在當代國防競爭中，影響國家安全與科技競爭力的關鍵，不僅在於武器裝備或科技本身，更在於是否具備持續培育、有效配置及留任兼具科技專業與作戰思維人才之制度能力。當前臺灣所面臨的挑戰，未必僅是人才數量不足，而是在完成培育後，如何透過制度設計使人才持續留在體系內，並促進專業經驗的累積與傳承。

本研究以制度分析為核心，重新檢視臺灣國防科技人才培育體系，並將以色列Talpiot 計畫及美國DARPA制度作為比較對象，探討不同國家如何透過制度安排，有效連結人才培育、科技發展與國防需求。研究發現，國防科技發展面臨的真正挑戰，往往不在於技術是否能夠被成功研發，而在於制度是否能夠吸引並留住關鍵人才，使其長期投入重要領域並持續發揮專業能力。本研究並提出未來可能的制度調整方向，以期作為臺灣國防科技人才制度改革與政策規劃之參考。

In contemporary defense competition, a nation's strategic advantage hinges on more than just armaments and technical prowess; it is equally contingent upon its institutional capacity to continuously develop, effectively employ, and retain defense science and technology talent with both technical expertise and operational thinking. For Taiwan, the challenge is not merely a shortage of qualified personnel, but how to establish institutional mechanisms that
encourage long-term service and support the accumulation of professional knowledge and experience.

This study examines Taiwan's defense technology talent development system from the perspective of institutional analysis. Israel's Talpiot Program and the U.S. DARPA model are selected as comparative cases to explore how different countries connect talent development, technological advancement, and defense requirements through institutional arrangements.

The findings indicate that the key challenge in defense technology development lies not only in technological innovation itself, but also in whether institutions can attract, retain, and effectively utilize critical talent. Effective institutional arrangements help sustain professional expertise and strengthen long-term defense innovation capacity. Informed by these analytical outcomes, this study outlines multiple prospective avenues for future institutional improvement and policy development.

一、中文文獻
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國防部政務辦公室，2025/10/1，〈引進創新技術及國防自主〉，《國防部全球資訊網》，<https://www.mnd.gov.tw/Publication/85163>。
楊連基，2026/4/28。〈明志科大成立國防科技與技術應用小聯盟　深化產學合作布局前瞻研發〉，《經濟日報》，<https://money.udn.com/money/story/5723/9468895>。
游凱翔、賴于榛，2026/5/14。〈國防部：特別預算遭刪如練武之人功能喪失　影響無法估計〉，《中央通訊社》，<https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202605140136.aspx>。
游凱翔，2024/11/11。〈國防部：推動116案先進科研計畫　滿足未來戰場需求〉，《中央通訊社》，<https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202411110236.aspx>。
臺灣國防產業發展協會，2026。〈協會簡介〉，《臺灣國防產業發展協會》，<https://www.twdida.org.tw/about.php>。
臺灣國際造船股份有限公司，2026。〈認識臺船〉，《臺灣國際造船》，<https://www.csbcnet.com.tw/about/company/about?guid=e394b9f0-d7ea-4ea8-84c2-49e1b05cde22>。
監察院，2026。〈在俄烏戰爭、中共混合戰威脅及人工智慧（AI）快速進展之大環境下，我國現行軍事人才教育及訓練確有進步，惟相關課程仍須與時俱進〉，《監察院》，<https://www.cy.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=528&s=37735>。
漢翔航空工業股份有限公司，2026。〈認識漢翔－業務領域〉，《漢翔航空工業》，<https://www.aidc.com.tw/tw/about/business>。
蘇思云，2020/12/16。〈培育7大領域科研人才　科技部攜手國防部5年砸50億〉，《中央通訊社》，<https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ait/202012160073.aspx>。
二、英文文獻
（一）專書（Books）
Bloom, David E., David Canning & Jaypee Sevilla, 2003. The Demographic Dividend: A New Perspective on the Economic Consequences of Population Change. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Driskell, James E. & Eduardo Salas, eds. 1996. Stress and Human Performance. 1st ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Elleman, Bruce A., 2015. Taiwan Straits: Crisis in Asia and the Role of the U.S. Navy. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Freeman, R. Edward, 1984. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Boston: Pitman.
