三、四十年來，一直困擾著亞、非新興國家的一個重要問題，即是如何平衡政治參與和政治控制(political control)。這些國家在追求現代化的過程中，一者缺乏多功能統合效果的經社團體組織，一者面臨到內部種族和分離主義的困擾，另外再加上社會和經濟的急劇變遷，喚醒了人民的政治意識，增多其政治需求，於是在社會動員和政治參與的頻率偏高，政治組識和制度化的頻率偏低的情況下，終而導致政治高度的紛亂和不安。

政治學者杭廷頓 (Samuel P. Huntington )認為：為緩和因政治意識覺醒和政治參與擴大所產生的不穩定，在現代化初期，便成立政黨制度，是非常重要的；因為政黨和政黨制度乃是解決政治參與擴張問題，在制度方面最重要的工具。但是，在發展中國家的政黨，其最初之所以能獲得力量和成功，最主要的因素是因為能夠動員現代民族主義的情緒，扮演連絡精英和群眾的角色，對抗殖民政權的統治。然而一旦民族國家獨立，現代化衝激所產生的政治自覺，往往也燃熾了政客們在社會中種族、語言、宗教嚴重紛歧的情況下，利用本集團在大社會中爭取名利之慾念。於是，政黨原本是爭取族國獨立，促進政治整合的重要工具，最後卻演變成阻碍國家政治整合的絆腳石，甚至使國家陷入分裂的危機。

對於政黨的腐化、分裂和不安定、發展中國家往往對之採取遏阻或壓迫的政策，使得政黨或政黨制度更是積弱不振，國內政局也更趨不穩定，終而導政控制失敗( Control Failure )，軍人起而執掌政權。

前述發展中國家經常呈現之特點，在印尼表顯的尤其明顯。此我們可從印尼政黨體系的演進過程中，得到印證。

本論文共分七章。

第一章、導論。將印尼建國前後之歷史背景作概略的敘述。

第二章、從荷印政府的殖民統治措施、回教的催化作用，探討印尼民族主義產生的社會背景。

第三章、分別以荷蘭殖民時期，日據時期和獨立戰爭時期三個階段，研討印尼政黨的源起、發展，並陳述政黨與民族運動間的關係。

第四章、首先探究議會民主時期多黨政治的基礎和實際運作；次則分析首屆國會普選的過程和結果；最後陳述蘇卡諾「埋葬政黨」的議論。

第五章、首先敘述指導民主時期下，陸軍勢力的擴張和政治化；其次探討蘇卡諾、陸軍與印共的三角關係；後說明政黨在指導民主時期勢力的陵夷，並略述印共的政變。

第六章、先臚述從業集團的各種普選準備措施，分析第二屆國會普選的結果；再者，敘述蘇哈托政府一系列削弱政黨的策略；最後，以從業集團連績贏得第三、四屆國會普選的結果分析，顯示出印尼獨優政黨體系的形成。

第七章、結論。從政治參與、政治穩定和經濟成長三角關係的觀點，對印尼的政黨體系，尤其是對「從業集團」未來的發展預作評估。

在進行本項研究的過程中，令我最感困擾的，莫過於國內各圖書館對於有關印尼政治的藏書和期刊實在太少了，尤其是關於近十數年來印尼政治變遷和政黨發展的藏書為然；容或有之，亦多為粗淺介紹性者。因此；本篇論文之完成，雖然並不符合我原先的構想，但我仍然非常感謝劉義周學長、薛立敏學長、傅諾謨學長遠從美國、或託友人從印尼寄來十數本重要的參考書籍和期刊資料，這些書籍、資料對本論文的撰寫幫助甚大。當然，論文的完成，尤其應該感謝指導教授江炳倫先生在這段期間對筆者觀念上的指引和解惑，並對論文完稿後的費心閱校斧正，否則此論文是無法完成的。

