「氣候難民」一詞常被用以指稱因氣候變遷影響而離開家園之流離失所者，然而，其於現行國際法下尚未具有正式法律地位。隨著氣候變遷所引發之突發性或漸進性自然災害日益加劇，愈來愈多跨境尋求保護之個人與群體面臨遭遣返回原居地之風險。在此背景下，國際習慣法中之不遣返原則遂成為保障此類群體的重要法律依據。
然而，現行國際難民法與國際人權法對不遣返原則之適用與解釋仍存在差異，包括適用範圍、國家義務及舉證門檻等面向，亦使氣候難民於國際法下之保護面臨結構性限制。因此，本文旨在探討氣候難民於兩大國際法體系下之適用可能性與規範侷限，並以深受氣候變遷威脅之太平洋島國主要遷徙目的地國——紐西蘭與澳洲作為案例研究對象。
面對太平洋島國因海平面上升、土地流失及生活條件惡化所引發之跨境遷徙壓力，進一步檢視紐西蘭與澳洲如何透過既有移民法制、補充性保護機制與相關政策措施，回應氣候遷徙的實務挑戰。由於兩國於制度設計與實務運作上存在差異，本文透過比較兩國之國家實踐，分析其對不遣返原則之適用標準與制度回應，並整理其於法律及政策層面所提供之保護內涵，以了解氣候遷徙者在申請保護過程中可能面臨之困境與挑戰。
此外，本文亦探討國際移民組織與聯合國難民署於氣候遷徙治理中的角色，分析其如何透過政策倡議、規範詮釋與實務合作等方式，協助國家履行國際義務並補充現行制度之不足。在現行國際法尚未正式承認氣候難民法律地位之情況下，國家與國際組織之多層次合作，對於推動全球氣候遷徙治理與保障受氣候變遷影響者之基本人權具有重要意義，並有助於國際社會借鑒紐澳經驗，以強化對氣候難民之保護。

The term “climate refugees” is commonly used to describe displaced persons who are forced to leave their homes due to the impacts of climate change. However, such individuals have not been formally recognized under existing international law. As sudden- and slow-onset natural disasters caused by climate change continue to intensify, an increasing number of individuals and groups seeking cross-border protection face the risk of being returned to their countries of origin. In this context, the principle of non-refoulement under customary international law has become an important legal basis for protecting such groups.
Nevertheless, differences remain between international refugee law and international human rights law regarding the interpretation and application of the principle of non-refoulement, including its scope of application, state obligations, and evidentiary thresholds. These differences further create structural limitations on the protection of climate refugees under the current international legal framework. Accordingly, this thesis aims to assess the applicability of these two international legal regimes to and normative limitations for climate refugees. Furthermore, to explore practice of receiving states and its compatibility with these regimes, Australia and New Zealand are selected as case studies, as both have long served as major destinations for climate-related cross-border displaced persons from Pacific Island States severely threatened by climate change.
In response to the increasing cross-border migration pressures caused by sea-level rise, land loss, and deteriorating living conditions in Pacific Island States, this thesis further examines how Australia and New Zealand employ existing legal frameworks governing migration, complementary protection mechanisms, and related policy measures to address the practical challenges of climate mobility. Given the differences in institutional design and practical implementation between the two states, this thesis compares their state practices by analyzing their application of the principle of non-refoulement and corresponding institutional responses. It also reviews the forms of protection provided under their legal and policy frameworks in order to better understand the difficulties and challenges climate-displaced persons may encounter when seeking protection.
In addition, this thesis discusses the roles of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in climate mobility governance. It analyzes how these international organizations assist states in fulfilling their international obligations and supplementing existing institutional gaps through policy advocacy, legal interpretation, and practical cooperation. In the absence of formal legal recognition of climate refugees under current international law, multi-level cooperation between states and international organizations remains significant for advancing global climate mobility governance and protecting the fundamental human rights of persons affected by climate change. Such cooperation may also contribute to the international community’s efforts to strengthen the protection of climate refugees through lessons drawn from the experiences of Australia and New Zealand.

中文文獻
一、專書篇章
丘宏達著、陳純一修訂。《現代國際法》。修訂四版。台北：三民書局，2021。
二、期刊論文
王震宇。「氣候變遷與環境難民保障機制之研究：國際法規範體系與歐美國家之實踐」。《歐美研究》第43卷1期（2013）：149–212。
李仲軒。「法院如何確立國家對氣候變遷之保護義務? ──簡述荷蘭 Urgenda v. The Netherlands 案之一、二審判決」。《月旦法學雜誌》第340期（2023）：64–78。
李玫憲、洪銘德。「當前歐盟氣候治理策略的發展與挑戰—從氣候難民問題分析」。《政治學報》第52期（2011）：1–28。
蘇中正、洪志銘。「環境難民的定位與國際作法」。《經濟前瞻》第149期（2013）：36–42。
三、碩博士學位論文
白佩玉。「環境難民國際法地位之研究」。國立政治大學外交學系戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班碩士論文（台北，2025）。
林祐名。「強化氣候變遷減緩的國際義務——從氣候人權訴訟到國家責任法框架」。國立臺灣大學法律學系碩士論文（台北，2024）。
廖若渼。「澳洲對太平洋島國的氣候難民治理策略」。國立中興大學政治研究所碩士論文（台中，2024）。
四、網路資料
中央社（CNA）。「歐洲人權法院開先例 瑞士氣候奶奶告政府勝訴」。2024年4月9日。https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/202404090417.aspx
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英文文獻
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McAdam, Jane. “From Economic Refugees to Climate Refugees?” Melbourne Journal of International Law 10, no. 2, 2009: 579–595.
Sciaccaluga, Giovanni. International Law and the Protection of “Climate Refugees”. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
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Atapattu, Sumudu. “Climate Change and Displacement: Protecting 'Climate Refugees' within Framework of Justice and Human Rights.” Journal of Human Rights and the Environment11, no.1 (2020): 86–113.
Atapattu, Sumudu. “Climate Change, Human rights, and Forced Migration: Implications for International Law.” Wisconsin International Law Journal 27(2009): 607–636.
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五、網路資料
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