一般而言，社會事件或議題往往交織著許多複雜的因素，人們可能由不同

的觀點詮釋這些事件或議題的成因、影響、或定義，但是新聞報導所做的

詮釋卻往往只強調某些特定的意義 ( Gamson & Madigliani, 1989;

Tankard et al., 1990)，形成一種新聞框架 (news frame)。新聞框架對

事件或議題意義的詮釋，可能經由新聞報導的語言結構或形式結構上的選

擇與排除，產生不同的意義。但是不同的新聞框架是否使讀者對新聞事件

或議題產生不同的認知呢？本研究以不同背景結構的新聞報導，探討不同

形式結構的新聞框架是否影響讀者對事件的推論，因而產生不同的認知。

本研究採實驗法與小組焦點訪談並行的方法，探討有、無背景的新聞報導

，及兩則相同結構不同背景內容的新聞報導，與實驗對象的推論之間的關

聯，推論的項目包含對事件的因果推論與歸類及對新聞報導與新聞人物的

評價。研究結果發現新聞報導的背景可能影響受訪者的歸因，其它的推論

可能較無關聯，以下分別就兩次研究的結果作一說明：第一個研究受訪者

分別讀有背景或無背景的南非抗議新聞，結果有背景組大都將事件的原因

歸於政府缺失，與背景訊息的方向大致相同；而無背景組沒有人歸因於此

，幾乎都歸因於種族問題。第二個研究受訪者分別讀不同背景內容的空難

新聞，結果指出雖然背景沒有提出空難的原因，只提供過去人員疏失導致

空難的歷史或失事飛機機型的記錄，但是受訪者大都依循背景訊息的方向

，分別歸因於人為疏失及飛機問題。兩次研究的結果似乎說明，新聞的背

景可能影響讀者對事件歸因的方向，即使受訪者推論的原因不盡相同，例

如歸因於人為疏失者可能歸於駕駛員的疏失或塔台人員的疏失，但是歸因

的方向與背景可能具有某些的關聯，而背景結構的差異可能使受訪者對事

件因果的認知不同。由於本研究屬初探性的研究，研究對象只有廿二人，

其目的在於提供後續研究一些啟示，因此無法逕以研究結果推論文本結構

對認知的影響，這部份仍有待未來研究以更周密的方法加以探討。

鍾蔚文 (民81年)，從媒介真實道主觀真實： 看到新聞，怎麼看？看到什麼？
台北；正中書局
梁玉芳 (民79年)，新聞基模之研究-專家與生手知識結構差異之研究﹒政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文﹒
梁欣如 (民80年)，影響閱聽人解讀型態之因素研究-電視新聞之神話敘釋體為例﹒輔仁大學傳播研究所碩士論文﹒

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