此外，我更要感謝慈母在精神上對我無盡的鼓勵，岳父母提供我一個撰寫論文的最佳環境。在論文撰寫期間，國慶、鄭福對我的協助，李專、林榮敏小姐和新聞系陳瑞芸、劉蕙苓同學的幫忙校稿，筆者在此一併表示最誠摯的謝意。對於愛妻玉鳳的體貼、包容和協助，相信這是支持我今後繼績奮門下去的最大本錢，在此短程目標暫時完成的階段，我謹先對她表達由衷的敬意和謝忱。

壹、中文部份
1.江炳倫，政治學論叢，著者自印，民國六十二年。
2.李國雄，「回教與印尼的政治秩序」，淡江大學第一屆東南亞學術研討會發表論文。
3.邢頌文，「印尼現階段的政黨」，印尼僑聲，民國五十六年一月廿日。
4.馬樹禮，印尼獨立運動史（台北：正中書局，民國六十六年）。
5.浦薛鳳，現代西洋政治思潮（台北：正中書局，民國六十三年）。
6.陳水逢，東南亞各國的政治社會動態（台北：台灣商務印書館，民國六十五年）。
7.張希哲，「印尼的憲法與政治制度」，中國與印尼，第二期（中印尼文化經濟協會出版，民國七○年）。
8.張耀秋，「印尼大選與政局展望」，問題與研究，廿一卷十期（國立政治大學國際關係研究中心，民國七十一年）。
9.¬______________，「印尼總統選舉與政局展望」，問題與研究，廿二卷八期（國立政治大學國際關係研究中心，民國七十二年五月）。
10.郭壽華，印尼通鑑（台北：中央文物供應社，民國五十五年）。
11.羅石圃，「印尼大選與政局的瞻望」，問題與研究，十六卷四期（國立政治大學國際關係研究中心，民國六十六年）。
12.印度尼西亞日報，一九八二年四~五月。
13.南洋商報，一九八二年三~五月。
貳、英文部份
一、書籍與讀本
1.Almond, Gabriel A. and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture : Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1963).
2.Benda, Harry J., The Crescent and the Rising Sun: Indonesian Islam under the Japanese Oecupation, 1942-1945 (The Hague: Van Hoeve Ltd., 1958).
3.Boileau, Julian M., Goikar : Functional Group Politics in Indonesia, M. A. thesis, University of Auckland, 1980).
4.Brackman, Arnold C., Indonesian Communism : A History (New York : Frederick A. Praeger, Inc. , Publisher, 1963).
5.Crouch, Harold, The Army and Politics in Indonesia (I thaca: Cornell University Press, 1978).
6.Duverger, Maurice, Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1954).
7.Ebenstein, William, Today’s Isms: Communism, Fascism, Capitalism, Socialism( 台北：馬陵出版社，一九七五年影印本）。
8.Feith, Herbert , The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia (I thaca: Cornell University Press, 1962).
9._____________ , The Indonesian Elections of 1955 (I thaca: Cornell University, Modern Indonesia Project, 1957).
10.Feith, Herbert and Lance Castles, Indonesian Political Thinking : 1945-1965 (I thaca : Cornell University Press, 1970).
11.Finch, Susan and Daniel S. Lev (eds.), Republic of Indonesia Cabinet : 1945-1965
(I thaca : Cornell University, Modern Indonesia Project, 1965).
12.Fischer, Louis, The Story of Indonesia (New york: Harper and Brother, Publishers , 1959).
13. Fryer, Donald W. and James C. Jackson, Indonesia (London: Ernest Benn Limited, 1977).
14.Furnivall, J. S., Colonial Policy and Practice：A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India (New York University Press, 1956).
15.Geertz, Clifford, The Religion of Java (New York: Free Press, 1960).
16.Hayes, C. J. S., Essays on Nationalism (New York : The MacMillan Co., 1928).
17.Hindley, Donald, The Communist Party of Indonesia: 1951-1963 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966).
18.Holland, William L. (ed.) , Asian Nationalism and the West (New York : The MacMillan Company, 1953).
19.Huntington, Samuel P., Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968).
20.Humtington, Samuel P. and Clement H. Moore, Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society: The Dynamics of Established One-Party System (New York: Basic Books , 1970).
21.Huntington, Samuel P. and Joan M. Nelson, No Easy Choice: Political Participation in Developing Countries (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976).
22.Jackson, Karl D., Traditional Authority, Islam, and Rebellion: A Study of Indonesian Political Behavior (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
23.Jackson, karl D. and Lucian W. Pye (eds.), Political Power and Communications in Indonesia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978).
