自二次大戰以來，歷次以阿戰爭已說明了中東實在是全球最危險的地區。為了對以阿衝突何以頻仍，雙方的基本心態及美蘇在該區的角逐等問題多作了解，乃有本論文之撰就。

論文共分六章，計十七節。第一章為導論，係就中東之範圍及以阿衝突的背景作一概說；第二章乃針對以阿衝突本身加以說明，包括巴勒斯坦人民建國、難民、耶路撒冷及約旦河等問題：第三章討論以阿雙方對衝突所抱持的基本心態，分別從阿拉伯國家的內部問題及以色列的安全觀念著眼，藉以了解雙方的戰略思想；第四、五章分別為美蘇對中東政策的探討，依兩國在中東的利益及現階段的外交政策等予以論述；第六章結論，係根據前五章之論述作一回顧，並就中東問題之解決及遠景作一前瞻。

本論文自構想到撰寫之完成，有賴指導教授金師神保的悉心教導，外交所師長及同學對筆者觀念上的啟發，才能順利完成。妻毛紅卿女士協助謄稿，鼓勵尤多。惟筆者初次習作論文，疏漏錯誤在所難免，敬請師長先進及同學不吝指正。

章計平 謹識於

國立政治大學外交研究所

壹、中文部份
甲、書籍：
一、王兆荃譯：世界局勢之中東(上、下册)，台北，商務印書館，民國五九年六月。
二、王雲五主編，雲五社會科學大辭典，十二册，台北，商務印書館，民國六十年。四册：國際關係，程天放，張彝鼎編。
三、朱樹恭譯：一九八○年代石油政治，台北，商務印書館，民國七十年二月。
四、李約翰譯：沙達特自傳，台北，黎明文化事業公司，民國六八年四月一日。
五、________：梅爾夫人自傳，台北，黎明文化事業公司，民國六五年七月五日。
六、金神保譯：一九八○年代中東，台北，商務印書館，民國七一年一月。
七、紐先鐘譯：中東戰爭內幕，台北，黎明文化事業公司，民？年。
八、張仁堂撰：中東鱗爪，台北，文星書局，民國五五年。
九、陳志奇：巴勒斯坦爭端的形成，台北，幼獅文化事業公司，民國六四年三月。
十、陳能鏡編：中東研究選集，台北，政大中東研究社，民國？年。
十一、萬卓志譯：巴勒斯坦歷史地理學，香港，基督教輔僑出版社，民國四三年。
十二、熊振宗編著：中東回教諸國簡史，台北，國防研究院，民國五十年。
乙、期刊
(A)
一、王秉宗：「蘇聯軍事費用之評析」，問題與研究，卷二一，期三，民國七○年十二月十日。
二、尹慶耀：「蘇聯的擴張主義與世界革命戰略」，問題與研究，卷二一，期二，民國七十年十一月十日。
三、石樂三：「一年來中東局勢的變化與展望」，問題與研究，卷二二，期四，民國七二年一月十日。
四、______：「尼克森世局咨文與中東危機」，問題與研究，卷十，期七，民國六十年四月十日。
五、______：「一九八○年中東局勢的變化與展望」，問題與研究，卷二十，期四，民國七十年一月十日。
六、______：「沙達特遇刺事件與中東未來局勢」，問題與研究，卷二一，期二，民國七十年十一月十日。
七、______：「兩伊戰爭的變化與展望」，問題與研究，卷二一，期八，民國七一年五月十日。
八、______：「波斯灣情勢的新演變」，問題與研究，卷七，期八，民國五七年五月十日。
九、______：「美、埃高峯會談之評析」，問題與研究，卷二一，期六，民國七一年三月十日。
十、______：「美埃、美以高峯會談與中東和平」，問題與研究，卷二一，期一，民國七十年十月十日。
十一、______：「從西奈撤退看中東未來局勢」，問題與研究，卷二一，期九，民國七一年六月十日。
十二、______：「第二階段的中東和平談判」，問題與研究，卷十九，期八，民國六九年五月十日。
十三、______：「當前中東危機中的兩個重大問題」，問題與研究，卷九，期七，民國五九年四月十日。
十四、______：「葉門政變之分析」，問題與研究，卷七，期三，民國五六年十二月十日。
十五、______：「蘇聯入侵阿富汗與美俄對抗」，問題與研究，卷十九，期五，民國六九年二月十日。
十六、李文政：「以色列入侵黎巴嫩事件之研究」，問題與研究，卷二一，期十二，民國七一年九月十日。
十七、______：「波斯灣六國的聯盟體制」，問題與研究，卷二一，期七，民國七一年四月十日。
十八、李雪舫：「美國現階段中東政策的探討」，問題與研究，卷二一，期七，民國七一年四月十日。
十九、林碧炤：「如何研究外交政策的制定」，問題與研究，卷二一，期八，民國七一年五月十日。
