Merriden. 2017. “Four Corners sees the Party-state in all the shadows.” the interpreter. June 6. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/four-corners-sees-party-state-all-shadows.
Visentin, Lisa. 2022. “Improve transparency around universities’ Confucius Institutes: Report.” The Sydney Morning Herald. Mar 25, 2022. https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/improve-transparency-around-universities-confucius-institutes-report-20220324-p5a7s5.html.
Wade, Geoff. 2021. “Australia and Magnitsky legislation.” https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2021/August/Australia_and_Magnitsky_legislation.
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Walters, Laura. 2018. “China fires back at NZ, calls remarks on South China Sea and Pacific politics wrong.” Stuff. July 10. https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/105387818/china-fires-back-at-nz-calls-remarks-on-south-china-sea-and-pacific-politics-wrong.
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Walters, Laura. 2019b. “Chinese institute expands influence in Auckland.” Newsroom. Feb 26. https://www.newsroom.co.nz/chinese-institute-expands-influence-in-auckland.
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Walters, Laura. 2019d. “Chinese NZ Herald under Chinese state ‘control’ - experts.” Newsroom. Sep 23. www.newsroom.co.nz/chinese-nz-herald-under-supervision-and-control-of-chinese-state.
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中文部分
期刊論文、專書論文、學位論文
王宏仁，2019，〈「銳實力」概念於「後」中國崛起時期之理論化探究〉，《中國大陸研究》， 62（3）： 1 - 23。
王崑義，2007，〈中國的「和諧外交」與對南太平洋的擴展〉，《台灣國際研究季刊》，3（3）：63-109。
吳介民，2009，〈中國因素與台灣民主〉，《思想》，11：141-157。
吳介民，2017，〈中國因素作用力與反作用力〉，吳介民、蔡宏政、鄭祖邦主編，《吊燈裡的巨蟒：中國因素作用力與反作用力》：22-85，新北市：左岸文化。
吳介民，2017，〈以商業模式做統戰：跨海峽政商關係中的在地協力者機制〉，李宗榮、林宗弘主編，《未竟的奇蹟：轉型中的台灣經濟與社會》：676-719，台北市：中研院社會所。
吳柏寬，2021，〈面對中國因素─歐盟整合的發展與挑戰〉，《台灣國際研究季刊》，17（3）：167-187。
李志德，2017，〈中國網路戰略的「進化」，與台灣的因應〉，吳介民、蔡宏政、鄭祖邦主編，《吊燈裡的巨蟒：中國因素作用力與反作用力》：22-85，新北市：左岸文化。
李俊毅，2021，〈中國以經濟脅迫施壓澳洲的困境〉，《國防安全雙週報》，28：15-20。
沙維遠，2020，〈中共對美銳實力之運用：理論探討與個案研究〉，國立政治大學外交學系碩士學位論文。
林子立，2021，〈美國大選後的世界新局勢─中國的戰略選擇〉，《全球政治評論》，73：13-18。
邱奕達，2020，〈中國銳實力的影響與反思—台灣之個案研究分析〉，國立政治大學國際研究英語碩士學位論文。
張登及，2018，〈習時代中共的『銳實力』戰略？概念構成與理論反思〉，《展望與探索》，16（4）：119-133。
張錦華，2017，〈新聞傳播領域中的反作用力〉，吳介民、蔡宏政、鄭祖邦主編，《吊燈裡的巨蟒：中國因素作用力與反作用力》：485-526，新北市：左岸文化。
黃兆年，2017，〈新聞自由中的美國因素與中國因素〉，吳介民、蔡宏政、鄭祖邦主編，《吊燈裡的巨蟒：中國因素作用力與反作用力》：395-448，新北市：左岸文化。
黃兆年，2019，〈中國「銳實力」對台灣民眾政治認同的影響：對「人類安全」的啟示〉，《全球安全、民主與經濟發展之研究》，台北市：時英出版社，頁127-164。
黃兆年、林雨璇，2020，〈中國因素影響下臺灣媒體人的日常抵抗：對民主防衛的啟示〉，《民主與治理 》， 7（2）：41-79。
黃建群，2017，〈紅色資本的進擊〉，吳介民、蔡宏政、鄭祖邦主編，《吊燈裡的巨蟒：中國因素作用力與反作用力》：87-146，新北市：左岸文化。
黃恩浩，2018，〈「五眼聯盟」因應中國擴張之觀察〉，《國防安全雙週報》，21：36-39。
黃恩浩，2022，〈日澳《相互准入協定》的簽署與可能發展〉，《國防安全雙週報》，51：91-96。
葉國豪，2017，〈香港「愛國教育」的在地協力機制〉，吳介民、蔡宏政、鄭祖邦主編，《吊燈裡的巨蟒：中國因素作用力與反作用力》：189-216，新北市：左岸文化。
蔡宏政，2017，〈陸客觀光的政治經濟學〉，吳介民、蔡宏政、鄭祖邦主編，《吊燈裡的巨蟒：中國因素作用力與反作用力》：217-240，新北市：左岸文化。
鄭昀昕，2021，〈澳洲中國政策之演變（2013-2020年）〉，台北：國立臺灣大學政治學系碩士論文。

專書
Chol, Eric and Gilles Fontaine. 2020，《全球只剩北京標準時間》，黃明玲譯，台北：大是文化。譯自IL EST MIDI A PEKIN. 2019.