24.Kahin, George McT. Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia (I thaca : Cornell University Press, 1952).
25.____________(ed.), Goverments and Politics of Southeast Asia (I thaca : Cornell University Press, 1964).
26.____________(ed.), Major Governments of Asia (I thaca: Cornell University Press, 1963).
27.Kearney, Robert N.(ed) Politics and Modernization in South and Southeast Asia (New York: Halsted Press, a Division of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1975).
28.Kebschull, Harvey G. (ed.) , Politics in Transitional Societies: The Challange of Change in Asia, Africa, and Latin America (New York: Meredith Corperation,1968).
29.Kosut, Hal (ed.), Indonesia：The Sukarno Years (New York: Facts on File, 1967).
30.Kroef, Justus M. Van Der, The Communist Party of Indonesia: It’s History, Program and Tactics (Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia, 1965).
31.LaPalombara, Joseph and Myron Weiner (ed.) , Political Parties and Political Developmeant (Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press, 1966).
32. Legge, G. D., Indonesia (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1964).
33. Lev, Daniel S., The Transition to Guided Democracy: Indonesian Politics, 1957-1959 (I thaca: Cornell University, Modern Indonesia Project, 1966).
34. Liddle, R. William (ed.) Political Participation in Modern Indonesia (Yale University Southeast Asian Studies, Monograph Series, 1973).
35. McVey, Ruth T. (ed.), Indonesia (New Haven: Human Relations Area Files, Inc., 1963).
36. Moertopo, Ali , Some Basic Thoughts on the Acceleration and Modernization of 25 Years’ Development (Jakarta: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1973).
37. Nishihara, Masashi, Golkar and the Indonesian Elections of 1971 (I thaca: Cornell University, Modern Indonesia Project, 1972).
38.Pye, Lucian W., Southeast Asia’s Political Systems (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1967).
39.___________,Aspects of Political Development (Boston: Little , Brown and Company, 1966).
40. Sartori, Giovanni, Parties and Party System: A Framework for Analysis, Vol. I (London : Cambridge University Press, 1976).
41. Thayer, Philip W. (ed.), Nationalism and Progress in Free Asia (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1956).
42. Vlekke, Bernard H. M., Nusantara: A History of the East Indian Archipelago (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1943).
43.Ward, K. E., The Fundation of the Partai Muslimin Indonesia (I thaca: Cornell University, Modern Indonesia Project, 1970).
二、期刊論文（含讀本的文章）
1. Cheong , Yong Mun ,"The Indonesian Army and Functional Groups, 1957-1959," Journal of Southeast Asian Studis NO. 2 (March, 1976), PP.92-101.
2. Crouch, Harold, "The Army , the Parties and Election ,"Indonesia, NO. 11 (Apr.,1971), PP. 177-191.
3. Feith, Herbert, "Indonesia ,"in George McT. kahin (ed.), Governments and Politics of Southeast Asia ( I thaca: Cornell University Press, 1964), PP. 183-270.
4._________, "Dynamics of Guided Democracy ,"in Ruth T. MoVey (ed.), Indonesia (New Haven : Human Relations Area Files, Inc., 1963), PP.309-409.
5._________," President Sukarno, the Army and the Communists: The Triangle Changes Sharpe,"Asian Survey, Vol.4, No.8 (Aug., 1964), PP. 969-980.
6._________, " Suharto’s Search for a Political Format," Indonesia, NO.6 (Oct., 1968), PP. 88-105.
7. Hein, Gordon R., "Indonesia in 1981：Countdown to the General Elections," Asian Survey, Vol. XXII, NO. 2 (Feb., 1982), PP.200-211.
