序言

任何一機關組織，係由二類人員所組成，一為實作人員（Line），一為幕僚人員（staff）。二者雖有不同的動能、特性與目的，然對組織皆具有同樣重要的地位，過去的學者，往往忽視幕僚人員，而討論幕僚人員的書籍也往往是一、二筆帶過，沒有專章的敍述；比較有系統討論的，只有戴爾（E. Dale）與尤偉克（L.F. Urwick）合著的 〞組織中之幕僚〞（Staff in Organization）有較詳細的描述，然此亦是陳舊的論述。由於科技的發展，時代的變遷，組織也隨著改變，幕僚人員與實作人員之間的關係，亦日趨密切與複雜，二者對組織具有相當的重要性，他們之間的一擧一動，皆關係到組織的興衰；而二者間因各方面的差異，例如社會背景的差異、行為取向的差異、結構因素及認同因素的差異等等，使得二者產生許多摩擦與衝突；衝突的結果引起了許多問題，對組識具有甚大的影響；凡此對組織之管理者是一重大的課題，而研究組織管理者亦不可不察；然而對此一問題有深入研究的，可謂非常的少。基於此，筆者乃大膽地以學者所言的理論及本身的觀察所得，加以引申與應用。

本研究共分七竟十九節，約十萬餘言；第一章緒論，分為三節說明筆者的研究動機與目的，及幕僚人員與實作人員之涵義、類型與功能；第二章界說衝突的意義與類型，繼而說明衝突的架構模式及對組織的影響，以做為研究幕僚人員與實作人員衝突之理論基礎；第三童是幕僚人員與實作人員之衝突事項，共分三節，說明幕僚人員與實作人員在機關組織中所發生的種種關係，包括職權上的衝突關係、功能上的衝突關係及角色上的衝突關係，第四章共分四節，分析幕僚人員與實作人員衝突的原因，詳細列擧衝突的因素，並說明衝突後所表現的行為；第五章個案研究，以二家公司組織為例，說明幕僚人員與實作人員的衝突關係；第六章分二節，說明衝突解決之涵義及理由，並提出衝突解決之途徑；第七章分二節，一為建立幕僚人員與實作人員的新形象，一為行政革新的方向——強化幕僚功能提高行政水準，以做為本文的總結。

本論文撰寫期間，承蒙張師潤書悉心懇切指導，自題目之擬定，大綱與內容之修正，觀念之引導，資料線索之提供，以至文稿的斧正，均不遺餘力，在此謹致最高的謝意；在所研修期間，承受華所長力進及所中師長的教誨與啟迪，獲益良多；同窗好友之相互研討，更啟示了本研究之觀念與構思，好友廖萬池兄，施東白兄，於百忙中提供寶貴資料，許彩娥、王彩葉的鼎力協助，亦此一併誌謝。

內子彩霞之文稿膳校，並給予精神上的支持，我特說一聲〞謝謝您〞。

筆者自慚才疏學淺，且因資料的搜集不易，研究時間有限，難竭盡心力，乃不免有謬誤疏漏之處，尚祈師長先進，不吝指正是幸。

參考書目

壹、中文部份

1.張潤書著，行政學，三民書局，台北，六十五年十一月。

2.姜占魁著，行政學，五南圖書公司，台北，六十九年。

3.陳秋凡譯，經營組織之體制與改善（幸田一男原著），新太出版社，台北，六十二年四月。

4.張金鑑著，行政學典範，中國行政學會，台北，六十二年。

5.雲五社會科學大辭典（第七册），行政學，商務印書館，台北，五十九年。

6.陳靜民譯，現代行政組織理論（F.P. Sherwood原著）香港中文大學。

7.蔣傳玠譯，公共行政管理（M.E. Dimock與G.O. Dimock合著），黎明文化事業公司，台北，六十三年二月。

8.姜占魁著，人群關係，正中書局，台北，六十六年。

9.雷飛龍譯，行政學（H.A. Simon原著），正中書局，台北，民國四十八年。

10.林錦勝譯，企業的人性面（D. McGregor原著），協志工業叢書出版公司，台北，民國六十一年。

11.盛元清譯，管理學，徐氏基金出版，台北，民國六十二年。

12中國生產力中心譯審，管理程序新論（W.H. Newman, C. E. Summer and E.K. Waven合著），中國生產力中心出版，台北，六十四年四月。