Herman, Michael, 1996. Intelligence Power in Peace and War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, Gerry, Kevan Scholes & Richard Whittington, 2008. Exploring Corporate Strategy. 8th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education.
North, Douglass C., 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Polanyi, Michael, 2009. The Tacit Dimension. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Posen, Barry R., 1984. The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany between the World Wars. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Schumpeter, Joseph A., 1942. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Van Atta, Richard H., Sidney G. Reed & Seymour J. Deitchman, 1990. DARPA Technical Accomplishments, Volume I: An Historical Review of Selected DARPA Projects. IDA Paper P-2192. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses.
Van Atta, Richard H., Sidney G. Reed & Seymour J. Deitchman, 1991. DARPA Technical Accomplishments, Volume II: An Historical Review of Selected DARPA Projects. IDA Paper P-2429. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses.
Van Atta, Richard H., et al.1991.DARPA Technical Accomplishments, Volume III: An Overall Perspective and Assessment of the Technical Accomplishments of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1958–1990. IDA Paper P-2538. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses.
Veyne, Paul, 1984. Writing History: Essay on Epistemology. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
Weitz, Richard, 2007. The Reserve Policies of Nations: A Comparative Analysis. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College.
（二）專書論文（Book Chapters）
Fan, Yun-Wen. 2009. “Foreign Aid, War/Military, and State Building of Cold War Taiwan” in Giuseppe Caforio, ed., Advances in Military Sociology, Vol. 12, Part 2. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.343-361.
Fuller, Douglas B., 2020. “Taiwan's Industrial Districts and Economic Development,” in Arkebe Oqubay and Justin Yifu Lin (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Industrial Hubs and Economic Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.623-634.
Mahoney, James & Kathleen Thelen, 2009. "A Theory of Gradual Institutional Change," in James Mahoney and Kathleen Thelen, eds., Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.1–37.
（三）期刊論文（Journal Articles）
Barrera, B., 2017. “Besoins et perspectives de l’augmentation des capacités du combattant,” Revue Défense Nationale, Hors-série, pp.9-16.
Bitzinger, Richard A., 2015. “Defense Industries in Asia and the Technonationalist Impulse,” Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp.453-472.
Bitzinger, Richard A., 2013. "Revisiting Armaments Production in Southeast Asia: New Dreams, Same Challenges." Contemporary Southeast Asia 35, No. 3, pp.369-394.
Bonvillian, William B. & Richard Van Atta, 2011. “ARPA-E and DARPA: Applying the DARPA Model to Energy Innovation.” The Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol.36 , No.5, pp.469-513.
Bonvillian, William B., 2017. "Advanced Manufacturing: A New Policy Challenge," Annals of Science and Technology Policy, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.1-131.
Chang, Welton, & Philip E. Tetlock, 2016. “Rethinking the Training of Intelligence Analysts.” Intelligence and National Security, Vol.31, No.6, pp.903-920.
Etzkowitz, Henry, & Loet Leydesdorff, 2000. “The Dynamics of Innovation: From National Systems and ‘Mode 2’ to a Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations,” Research Policy, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.109-123.
Flynn, Michael T. & Charles A. Flynn, 2012/1-2. “Integrating Intelligence and Information: Ten Points for the Commander,” Military Review, Vol. 92, No. 1, pp.4-11.
Fuchs, Erica R. H., 2010. “Rethinking the Role of the State in Technology Development: DARPA and the Case for Embedded Network Governance,” Research Policy, Vol. 39, No. 9, pp.1133-1147.
Galan, Nataliya, 2023. “Knowledge Loss Induced by Organizational Member Turnover: A Review of Empirical Literature, Synthesis and Future Research Directions (Part II)” The Learning Organization, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp.137-161.
Granstrand, Ove & Marcus Holgersson, 2020. “Innovation Ecosystems: A Conceptual Review and a New Definition.” Technovation, Vols. 90-91, Article 102098.
Hare, Nick & Peter Coghill, 2016. “The Future of the Intelligence Analysis Task.” Intelligence and National Security, Vol.31, No.6, pp.858-870.
Ho, Ying-Chin & Chih-Hsin Lin, 2009. “A Concurrent Function Deployment-Based and Concurrent Engineering-Based Product Development Method for Original Design Manufacturing Companies,” Journal of Engineering Design, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.21-55.