8. Hindly, Donald," Political Power and the October 1965 Coup in Indonesia,"Journal of Asian Studies, NO.2 (Feb., 1967), PP.237-249.
9._________," President Sukarno and the Communists : The Politics of Domestication," APSR, NO.4 (Dec., 1962), PP.915-926.
10. Kahin, George McT. "Indonesia," in George McT. Kahin (ed.), Major Governments of Asia (I thaca: Cornell University Press , 1963), PP.535-687.
11._________," Indonesian Politics and Nationalism," in William L. Holland (ed.), Asian Nationalism and the West (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1953), PP.65-196.
12. Lev, Daniel S,"Political Parties in Indonesia," Journal of Southeast Asian History, NO.8 (March, 1969), PP.52-67.
13. Liddle, R. William," Participation and the Political Parties," in karl D. Jackson and Lucian W. Pye (eds.), Political Power and Communications in Indonesia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), PP.171-195.
14._________," Evolution from above: National Leadership and Local Development in Indonesia," Journal of Asian Studies, NO.2 (Feb., 1973), PP.287-309.
15. Notosusanto, Nugroho," The Historical Development of the Dual Function of the Indonesian Armed Force, " Indonesian Quarterly, NO.2 (Jun. 1975), PP.64-73.
16. Pauker, Guy J., "Current Communist Tactics in Indonesia," Asian Survey, Vol. I,NO.3 (May, 1961), PP.26-35.
17. Pye, Lucian W.," Party Systems and National Development in Asia," in Joseph LaPalombara and Myron Weiner (ed.), Political Parties and Political Developnient (N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1966), PP.369-398.
18. Reid, Anthony," Nineteenth Century Pan-Islam in Indonesia and Malaysia," Journal of Asian Studies, NO.2 (Feb.,1967), PP.267-283.
19. Reeve, D." Sukarnoism and the Functional Group State," Review of Indonesian and Malayan Affairs, NO.2 (Dec.,1978), PP.43-94.
20._______," Sukuarnoism and the Functional Group State," Review of Indonesian and Malayan Affairs, NO.1 (June, 1979), PP.55-115.
21. Rocamora, J. Eliseo," Political Participation and the Party System: the PNI Example, " in R. William Liddle (ed.), Political Participation in Modern Indonesia (Yale University Southeast Asia Series, Monograph Series, 1973), PP143-176.
22. Scedjatmoko," The Role of Political Partics in Indonesia", in Philip W. Thayer (ed.), Nationalism and Proggress in Free Asia(Baltimore : The John Hopkins Press, 1956), PP.128-140.
23. Samson , Alan A., " Conceptions of Politics, Power, and Ideology in Contemporary Indonesian Islam," in karl D. Jackson and Lucian W. Pye (eds.), Political Power and Communications in Indonesia (Berkeley：University of California Press,1978), PP.196-226.
24._______," Islam in Indonesian Politics," Asian Survey, NO.12 (Dec., 1968), PP. 1001-1017.
25._______," Indonesia," in Robert N. Kearney (ed.), Politics and Modernization in South and Southeast Asia (New York：Halsted Press, A Division of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1975), PP. 253-277.
26. Silalahi, Harry Tjan," The 1977 General Elections：the Results and Role of Traditional Authority Relation in Modern Indonesian Society," Indonesian Quarterly, Vol. V, NO.3 (July, 1977), PP.3-28.
27. Weiner, Myron, " Political Integration and Political Development," in Harvey G. Kebschull (ed.), Politics in Transitional Societies: The Challange of Change in Asia, Africa, and Latin America (New York：Meredith Corporation,1968), PP. 263-272.