Diamond, Larry. 2019，《妖風：全球民主危機與反擊之道：當俄羅斯正面進攻、中國陰謀滲透、美國自毀長城，我們該如何重振民主自由的未來？》，盧靜譯，新北：八旗文化。譯自Ill Winds: Saving Democracy from Russian Rage, Chinese Ambition, and American Complacency. 2019.
Hamilton, Clive & Mareike Ohlberg，2021，《黑手：揭穿中國共產黨如何改造世界》，梁文傑譯，新北：左岸文化。譯自Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party is Reshaping the World. 2020.
Hamilton, Clive. 2019，《無聲的入侵：中國因素在澳洲》，江南英譯，新北：左岸文化。譯自Silent Invasion: China’s Influence in Australia. 2018.
Hopkin, Jonathan. 2009，《政治學方法論與途徑》，陳義彥、陳景堯、林妤虹、吳宜璇、何景榮、任雲楠譯，新北：韋伯文化，307-328。譯自Theory and Methods in Political Science. 2002.
Manthorpe, Jonathan. 2020，《大熊貓的利爪：中國如何滲透、影響與威嚇加拿大》，王湘瑋譯，新北：左岸文化。譯自Claws of the panda: Beijing’s campaign of influence and intimidation in Canada. 2019.
Spalding, Robert. 2019，《隱形戰：中國如何在美國菁英沉睡時悄悄奪取世界霸權》，顏涵銳譯，台北：遠流文化，譯自Stealth war: how China took over while America’s elite slept.2019.
石源華、祁懷高，2017，《中國周邊國家概覽》，北京：世界知識出版社。
何明修，2019，《為什麼要佔領街頭？從太陽花、雨傘，到反送中運動》，新北：左岸文化。
何清漣，2019，《紅色滲透：中國媒體全球擴張的真相》，新北：八旗文化。
馬嶽，2020，《反抗的共同體：二〇一九香港反送中運動》，新北：左岸文化。
經濟部投資業務處，2022，《紐西蘭投資環境簡介》，台北：經濟部。

網路資料
BBC中文網，2016，〈中國公司聯手澳洲女首富 爭購澳洲最大牧場〉，10月9日，https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/china/2016/10/161009_china_australia_farm。
BBC中文網，2019，〈中國商人黃向墨澳洲居留權被取消 中澳角力再升級〉，2月8日，https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-47151798。
BBC中文網，2021a，〈中印關係：邊界衝突無礙生意往來 中國再次成為印度頭號貿易伙伴〉，2月23日，https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-56168906。
BBC中文網，2021b，〈美國高官要求中國停止對澳大利亞「經濟脅迫」 澳洲或成美中關係試金石〉，3月17日，https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-56425774。
BBC中文網，2021c，〈澳大利亞引新法取消維多利亞州「一帶一路」協議 中國斥是「搬石頭砸自己的腳」〉，4月22日，https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-56841541。
BBC中文網，2021d，〈新西蘭重申對華友好政策：中國表示歡迎，「五眼聯盟」下一步動向引發關注〉，4月26日，https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-56860521。
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Tewari, Suranjana，2021，〈AUKUS：澳英美新協議如何改變印太區域的權力平衡〉，《BBC中文網》，9月19日，https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-58593642。
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Zhuang, Yan，2022，〈澳洲反外國干預法第一案：華裔男子被控意圖影響對華政策〉，《紐約時報中文網》，7月29日，https://cn.nytimes.com/asia-pacific/20220729/di-sanh-duong-chinese-austrailia/zh-hant/。
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戴雅真，2020，〈英國禁止華為參與5G網路建設 強生拍板定案〉，《中央通訊社》，7月14日，https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202007145008.aspx。
鍾麗華，2020，〈抵抗中國霸凌！立院添購200多瓶紅酒挺澳洲〉，《自由時報》，12月4日，https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/3371599。
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