二十、陳元：「美國多國公司的發展與前途」，問題與研究，卷十五，期九，民國六五年六月十日。
二一、張京育：「經濟工具與外交政策」，國際關係學報，期一，民國六七年二月，台北，漢苑出版社。
二二、董瑞麒：「第二次石油危機的成因與經過」，問題與研究，卷二二，期三，民國七一年十二月十日。
二三、熊自健：「蘇聯境內宗教份子的反抗活動」，問題與研究，卷十九，期九，民國六九年六月十日。
二四、謝天士：「從人口增長論蘇聯中亞回教民族問題」，問題與研究，卷二十，期二，民國六九年十一月十日。
( B )
一、台北，聯合報，民國七二年四月十日，版四。
二、台北，聯合報，民國七二年四月十二日，版四。
三、台北，聯合報，民國七二年四月十三日，版四。
四、台北，聯合報，民國七二年四月二十日，版四。
五、台北，聯合報，民國七二年五月五日，版四。
丙、學位論文
一、李景年撰：美國對中東(以阿)政策的研究(一九四八-一九六七)，政大外交所碩士論文，民國六五年。
二、李逸洋：石油多國公司與國際政治，台大政治所碩士論文，民國六九年。
三、李傳通：中東與國際石油問題，文化政治所碩士論文，民國六七年。
四、林正峰：猶太復國主義及以色列之建國，台大政治所碩士論文，民國六二年。
五、鄧備殷：一九五六年蘇伊士運河事件之研究，政大外交所碩士論文，民國六五年。
六、魏榮萬：美尼克森總統對以埃中東政策之研究，文化政治所碩士論文，民國七○年。
丁、文件
一、「援助巴勒斯坦難民聯合國近東巴勒斯坦難民救濟工賬處主任臨時報告書」，聯合國大會第五屆會補編第十九號(A / 1451/ Rev.1)正式記錄，一九五五年。
貳、西文部分：
A. Books
1. Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim, Arab Rediscovery of Europe: A Study in Cultural Encounters, (N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1963).
2. Alaharne, Husain M., The Arabian Gulf States, ( Beirut: Librairie Du Liban, 1975).
3. Alexander, Yonah, ed., International Terrorism: National, Regional and Global Perspectives, ( N.Y.: Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1976).
4. Alroy, Gil Corl, The Kissinger Experience, American Policy in the Middle East, (N.Y.: Horizon Press, 1975 ).
5. Amin, Abdul Amir, British Interests in the Persian Gulf, ( Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1967).
6. Amos, John W., Arab-Israeli Military, Political Relations, Arab Perceptions and the Politics of Escalation, ( N.Y. : Pergamon Press, 1979).
7. Aronson, Shlono, Conflict & Bargaining in the Middle East, (Baltimore and London : The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1978).
8. Bar-Zohar, Michael, Embassies in Crisis: Diplomate and Demagogues Behind the Six-Day War, ( N.J.：Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1970).