13.姜占魁著，機關組織與管理，作者自印，台北，五十九年四月。

14.姜占魁撰，機關人員贏獲上級信任之行為及其影響，國立政治大學公共行政研究所出版，民國五十六年。

15.許是祥譯，行為科學與管理（R.M. Hodgetts原著），中華企業管理發展中心，台北，六十三年四月。

16.李裕昆等人合譯，管理學通論（H. Koontz and C. O’Donnell合著），中華企業管理發展中心，台北，六十三年二月。

17.吳思華等人合譯，組織理論與管理（R.A. Webber原著），長橋出版社，台北，六十八年十一月。

18.龔平邦著，現代企業管理，三民書局，台北，六十三年八月。

19.王德馨著，現代工商管理，三民書局，台北，六十四年九月。

20.徐立德著，人群關係與管理，中華企業管理發展中心，台北，六十四年七月。

21.何沙崙撰，機關組織內部衝突之研究，國立政大公共行政研究所碩士論文，六十三年。22.孫本初撰，服務性機關中專業人員的機關認同之研究，國立政大公共行政研究所碩士論文，六十五。

23.鄭吉男撰，幕僚單位的功能及運用之研究，國立政大公共行政研究所碩士論文，六十一年。

貳、英文部份

一、書籍

1. Allen, L. A., Management and Organization, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., N. Y., 1958.

2. Albers, H., Principles of Management: A Modern Approach, 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N. Y., 1974.

3. Blau, P. M. and William Richard Scott, Formal Organizations, Chandler Publishing Company, San-Francisco, 1962.

4. Boulding, K. E., Conflict and Defence: A General Theory, Harper & Brothers Publishers, N. Y., 1962.

5. Coser, L. A., The Functions of Social Conflict, The Free Press, Illinoise, 1956.

6. Drucker, P. F., The Practice of Management, Harper & Brothers Publisher, N. Y., 1954.

7. Dalton, M., Men Who Manage, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N. Y., 1959.

8. Dale, Ernest, Management: Theory & Practice, Copyright by E. Dale, N. Y., 1965.

9. Davis, R. C., The Fundamentals of Top Management, Harper & Brothers Publishers, N. Y., 1951.

10. Dale, E. and Lyndall F. Urwick, Staff in Organization, McGraw-Hill Book Company, N. Y., 1960.

11. DuBrin, A. J., Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior: An Applied Perspective, 2nd ed., Pergamon Press Inc., N. Y., 1978.

12. Dale, E., Organization, American Management Association, N. Y., 1967.

13. Dale, E., Planning and Developing the Company Organization Structure, American Management Association, N Y. 1952.

14. Dessler, G., Organization and Management, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1976.

15. Dessler, C., Management Fundamentals: A Framework, Reston Publishing, Co., Reston Virginia, 1977.

16. Fox, W. M., The Management Process, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Florida, 1963.

17. Filley, A. C., Robert J. House and Steven Kerr, Managerial Process and Organizational Behavior, Scott, Foresman and Company, Texas, 1976.

18. GBson, J. L. John M. Ivancevich and James H. Donnelly, Organizations: Behavior, Structure, Process, Business Publications, Inc., Texas, 1976.

19 . Golembiewski, R. T., Organizing Men and Power: Patterns of Behavior and Line-Staff Modeles, Rand McNally & Company, Chicago, 1967.

20. Haiman, Theo., W. G. Scott and P. E. Connor, Managing the Modern Organization, 3rd ed., Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1978.

21. Holden, P., Lounsburg Fist and Hubert Smith, Top Management Organization and Control, McGraw-Hill Book Company, N. Y., 1951.

22. Hicks, H. C., The Management of Organizations, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., 1971.

23. Hicks, H. G., Management, Organizations and Human Resouces, McGraw-Hill, Inc., N. Y., 1972.

24. Hellriegel, D. and John W. Slocum, Management: Contingency Approaches, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., California, 1978.

25. Hostinck, K. T., Contemporary Organizations: An Introductory Approach, General Learning Corporation, N. Y., 1974.

26. Hampton, D. R., Charles E. Summer and Ross A. Webber, Organizational Behavior and the Practice of Management, 3rd ed., Scott, Foresman and Company, Glenview, Illinois, 1978.

27. Hampton, D. R., Modern Management: Issues and Ideas, Dickenson Publishing Company, Inc., California, 1969.

28. Johnson, T. W. and John E. Stinson, Managing Today and Tomorrow, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., Massachusetts, 1978.

29. Koontz, H. & Cyril O’Donnell, Essentials of Management, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., N. Y., 1978.

30. Koontz, H. & Cyril O’Donnell, Principles of Management: An Analysis of Manageril Functions, McGraw-Hill Book Company, N. Y., 1955.