Irwin, Daniel & David R. Mandel, 2019. “Improving Information Evaluation for Intelligence Production.” Intelligence and National Security, Vol.34, No.4, pp.503-525.
Lijphart, Arend, 1971. “Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp.682-693.
Marrin, Stephen, 2009. “Training and Educating U.S. Intelligence Analysts.” International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, Vol.22, No.1, pp.131-146.
Matania, Eviatar, 2022. “Behind Mandatory Service in Israel: From the Rationale of the Militia to the Rationale of Military-Technological Superiority,” Strategic Assessment, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp.3-23.
Nitzl, Christian, Achim Cyran, Sascha Krstanovic, & Uwe M. Borghoff, 2025. “The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Military Intelligence: An Experimental Investigation of Added Value in the Analysis Process,” Frontiers in Human Dynamics, Vol. 7, Article 1540450.
Ramsay, James, & Andrew Macpherson, 2024. “The Integration of Statistical Learning in Intelligence Education: Is the Academy Equipping Tomorrow’s Intelligence Professionals to Analyze Data-Centric Threats?” Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, Vol.19, No.1, pp.3-21.
Riehle, Kevin, 2025. “How Do We Know if an Intelligence Analytic Product Is Good?” Intelligence and National Security, Vol.40, No.2, pp.261-276.
Røvik, Kjell Arne, 2016. “Knowledge Transfer as Translation: Review and Elements of an Instrumental Theory.” International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp.290–310.
Schlette, Daniel, Marco Caselli & Günther Pernul, 2021/Fourth Quarter. “A Comparative Study on Cyber Threat Intelligence: The Security Incident Response Perspective,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp.2525-2556.
Tzanetou, Panagiota, 2022. “Cutting-Edge Warfare: The Cases of Russia, China and Israel.” Journal of Politics and Ethics in New Technologies and AI, Vol.1, No.1, pp.1-14.
Walsh, Patrick F., 2017. “Teaching Intelligence in the Twenty-First Century: Towards an Evidence-Based Approach for Curriculum Design.” Intelligence and National Security, Vol.32, No.7, pp.1005-1021.
Webster, Jane & Richard T. Watson, 2002. “Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review,” MIS Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.xiii-xxiii.
Wu, Chia-Shing & Ji-Jen Hwang. 2024. “Reforming Military Organisational Culture: An Empirical Study of the Army in Taiwan,” Defence Studies, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp.641-665.
Wu, Yejun, 2013. “Strengthening Intelligence Education with Information-Processing and Knowledge-Organization Competencies.” Journal of Strategic Security, Vol.6, No.3, pp.10-24.
Yu, J., S. Gu & W. Zhang. 2020. “Technology State Control Based on Multi-source Heterogeneous Data Fusion in Manufacturing,” International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp.638-644.
（四）會議論文（Conference Papers）
Lundvall, Bengt-Åke. 2005. "National Innovation Systems—Analytical Concept and Development Tool." Paper presented at the DRUID Tenth Anniversary Summer Conference: Dynamics of Industry and Innovation—Organizations, Networks and Systems, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Van Oijen, Joost and Pieter de Marez Oyens, 2023. Empowering Military Decision Support through the Synergy of AI and Simulation. Paper presented at The 2023 NATO NMSG Symposium: Simulation: Going Beyond the Limitations of the Real World, Monterey, CA, October 2023, STO-MP-MSG-207.
（五）研究報告（Research Reports）
Bakos, Emily, 2025. An International Framework for Human Resource Management Indicators in Public Administration: Pilot Results, Methodologies and Challenges. OECD Working Papers on Public Governance, No. 85. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Boulègue, Mathieu. 2025. Russia's Struggle to Modernize Its Military Industry: How Sanctions, War and “Innovation Stagnation” Are Weakening Moscow's Capabilities. London: Chatham House.
