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| 研究生： |
強舒媺 Shu-mei Chiang |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱： |
客語打類、忍類及促類動詞中動力學之體現 Force-Dynamic Manifestations of Verbs of Hitting, Refraining, and Urging in Hakka |
| 指導教授： |
賴惠玲 博士
Dr. Huei-ling Lai |
| 學位類別： |
碩士
Master |
| 系所名稱： |
外國語文學院 - 語言學研究所 Graduate Institute of Linguistics |
| 論文出版年： | 2003 |
| 畢業學年度： | 91 |
| 語文別： | 英文 |
| 論文頁數： | 151 |
| 中文關鍵詞： | 動力學 、客語 、打類動詞 、忍類動詞 、促類動詞 |
| 外文關鍵詞： | force-dynamics, Hakka, verbs of hitting, verbs of refraining, verbs of urging |
| 相關次數： | 點閱：350 下載：59 |
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本論文「客語打類、忍類及促類動詞中動力學之體現」從物理學中之動力學觀點來審視語言之現象，以Lai (2000)針對客語打類動詞詞彙化類型之研究以及Gao (2001), Gao & Cheng (2002)針對中文與英語中肢體接觸類動詞之研究為基礎，並進一步修正及採用Talmy (2000a)所提出之動力學架構來加以分析客語打類、忍類及促類三類近義動詞。客語之打類動詞涉及內在心理意圖與外在肢體接觸，亦即同時牽涉到心理層面與肢體層面中「力」的作用，忍類動詞中「力」的衝突發生於內在心理層面，亦即本我與自我之間產生衝突，而促類動詞則表現出交互心理層面中「力」的相對關係，亦即藉由溝通等方式與他人產生「力」的對抗。因此，本論文藉由分析此三類動詞，將得已呈現心理肢體(psychophysical)，內在心理(intrapsychological)以及交互心理(interpsychological)三個不同層面中動力學之體現，並能夠進一步檢視語意內涵「力」與此三類動詞之句法表現間之相互關係。
Based on Lai’s (2000) study of verbs of hitting in Hakka and Gao’s (2001) and Gao & Cheng’s (2002) studies of verbs of physical action by impact in English and Mandarin Chinese, this study modifies the force-dynamic model proposed by Talmy (2000a) to analyze Hakka hitting verbs in psychophysical domain, Hakka refraining verbs in intrapsychological domain, and Hakka urging verbs in interpsychological domain. The analysis proposes that two force-dynamic patterns can be generalized from these three groups of verbs, one ONSET CAUSATION pattern, and the other ONSET DESPITE pattern.
Moreover, the correlation between the semantic component FORCE and the syntactic manifestation has been examined. This force-dynamic opposition is manifested in syntax as demonstrated by resultative complements, BUN-constructions, LAU-constructions, the potential mode and verb-copying constructions along with the adverbs of duration. In addition, the confirmation of the speaker’s expectation can be achieved by adverbs of evaluation and adverbs of justification. The well-formedness of these syntactic structures and the felicity of the usage of the adverbs depend heavily on the interaction of the Antagonist’s force and the Agonist’s force.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………iv
Chinese Abstract……………………………………………………vi
English Abstract……………………………………………………vii
Figures and Tables……………………………………………………………….viii
Abbreviations………………………………………………………ix
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………...1
1.1 Motivation and purpose………………………… 1
1.2 Conventions of the data………………………………6
1.3 Organizations of the thesis…………………………6
II. LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………8
2.1 Lai (2000)………………………………………………9
2.2 Gao (2001) and Gao & Cheng ( 2002)………………18
2.3 Remarks…………………………………………………27
III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS…………………………………30
3.1 Talmy’s force-dynamic model……………………30
3.2 Agenthood……………………………………………41
3.3 Patienthood…………………………………………45
3.4 Prototypicality……………………………………48
3.5 Remarks………………………………………………51
IV. ANALYSIS……………………………………………………52
4.1 Verbs of hitting in psychophysical domain…53
4.1.1 Semantic elements for verbs of hitting in Hakka…53
4.1.2 Two force-dynamic patterns of verbs of hitting in Hakka.55
4.1.2.1 Force of the hitter’s hitting (+) >
Force of the hittee’s resistance(-)………………………….58
4.1.2.2 Force of the hitter’s hitting (□) <
Force of the hittee’s resistance (+)……………….………69
4.1.3 The generalization of the verbs of hitting in Hakka……….............................................76
4.2 Verbs of refraining in intrapsychological domain…79
4.2.1 Semantic elements for verbs of refraining in Hakka……82
4.2.2 Physical suppression…………………………………………84
4.2.2.1 Force of the desiring part’s resistance (+) >
Force of the blocking part’s refraining (－)………….……85
4.2.2.2 Force of the desiring part’s resistance (－) <
Force of the blocking part’s refraining (＋)………….……90
4.2.2.3 The generalization of physical suppression…………95
4.2.3 Psychological repression………………………...………95
4.2.3.1 Force of the blocking part’s refraining (+) >
Force of the desiring part’s resistance (－)………….…….96
4.2.3.2 Force of the blocking part’s refraining (－) <
Force of the desiring part’s resistance (＋)………………101
4.2.3.3 The generalization of the psychological repression…104
4.2.4 The generalization of the verbs of refraining in Hakka…………..............................................106
4.3 Verbs of urging in interpsychological domain……………110
4.3.1 Semantic elements for verbs of urging in Hakka…………113
4.3.2 Hard-to-resist urging...………………………………………115
4.3.3 Easy-to-resist urging………………………………….……..124
4.3.3.1 Force of the urger’s urging (+) >
Force of the urgee’s resistance (－)…………………125
4.3.3.2 Force of the urger’s urging (－) <
Force of the urgee’s resistance (+)…………………131
4.3.3.3 The generalization of easy-to-resist urging………….137
4.3.4 The generalization of verbs of urging in Hakka……….…139
4.4 Remarks…………………………………………………………………142
V. CONCLUSION…………………………………………..…………….….143
5.1 Summary of the thesis………………………………………………143
5.2 Contrast between Talmy’s model and the present model……145
5.3 Future study……………………………………………………...146
References……………………………………………………………….148
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