31. Kahn, R. L. and Eliso Boulding (eds ), Power and Conflict in Organizations, Basic Books, Inc., N. Y., 1964.

32. Kahn, R. L., D. M. Wolfe, R. P. Quinn, J. D. Snoek and R. A. Rosenthal, Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguilty, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., N Y., 1964.

33. Knight, K. E. and Renben R. McDaniel, Organizations: An Information Systems Perspective, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., California, 1979.

34. Kornhanser, W., Scientists in Industry, University of California Press, Berkeleym 1962.

35. Litterer, J. A., The Analysis of Organizations, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., N. Y., 1965.

36. Litterer, J. A., Organizations: Structure and Behavior, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., N. Y., 1963.

37. Longenecker, J. G., Principles of Management and Organizational Behavior, 3rd ed., Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., Columbus, 1973.

38. Luthans, F., Introduction to Management: A Contingency Approach, McGraw-Hill Book Company, N. Y., 1976.

39. Leavitt, H. J., Managerial Psychology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1964.

40. Lawrence, P. R. and Jay W. Lorsch, Organization and Environment, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, Boston, 1967.

41. McFarland, D. E., Management: Principles and Practices, 4th ed., Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., N. Y., 1974.

42. March, J. G. and Herbert A. Simon, Organizations, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N. Y., 1958.

43. Moore, F. G., Management; Organization and Practice, Harper and Row, Publisher, N. Y., 1964.

44. Merton, R. K., Social Theory and Social Structure, The Free Press, N. Y., 1968.

45. McGregor, D., The Human Side of Enterprise, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., N. Y., 1960.

46. Newman, W. H. and E. Kirby Warren, The Process of Management, 4th ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., N. J., 1977.

47. Newman, W. H., Administrative Action-The Techniques of Organization and Management, Prentice-Hall, Inc., N. J., 1963.

48. Owens, R. G., Organizational Behavior in Schools, Prentice-Hall Company, N. J., 1970.

49. Phiffner, J. M. and Frank P. Sherwood, Administrative Organization , Prentice-Hall, Inc. , Englewood Cliffs,1960.

50. Reeser, C., Management: Functions and Modern Concepts, Scott, Foresman and Company, Illinois, 1973.

51. Sexton, W. P., Organization Theories, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, Columbusi, 1970.

52. Sisk, H. L ., Management and Organization, 2nd ed., South-Western Publishing Co., Cincinnati, 1973.

53. Scott, W. E. and C. L. Cummings, Readings in Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Illinois, 1973.

54. Sampson, R. C., The Staff Role in Management, Harper & Brothers Publishers, N. Y., 1955.

55. Thompson, V. A., Modern Organization, Alfred A. Knopf, N. Y., 1965.

56. Terry, G. R., Principles of Management, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, 1953.

57. Tosi, H. L. and N. Clay Hamner, Organizational Behavior and Management, St. Clair Press, Chicago, 1977.

58. Tosi, H. L. and Stephen J. Carroll, Management: Contingencies, Structure and Process, St. Clair Press, Chicago, 1976.

59. Torgersen, D. E. and Irwin T. Weinstock, Management: An Integrated Approach, Prentice-Hall, Inc., N. J., 1972.

60. Webber, R. A., Management: Basic Elements of Managing Organizations, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Illinois, 1975.

61. White, L. D., Introduction to the Study of Public Administration, 4th ed., Macmillan, N. Y., 1955.

二、短文

1. Ashton, D. (ed.), Management Decision, The Bradford Review of Management Techonology, Vol.9, No.2, Summer, 1971, P.173.

2. Grimes, A. J. and P. K. Berger, Cosmopolitan-Local: Evaluation of the Construct, Administrative Science Quarterly, 15 Dec., 1970, P.408.

3. McDonald, A., Conflict at the Summit: A Deadly Game, Harvard Business Review, March-April, 1972, P. 60.

4. Pondy, L. R., Organization, Conflict: Concepts and Hodels, Administrative Science Quarterly, 12 Sept., 1967, PP.316-319.

5. Smith, C. G., A Comprehensive Analysis of Some Conditions and Consequences of Intraorganizational Conflict, Administrative Science Quarterly, 10 Mar., 1966, P. 511.

6. Stahl, O. G., The Network of Authority, Public Administration Review, XVII, Winter, 1958, PP.2-4.

7. Toussaint, M. N., Line-Staff Conflict-Its Canses and Cure, Personnel, Vol.39, 1962, P.10.

8. Walton, R. E. and John M. Dutton, The Management of Interdepartmental Conflict: A Model and Review, Administrative Science Quarterly, 14 Mar., 1969, PP.73-84.