Gallo, Marcy E., 2018. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency: Overview and Issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service, Report No. R45088. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
Goldman, Charles A., Paul W. Mayberry, Nathan Thompson ,Travis Hubble & Katheryn Giglio, 2024. Intellectual Firepower: A Review of Professional Military Education in the U.S. Department of Defense. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Gopal, Vivek, 2021/6. The Case for Nurturing Military Scientists in the Indian Army. ORF Occasional Paper No. 320. New Delhi: Observer Research Foundation.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2018. OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2018: Adapting to Technological and Societal Disruption. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2022. Tackling Policy Challenges Through Public Sector Innovation: A Strategic Portfolio Approach. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2024. Framework for Anticipatory Governance of Emerging Technologies. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 165. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2024. Regulatory Experimentation: Moving Ahead on the Agile Regulatory Governance Agenda. OECD Public Governance Policy Papers, No. 47. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2025. OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2025: Driving Change in a Shifting Landscape. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2025. SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 1949-2025. Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
（六）官方政府文件（Government Documents）
Eizenkot, Gadi, 2016. Deterring Terror: How Israel Confronts the Next Generation of Threats (English Translation of the Official Strategy of the Israel Defense Forces). Translated by Susan Rosenberg. Cambridge, MA: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School.
European Commission and High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, 2024. A New European Defence Industrial Strategy: Achieving EU Readiness through a Responsive and Resilient European Defence Industry. Brussels: European Commission.
U.S. Department of Defense, 2023. 2023 National Defense Science & Technology Strategy. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Defense.
International Organization for Standardization, 2018. ISO 31000:2018: Risk Management—Guidelines. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.
Japan Ministry of Defense, 2025. Building New Defense Equipment and Technology Cooperation. Defense of Japan 2025, Part V, Chapter 1, Section 3. Tokyo, Japan: Ministry of Defense.
Japan Ministry of Defense, 2025. Defense Equipment and Technology Cooperation. Defense of Japan 2025, Part III, Chapter 2, Section 4. Tokyo, Japan: Ministry of Defense.
Japan Ministry of Defense, 2014. Strategy on Defense Production and Technological Bases. Tokyo, Japan: Ministry of Defense.
Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China), 2026. Ministry of National Defense Holds Regular Press Conference: Impact of the Unpassed 2026 General Budget on National Defense. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of National Defense.
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2020. Special Publication 800-207: Zero Trust Architecture. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
National Science Board, 2021. The STEM Labor Force of Today: Scientists, Engineers, and Skilled Technical Workers. Science and Engineering Indicators 2022, NSB-2021-2. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation.
Sánchez Sánchez, Juan Luis, 2025. Artificial Intelligence in Support of Military Intelligence: Fundamental Axis of Success or Failure in the Strategic Competition Between Great Powers. Analysis Document No. 09/2025. Madrid: Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, Ministry of Defence of Spain.
U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2014. Human Capital: DOD Should Fully Develop Its Civilian Strategic Workforce Plan to Aid Decision Makers. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Accountability Office.
U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2013. Program Evaluation: Strategies to Facilitate Agencies' Use of Evaluation in Program Management and Policy Making. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Accountability Office.
U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2017. Weapon Systems: Prototyping Has Benefited Acquisition Programs, but More Can Be Done to Support Innovation Initiatives. GAO-17-309. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Accountability Office.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2022. Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Paris: UNESCO.
U.S. Department of Defense, 2022. Securing Defense-Critical Supply Chains: An Action Plan Developed in Response to President Biden’s Executive Order 14017. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Defense.
U.S. Department of Defense. 2023. Data, Analytics, and Artificial Intelligence Adoption Strategy. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Defense.
U.S. Department of Defense, 2019. MIL-STD-810H: Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests. Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense.
（七）新聞報紙（Newspapers）
CNN, 2020/12/9. “French army gets ethical go-ahead for bionic soldiers,” CNN, <https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/09/europe/french-army-soldiers-technology-ethics-scli-intl-scn>.
Rhoads, Christopher, 2007. “How an Elite Military School Feeds Israel’s Tech Industry,” Wall Street Journal, <https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118368825920758806>.
（八）網際網路資料（Internet Sources）
Balkus , Brian, 2024/1/26. “The U.S. Can Learn From Israel's Cognitive Meritocracy.” Palladium Magazine, <https://www.palladiummag.com/2024/01/26/the-u-s-can-learn-from-israels-cognitive-meritocracy>.
Cutler, Thomas J., 2024/12. “Crisis in the Taiwan Strait,” Naval History, U.S. Naval Institute, <https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history/2024/december/crisis-taiwan-strait>.