9. Beling, Willard A., ed., The Middle East Quest for an American Policy, ( N.Y. : Albany State Univ. Press, 1973).
10. Ber-Curion, David, My Talks with Arab Leaders, ( N.Y. : Joseph Okpabu Publishing Co.,1972).
11. Bialer, Seweryn, ed., The Domestic Context of Soviet Foreign Policy, ( Colorado : Westview Press, 1981).
12. Bose, Tarun Chandra, The Superpowers and the Middle East, (N.Y.: Asia Publishing House,1972).
13. Braune, Walther, Der Islamiche Orient, ( Bern : Francke, 1960).
14. Brecher, Michael, The Foreign Policy System of Israel, Setting, Images, Process, ( New Haven : Yale Univ., 1972 ).
15. Brinton, J. Y., Aden and the Federation of South Arabic, ( Washington, D.C.: The American Society of International Law, 1964).
16. Brown, Seyom, The Faces of Power: Constancy and Chance in United Sates Foreing Policy from Truman to Johnson, ( N.Y. : Columbia Univ. Press, 1968).
17. Bryson, Thomas A., Seeds of Middle Crisis: The United States Diplomatic Role in the Middle East During World War II,( North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., 1981).
18. Bullard, Sir Reader, ed., The Middle East : A Political and Economic Survey, ( London:Oxford Univ. Press, 1958).
19. Busch, Briton Cooper, Britain, Indian, and the Arabs, 1914-1921, ( California: Berkeley, Univ. of California Press, 1971).
20. Buss, Robir, Wary Partners : The Soviet Union and Arab Socialism, ( London : The Institute for Strategic Studies, 1970 ).
21. Campbell, John C., The West and the Middle East, ( N.Y. : Council on Foreign Relations, 1972).
22. Campbell, John C., Defense of the Middle East, Problems of American Policy, ( N. Y. :Harper & Brothers, 1958).
23. Chibwe, E.C., Afri-Arab Relations, ( N.Y. : St. Martin’s Press, 1977 ).
24. Chubin, Shahram, Soviet Policy towards Iran and the Gulf, ( London : The International Institute for strategic Studies, 1980 ).
25. Churba, Joseph, The Politics of Defeat : America’s Decline in the Middle East, ( N.Y.: Cyrco, 1977).
26. Confino, Michael and Shamir, Shimon, ed., The U.S.S.R. and the Middle East, ( N.Y.：John Wiley Sons, 1973).
27. Cragg, K., Islamics Surveys, ( Chicago : Aldine Publishing Co., 1965).
28. Cremeans, Charles D., The Arabs and the World, Nasser’s Arab National Policy, (N.Y.: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963).
29. Czudnowshi, Moske M. The Israeli Communist Party, ( Stanford : Stanford Univ., 1965).
30. Dawisha, A. I., Egypt in the Arab World : The Elements of Foreign Policy, ( N. Y.：John Wiley & Sons, 1976).
31. Dawisha, Karen, Soviet Foreign Policy towards Egypt, ( N.Y. : St. Martin’s Press, 1979 ).
32. Derogy, Jacques, The Untold History of Israel, ( N.Y.：Grove Press, 1979).
33. Elazar, Daniel J., The Camp David Framework for Peace, ( Washington, D.C. : AEI, 1979).
34. Elkordy, Abdul-Hafez M., Crisis of Diplomacy : The Three Wars, ( San Antenio, Texas: Nayeor, 1971).
35. Ellis, Harry B., Israel and the Middle East, ( N. Y. : The Ronald Press Co., 1957).
36. Ellis, Harry B., Challenge in the Middle East : Communist Influence and American Policy, ( N.Y. : The Ronald Press Co., 1960 ).
37. Fisher, Carol A. and Krinsky, Fred, Middle East in Crisis: A Historical and Documentary Review, ( N. Y. : Syracuse Univ. Press, 1960 ).
