論文摘要

團體對個人的工作表現有時產生有利影響、有時產生不利影響。社會助長與社會閒散兩現象分別為其中一例。前者現象中，團體內個體表現較單獨時為佳;後者現象中，團體內個體表現較單獨時為差;儘管這兩種現象對團體績效產生相反的影響。然而，它們又具有一些相似處，如:(1)它們都是發生在團體之中，受

到在場他人的影響;(2)發生這兩種現象時，受試們所從事的是簡單的工作;(3)它們都是比較個體在團體中與單獨時之工作表現有何差異。由於它們具有這些相似處，卻又對團體產生不同的影響，因此，本研究便欲探討有那些因素能區別出這兩種現象，以了解分別出現這兩種現象的情境，以及如何抑制社會閒散、轉為產生社會助長。

本研究採實驗室法，為3X2X2的受試者問實驗設計。自變項為工作情境(單獨組、團體/可以辨認組、團體/不可辨認組)、作業難度(困難組、簡單組)、參與目標決定方式(參與目標組、分配目標組)。以抄寫日文為實驗作業;依變項為抄寫音數及是否達到目標。結果發現:

1.工作情境與作業難度之交互作用顯著。

(a)在簡單作業時，單獨組之表現優於團體/不可辨認組，亦即發現社會閒散現象。

(b)在簡單作業時，單獨組之表現與團體/可以辨認組的表現無別，顯示「可以辨認」此因素能減少社會閒散，但卻未發現社會助長。

(c)在困難作業時，單獨組之表現與團體/不可辨認組表現無差異，顯示困難作業能抑制社會閒散。

2.參與目標決定方式之主要效果顯著，顯示參與目標決定組之表現優於分配目標組。

3.參與目標決定組之目標接受度高於分配目標組之目標接受度。

4.工作情境、作業難度、與參與目標決定方式對「是否達到目標」此依變項並無影響。

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