Defense Acquisition Program Administration, 2023/4/25. “방위산업 계약학과 설치 협약 체결 (Agreement Signed to Establish Defense Industry Contract Departments) ,” Defense Acquisition Program Administration, <https://www.dapa.go.kr/dapa/doc/selectDoc.do?bbsSeq=326&docSeq=16892&menuSeq=3069>.
Defense Acquisition Program Administration, 2025/6/25. “지역 산·학 협력으로 방위산업 미래인재 양성 (Cultivating Future Defense Industry Talent through Regional Industry-University Cooperation),” Defense Acquisition Program Administration, <https://www.dapa.go.kr/dapa/doc/selectDoc.do?bbsSeq=326&docSeq=21289&menuSeq=3069>.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 2026. “Academia, “DARPA, <https://www.darpa.mil/work-with-us/communities/academia>.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 2026. “BRIDGES,”DARPA, <https://www.darpa.mil/research/programs/bridges>.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 2026. “Disruptioneering,”DARPA, <https://www.darpa.mil/research/opportunities/disruptioneering>.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 2025. “Electrical Prescriptions (ElectRx),” Biological Technology Office, <https://www.darpa.mil/research/programs/electrical-prescriptions>.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 2026. “Our Research, ”DARPA, <https://www.darpa.mil/research>.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 2026. “Program Managers, ”DARPA, <https://www.darpa.mil/about/program-managers>.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 2022/1/12. “So, You Want to Be a DARPA Program Manager?”DARPA, <https://www.darpa.mil/news/podcast/want-to-be-darpa-program-manager-53>.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 2026. “The Heilmeier Catechism,”DARPA, <https://www.darpa.mil/about/heilmeier-catechism>.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 2026. “Why Use the OT Process?“, DARPA Acquisition Innovation, <https://acquisitioninnovation.darpa.mil/why-use-the-ot-process>.
European Defence Agency, 2026. “European Defence Fund (EDF),”European Defence Agency, <https://eda.europa.eu/what-we-do/EU-defence-initiatives/european-defence-fund-(edf)>.
European Union. 2021. Regulation (EU) 2021/697 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2021 Establishing the European Defence Fund and Repealing Regulation (EU) 2018/1092 , Official Journal of the European Union. <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32021R0697>.
Gewirtz, Jason, 2016/3/27. “Each Talpiot Graduate Can Make a 1% Difference in Battle,” The Jerusalem Post , <https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/secretive-talpiot-program-helps-idf-soldiers-stay-ahead-of-the-curve-449279>.
Globes, 2026. “Study: IDF Talpiot Program Excels in Producing Entrepreneurs, “ Globes, <https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-study-idf-talpiot-program-excels-in-producing-entrepreneurs-1001540711>.
Israel Defense Forces, 2026. “Our Story: 78 Years Later Israel Independence Day 2026,” Israel Defense Forces, <https://www.idf.il/en/mini-sites/our-mission-our-values/our-story-78-years-later-israel-independence-day-2026/>.
Israel Innovation Authority, 2026. “Technological Innovation Incubators Program,” Israel Innovation Authority, <https://innovationisrael.org.il/en/programs/technological-innovation-incubators-program>.
Leichman, Abigail Klein, 2012. “The IDF Incubator for Israel's Future CEOs,” ISRAEL21c, <https://archive.israel21c.org/the-idf-incubator-for-israels-future-ceos/>.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization Allied Command Transformation, 2023/10/12. “NexGen Modelling and Simulation,” NATO Allied Command Transformation, <https://www.act.nato.int/article/nexgen-modelling-and-simulation/>.
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Safran Group, 2023/6/9. “ACHILE Project: European Dismounted Soldier System Community Ready to Start Design Next Generation”, Safran Group, <https://www.safran-group.com/pressroom/achile-project-european-dismounted-soldier-system-community-ready-start-design-next-generation-2023-06-09>.
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2019/4/7. “Rector's Update-April 2019,” The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, <https://en.rector.huji.ac.il/news/rectors-update-april-2019>.
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2025. “Talpiot Program Course Catalog,” The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, <https://catalog.huji.ac.il/pages/WebChugInfoNew.aspx?year=2025&faculty=2&entityId=520&degreeCode=71&language=en>.
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U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2025. “Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 22: Foreign Relations,” <https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22>.