38. Freedman, Robert O., Soviet Policy toward the Middle East Since 1970, ( N.Y. : Praeger Publishers, 1975).
39. Friedlander, Saul, Arabs and Israelis, ( N.Y. : Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1975).
40. Friedman, Isaiah, The Question of Palestine, 1914-1918, ( London : Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1973).
41. Gavian, Larry L. and Schiff, Ze’ev, ed., Israelis Speak about Themselves and the Palestinian, (N.Y. : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1977 ).
42. Glassman, Jon D., Arms for the Arabs : The Soviet Union and War in the Middle East, (Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1975).
43. Gromyko, A.A., Only for Peace, ( London: Oxford Progamon Press, 1979).
44. Gurkan, Ihsan, NATO, Turkey and the Southern Flan, ( New Brunswick : National Strategy Information Center, 1980).
45. Halpern, Manfred, The Politics of Social Change in the Middle East and North Africa, ( N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1963).
46. Hammond, Thomas T., ed., Soviet Foreign Relations and World Communism, ( N.Y.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1965).
47. Harkabi, Yehoshafat, Arab Strategies and Israel’s Response, ( N.Y.：Free Press, 1977).
48. Harris, George S., Troubled Alliance, ( Washington, D.C. : American Enterprise Institute,1972).
49. Hassouna, Hussein A., The League of Arab States and Regional Disputes, A Study of Middle East Conflict, ( N.Y. : Oceana Publications, Inc., 1975).
50. Hazan, Baruch, Soviet Propaganda: A Case Study of the Middle East Conflict, ( N.Y.：Wiley, 1976).
51. Hill, Ronald J., The Soviet Communist Party, ( London : George Allen & Unwin, 1981).
52. Hoffman, Erik P. and Fleron, Frederic J., ed., The Conduct of Soviet Foreign Policy-Making, ( Chicago : Aldine-Atherton, Inc., 1971).
53. Horkitz, Linda M., U.S.- Soviet Relations : A Strategy for the 80’s, (N.Y. : United Nations Association of the U. S. of America, 1981).
54. Horward, Harry N., The King-Crane Commission, An American Inquiry in the Middle East, ( Beirut, Lebanon : Khayats, 1963 ).
55. Howard, Harry N., Turkey, The Straits and U.S. Policy, ( Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1974).
56. Hunter, Robert E., The Soviet Dilemma in the Middle East, ( London : The Institute for Strategic Studies, 1969).
57. Hurewitz, J.C., Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, A Documentary Record : 1914-1956, ( N.Y. :Van Nortrand Co., Inc., 1956).
58. Hurewitz, Jacob Coleman, ed., Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, A Documentary Record, ( N.Y. : Octagon Bouks, 1958).
59. Hurewitz, J.C., ed., Soviet-American Rivalry in the Middle East, ( N.Y. : Columbia Univ.,1969).
60. Hurewitz, J.C., Middle East Dilemmas, The Background of U.S. Policy, (N.Y. : Harper & Brothers, 1953).
61. Jones, Samuel Shepard, ed., America's Role in the Middle East, ( River Forest, Illinois: Laidlaw, 1968).
62. Kelly, J.B., Arabia, the Gulf and the West, ( N.Y. : Basic Books, Inc., 1980).
63. Kerr, Malcolm, ed., The Arab Cold War 1958-1967, A Study of Ideology in Politics, (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1967).
64. Khouri, Fred John, ed., The Arab-Israeli Dilemma, ( Syracuse, N.Y. : Syracuse Univ. Press, 1976).
65. Kiernan, Thomas, Arafat: The Man and the Myth, ( N.Y. : W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1976).
66. Kirk, George, The Middle East 1945-1950, ( London: Royal Institute of international Affairs, Oxford Univ. Press, 1954).
67. Kuniholm, Bruce Robellet, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East : Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece, ( Princeton, N.J. : Princeton Univ. Press, 1980 ).
