現今社會中有時會見到一些無差別攻擊事件，這些行為人之所以表現出這類負面行為，常是因為對其生活處境不甘，覺得受到不公平對待，亦即感受到了相對剝奪感。過往相關研究指出，個人相對剝奪感不僅會對個體自身的身心狀況造成負面影響，也常會使個體表現出種種負面行為。然而，彙整相關研究後卻發現，先前學者多是針對較為嚴重的特定負面行為進行探討，如：網路霸凌、攻擊行為或財產犯罪等，卻缺少對於個人相對剝奪感如何影響個體生活中情節較輕微且較為常見的日常負面行為進行探討。另外，對於個人相對剝奪感為何會導致個體表現出負面行為的可能中介機制，及是否能有調節因子可降低相對剝奪感的負面影響，都有待進一步的探討。因此本研究提出個人相對剝奪感會透過提升報復慾望，進而增加個體負面行為，且個人相對剝奪感與報復慾望之間的關係受到業報信念及命運信念所調節的調節中介模型，並以兩個研究對此加以檢驗。

研究一透過實驗法（個人相對剝奪感想像情境腳本故事）證實個人相對剝奪感對負面行為的影響存在因果關係，並且兩者之間透過報復慾望中介，即個人相對剝奪感會透過提升報復慾望，進而增加負面行為。另外，納入與命運相關信念（業報信念及命運信念）作為調節中介變項進行探討，結果顯示業報信念在上述報復慾望中介模型中不具有顯著調節中介效果。而在三種命運信念中，僅可議價命運信念具調節中介效果，亦即當個體知覺較高的個人相對剝奪感時，倘若有較高的可議價命運信念，將提升其報復慾望，負面行為也隨之增加。研究二則以問卷法證實報復慾望的中介效果確實存在於不同文化之中，即無論在臺灣還是美國均發現個人相對剝奪感會透過提升報復慾望，進而增加負面行為（包括違反消極義務之行為及對積極義務行為的不作為）。此外，業報信念不管是在臺灣或美國均未發現調節中介效果。而命運信念的調節中介效果則具有文化差異，臺灣樣本亦複製研究一的成果，顯示可議價命運信念同樣具調節中介效果；美國樣本則未發現命運信念具有任何調節中介效果。

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In contemporary society, incidents of indiscriminate attacks are occasionally observed. Individuals who engage in such negative behaviors often feel dissatisfied with their life circumstances and perceive that they have been treated unfairly—that is, they experience a sense of relative deprivation. Previous research has indicated that personal relative deprivation not only negatively affects individuals’ psychological and physical well-being but also frequently leads to various forms of negative behavior. However, a review of the literature reveals that prior studies have primarily focused on relatively severe and specific behaviors, such as cyberbullying, aggressive behavior, or property crimes. There has been a lack of exploration into how relative deprivation influences less severe and more common everyday negative behaviors in individuals’ lives.

Furthermore, the potential mediating mechanisms through which personal relative deprivation leads to negative behavior, as well as whether moderating factors may mitigate its adverse effects, remain insufficiently explored. Therefore, the present research proposes a moderated mediation model in which personal relative deprivation increases negative behavior by enhancing the desire for revenge, and the relationship between personal relative deprivation and the desire for revenge is moderated by karma belief and fate beliefs. Two studies were conducted to examine this model.

Study 1 employed an experimental method using an imagined scenario script designed to induce personal relative deprivation. The results confirmed a causal relationship between personal relative deprivation and negative behaviors. Revenge desire was found to mediate this relationship, such that personal relative deprivation increased the desire for revenge, which in turn led to greater negative behavior. Additionally, fate-related beliefs (karma belief and fate beliefs) were examined as moderated mediation variables. The findings indicated that karma belief did not produce a significant moderated mediation effect within the desire for revenge mediation model. Among the three types of fate beliefs, only negotiable fate belief demonstrated a significant moderated mediation effect. Specifically, when individuals perceived higher levels of personal relative deprivation, those with stronger negotiable fate beliefs showed increased the desire for revenge, which subsequently led to higher levels of negative behavior. Study 2 used a survey method to demonstrate that the mediating effect of revenge desire exists across cultures. Both Taiwanese and American samples showed that personal relative deprivation increased negative behavior (including violations of negative obligations and inaction toward positive obligations) through heightened the desire for revenge. Moreover, karma belief did not show a moderated mediation effect in either Taiwan or the United States. The moderated mediation effect of fate beliefs, however, differed across cultures. The Taiwanese sample replicated the findings of Study 1, showing that negotiable fate belief exerted a moderated mediation effect, whereas no fate beliefs were found to have a moderated mediation effect in the American sample.

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