68. Landau, Julian J., Israel and the Arabs, ( Jerusalem, Israel : Israel Communication, 1971).
69. Lagueur, Walter, The Soviet Union and Middle East, ( N.Y.: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959).
70. Laqueur, Walter, Confrontation: The Middle East and World Politics, ( N.Y. : Bantam Books, Inc., 1974).
71. Laqueur, Walter, ed., The Struggle for the Middle East; The Soviet Union in the Mediterranean, 1958, 1968, ( N.Y.: Macmillan, 1969).
72. Ledeen, Michael and Lewis, William, Debacle : The American Failure in Iran, ( N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1981).
73. Lederer, Iuo J., ed., The Soviet Union and the Middle East; The Post World War II Era, ( Wayne S. Vucinich :Stanford, Co., Stanford Univ. Hoover Institution Press, 1974).
74. Lenezowski, George, ed., The Middle East in World Affairs, ( N.Y. : Cornell Univ. Press, 1962).
75. Levine, Victor T. and Luke, Timothy W., The Arab-African Connection：Political and Economic Realities, (Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1979).
76. Lilienthal, Alfred M., The Other Side of the Coin, and American Perspective of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, ( N.Y.: Devin-Adiar, 1965).
77. Lilienthal, Alfred M., The Zionist Connection : What Price Peace ?, ( N.Y. : Dodd, Mead & Company, 1978).
78. Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley, Oil in the Middle East, Its Discovery and Development, ( N.Y. : Oxford Univ. Press, 1955).
79. Monroe, Elizabeth, Britain’s Moment in the Middle East, 1914-1956, ( Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1963).
80. Nakhleh, Emile A., The U.S. and Saudi Arabia; A Policy Analysis, ( Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1975).
81. O’Ballance, Edgar, Arab and Israeli War 1948, ( N.Y. : Praeger, 1957).
82. O’Neill, Bard E., Armed Struggle in Palestine : A Political-Military Analysis, ( Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, Inc., 1978).
83. Polk, William, The Elusive Peace: The Middle East in the Twentieth Century, ( N.Y.：St. Martin’s Press, 1979).
84. Rayrs, James George, ed., The Commonwealth and Suez; A Documentary Survey, ( N.Y. : Oxford Univ. Press, 1964).
85. Reich, Bernard, Quest for Peace : U.S.- Israel Relations and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, ( New Brunswick, N.J. : Translation Books, 1977).
86. Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Palestine 1915-1945, ( London: Royal Institute, 1946).
87. Safran, Nadav, The United States and Israel, ( Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1963).
88. Sayyid, Ahmad Muhammad, After the Guns Fall Silent : Peace or Armageddon in the Middle East, ( London: Croom Helm, 1976).
89. Sella, Amnon, Soviet Political and Military Conduct in the Middle East, ( N.Y. : St. Martin's Press, 1981).
90. Shadid, Mohamed K., The United Stated and the Palestinians, ( London : Croom Helm, 1981).
91. Shaked, H. & Rabinovich, I., ed., The Middle East and the United States Perceptions and Politics, ( New Brunswick, N.J. : Translation. Inc., 1980).
92. Sheehan, Edward, The Arabs, Israelis, and Kissinger: A Secret History of a Diplomacy in the Middle East, ( N.Y. : Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1976).
93. Sheffer, Gabriel, Dynamics of a Conflict; A Reexamination of the Arab-Israeli Conflict,( Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Humanities Press, 1975).
94. Spector, Ivar, The Soviet Union and the Muslim World, 1917-1958, ( Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1959).
95. Spiegel, Steven L., The Carter Administration and the Arab-Israeli Dispute, ( London: Stevens and Sons, 1980).
96. Sons, C. S., The Arab-Israeli Conflict, the 1967 Campaign, Keesing’s Research Report, ( N.Y. : Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968).
97. Stevens, Georgiana G., ed., The U.S. and the Middle East, ( Englewood Cliffs: Prentice- Hall, Inc., 1964).
98. Stookey, Robert W., America and the Arab States: An Uneasy Encounter, ( N. Y.: Wiley,1975).
99. Thayer, Philip W., ed., Tensions in the Middle East, ( Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1958).
100. Wilson, Evan M., Decision on Palestine : How the U.S. Came to Recognize Israel, ( Stanford, Ca. : Hoover Institution, 1979).
B. Articles
1. Alexander, L. M., “ The Arab-Israeli Boundary Problem”, World Politics, ( April, 1954).
2. Alexander, Yonah, “ Some Soviet-PLO Linkages”, Middle East Review,
( Spring/Summer,1982).
3. Ajami, Fouad, “ The Shadows of Hell” , Foreign Policy, No. 48, ( Fall, 1982).
4. ________, “ The Arab Road”, Foreign Policy, No. 47, ( Summer, 1982).
5. Aspaturian, Vernon V., “ The Soviet Military-Industrial Complex-Does It Exist?”, Journal of Interational Affairs, Vol. 26, No.2, (1972).
6. Avineri, Shlono, “ Beyond Camp David”, Foreign Policy, No. 46, ( Spring, 1982.).
7. Ayubi, Nazih N.M., “ The Politics of Militant Islamic Movements in the Middle East”, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 36, No.2, ( Fall/Winter, 1982/83).
8. Ben-Yisbai, Ron, “ Israel’s Move”, Foreign Policy, ( Spring,1981).
9. Berry, John A., “ Oil and Soviet Policy in the Middle East”, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 26, No.2, ( Spring,1972).
10. Bolling, Landrum R., “ A Realistic Middle East Peace Policy”, Orbis, ((Spring, 1982).
11. Brown, William R., “ The Oil Weapon”, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 36, No. 3, ( Summer, 1982).
12. Constable, Peter D., “U.S. Policy toward the Middle East arid Persian Gulf Region “, Department of State Bulletin, (June, 1981).
13. Dawisha, Adeed, “ Comprehensive Peace in the Middle East and the Comprehension of Arab Politics “, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 37, No 1, ( Winter, 1983).
14. Dawosha, Karen, “ The U.S.S.R. in the Middle East: Superpower in Eclipse? “, Foreign Affairs, ( Winter, 1982/1983).
15. Dayan, Moshe, “ Israel’s Border Problems”, Foreign Affairs, (January, 1955).
16. Feldman, Shai, “ Peacemaking in the Middle East: The Next Step “, Foreign Affairs, ( Spring, 1981).
17. Freedman, Robert O., “ Soviet Policy towards the Middle East Since the Invasion of Afghanistan”, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 34, NO. 2, ( Fall/Winter, 1980/ 1981).
18. Garfinkle, Adam M., “U.S.-Israeli Relations: The Wolf This Time?”, Orbis. (Spring, 1982).
19. __________ , “Negotiating by Proxy: Jordanian Foreign Policy and U.S. Options in the Middle East, “ Orbis, Vol.24, NO.4, ( Winter, 1981).
20. Gasteyger, Curt, “ Moscow and the Mediterranean”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.46, No.4, (July, 1968).
21. Hauslohner, Peter,” Prefects as Senators: Soviet Regional Politicians Look to Foreign Policy”, World Politics, Vol. 33, No.2, (January, 1981).
22. Hollen, Christopher Van, “Don’t Engulf the Gulf”, Foreign Affairs, ( Summer, 1981).
23. Hudson, Michael C., “ The U.S. Decline in the Middle East: Can It Be Stopped?”, Orbis, ( Spring, 1982).
24. Israeli, Raphael, “ The Role of Islam in President Sadat’s Thought”, The Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, Vol. 4, No.4,(1980).
25. Jackson, Herry F.,” Sadat’s Perils”, Foreign Policy, ( Spring, 1981).
26. Khalidi, Walid, “ Regiopolitics : Toward A U.S. Policy on the Palestine Problem”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 59, No. 5, ( Summer, 1981).
27. Khoury, Nabeel A., “The Pragmatic Trend in Inter-Arab Politics “, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 36, No. 3, ( Summer, 1982).
28. Kollek, Teddy, “Jerusalem : Present and future”, Foreign Affairs, ( Summer, 1981).
29. _______ , “ Jerusalem”, Foreign Affairs, ( July, 1977).
30. Lacey, Robert, “Saudi Arabia : A More Visible Role in the Middle East”, The World Today, ( January, 1982).
31. Lee, William T., “The Politico-Military-Industrial Complex of the U.S.S.R.”, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 26, No.1, (1972).
32. Levy, Walter J., “World Oil Cooperation or International Chaos”, Foreign Affairs, ( July, 1974).
33. Miller, Linda B., “America and the Middle East: Holding the Center”, The World Today, ( January, 1983).
34. Mcpeak, Merrill A., “ Israel : Borders and Security”, Foreign Affairs, ( April,1976).
35. Perlnutter, Amos, “Reagan’s Middle East Policy : A Year-One Assessment”, Orbis, (Spring, 1982).
36. Pipes, Daniel, “Increasing Security in the Persian Gulf “, Orbis, ( Spring, 1982).
37. Rosenfeld, Stephen S., “ Dateline Washington: Anti-Semitism and U.S. “ Foreign Policy, No.47, ( Summer, 1982).
38. Safran, Nadav, “ How Long Will Sadat Last ? Moskow’s Not-So-Secret Wish “, The Middle East, ( March/April, 1972).
39. Salem, Mohammed Anis, “ Arab Schismsin the 1980s: Old Story or New Order? “, The World Today, ( May, 1982).
40. Saunders, Harold H., “ An Israeli-Palestinian Peace”, Foreign Affairs, ( Fall, 1982).
41. Shattan, Josoph J., “ Israel, the United States, and the United Nations”, World Affairs, Vol. 143, No.4, ( Spring, 1981).
42. Sherman, William C., “ The Question of Palestine : Middle East Conflict”, World Affairs, Vol. 144, No. 3, ( Winter, 1981/82).
43. Shlaim, Avi and Yaniv, Avner, “ Israel: Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy”, Inter-national Affairs, ( Spring, 1980).
44. Sisco, Joseph J. “ Middle East : Progress or Lost Opportunity?”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 61, No. 3, (1983).
45. ________, “ Assistance to Near Eastern and South Asian Nations”, Department of State Bulletin, ( April 24, 1972).
46. Spiegel, Stoven L., “ Saudi Arabia and Israel: The Potential for Conflict”, Middle East Review, (Spring/Summer, 1982). .
47. __________, “Religious Components of U.S. Middle East Policy, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 36, No.2, (Fall/Winter, 1982/83).
48. Tibi, Bassam, “ The Renewed Role of Islam in the Political and Social Development of the Middle East”, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 37, No.1, ( Winter, 1983).
49. Tsimhoni, Daphne, “Demographic Trends of the Christian Population in Jerusalem and the West Bank 1948-1978”, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 37, No.1, ( Winter , 1983).
50. Willis, David K., “Doorstep of Turmoil Quiet Life along Roof of the World “, Christian Science Monitor,( December 10, 1979).
51.Yaniv, Avner and Yishai, Yael, “Israeli Settlements in the West Bank: The Politics of Intransigence”, The Journal of Politics, ( November, 1981).
52. Zagorin, Adam, “A House Divided”, Foreign Policy, No. 48, ( Fall, 1982).
C. Documents
U.N. Document Supplement No. 13 ( A/37/13), ( June 30, 1982).
U.N. Document S/Res/242, ( 1967).
U.N. Document A/2717, ( 1955).
D. Others
International Herald Tribune, ( December 19, 1981).
( October 30, 1981).
( September 7, 1981).
Japan Times, ( January 23, 1980).
New York Times, ( October 15, 1981).
( May 2, 1978).
Newsweek, ( February 15, 1982).
Yearbook of the United Nations, 1967, PP. 254-258.
1948-49, PP. 174-176.
1947-48, PP. 241-243.