背景：隨著臺灣邁入超高齡社會，社區照顧已成為重要高齡福利政策方向，而瞭解長者之服務使用經驗亦日益受到重視。然而，現行對於使用經驗的評估多未能呈現參與歷程的具體內涵；有鑑於此，本研究以「社會氛圍」作為反映長者社區照顧服務經驗之指標，並發展「臺灣社區環境氛圍量表」（Taiwanese Community Climate Scale, TCCS），測量長者對服務環境之主觀感受及經驗特徵，並進一步探討環境氛圍與背景因素及服務成果之關聯。

方法：本研究主要於臺北市大安區及信義區各抽取12處社區照顧關懷據點，並以實體問卷方式進行資料收集，共取得271份有效樣本。量表心理計量特性透過項目分析、內部一致性分析、探索性因素分析及效標關聯效度進行檢驗；進一步以差異分析、相關分析及迴歸分析探討氛圍感受與背景因素及服務成果（滿意度、自覺效益）之關聯；另以群集分析辨識不同氛圍感受類型。

結果：經心理計量分析後，TCCS最終共有36題，內含「互動連結」、「組織秩序」與「衝突表達」三構面，可解釋55%總變異量，各構面內部一致性良好（α = .82 - .96）。三氛圍構面皆與服務滿意度及自覺服務效益呈顯著正相關，其中以「互動連結」之影響最為穩定。背景因素分析顯示，男性對「互動連結」及「衝突表達」感受程度較高；教育程度較低者對「互動連結」感受程度較高；據點成立年數越長，參與者對「互動連結」及「組織秩序」感受程度越高。群集分析顯示，社區照顧環境氛圍可分為「高感受型」、「中感受型」、「低感受型」及「低衝突感受型」四類型，其中「高感受型」及「低衝突感受型」呈現較佳服務成果。

結論：本研究初步建構TCCS，並驗證其具良好信效度，適用於評估長者於社區照顧場域之經驗感受。此結果亦支持社會氛圍可作為理解社區照顧服務歷程與成果的重要環境觀點，並補充現行實務評估較缺乏經驗內涵測量之限制。

Background: As Taiwan moves toward a super-aged society, community-based care has become a key direction in long-term care policy, and increasing attention has been given to older adults’ experiences of service use. However, existing evaluations often fail to adequately capture the specific content of participation processes. To address this gap, this study adopts the concept of social climate as an indicator of older adults’ experiences in community care settings. The study thus develops the Taiwanese Community Climate Scale (TCCS) to measure older adults’ subjective perceptions and experiential characteristics of service environments, and to examine the relationships between perceived climate, background characteristics, and service outcomes.

Methods: This study sampled 12 community care stations from each of the Da’an and Xinyi districts of Taipei City. Data were collected through paper-based questionnaires administered at these sites, yielding a total of 271 valid responses. The psychometric properties of the scale were examined using item analysis, internal consistency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and criterion-related validity testing. Furthermore, differences, correlations, and regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationships among perceived climate, background characteristics, and service outcomes (satisfaction and perceived benefit). In addition, cluster analysis was performed to identify distinct types of climate perception.

Results: Following psychometric evaluations, the final TCCS consisted of 36 items across three dimensions: interaction connectedness, organizational order, and conflict expression. The three-factor structure explained 55% of the total variance, and all subscales demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (α = .82 - .96). All three climate dimensions were significantly positively associated with service satisfaction and perceived benefit, with interaction connectedness showing the most stable effects. Regarding background factors, males reported higher perceptions of interaction connectedness and conflict expression; individuals with lower educational levels reported higher perceptions of interaction connectedness; and longer-established service sites were associated with higher perceptions of interaction connectedness and organizational order. Cluster analysis identified four climate types: “high-perception,” “moderate-perception,” “low-perception,” and “low-conflict” types, among which the “high-perception” and “low-conflict” groups demonstrated more favorable service outcomes.

Conclusion: This study developed and validated the TCCS, demonstrating good reliability and validity as an effective instrument for assessing older adults’ experiences in community care environments. The findings support social climate as a valuable framework for understanding the relationship between service environments and outcomes, and address the current lack of experience-oriented measures in community care evaluation.

內政部（2025）。114年第48週內政統計通報。取自https://www.moi.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=2905&s=334815
王光旭（2016a）。社區照顧關懷據點服務滿意度相關因素之探討：兼論滿意度與評鑑結果的關聯性。空大行政學報，29，1-42。
王光旭（2016b）。社區據點服務品質與成功老化提升程度關連性之初探：政府角色認知的調節效果。公共行政學報，(50)，77-115。https://doi.org/10.30409/JPA.201603_(50).0003
王映捷、陳雅美、李玉春、楊銘欽（2019）。老人定點用餐服務現況及參與用餐者之自評效益－以台北市為例。台灣公共衛生雜誌，38（1），67-80。 https://doi.org/10.6288/TJPH.201902_38(1).107070
王潔媛（2020）。倡導以使用者為本位的長照服務模式。社區發展季刊，（178），183-196。
余佳諾（2022）。高齡志工與活躍老化: 以社區照顧關懷據點為觀察場域〔碩士論文，國立臺灣大學〕。臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。 https://hdl.handle.net/11296/wr47v9
吳慧娟（2022）。高齡者參與社區照顧關懷據點之經驗研究：以台中市永興社區為例〔碩士論文，靜宜大學〕。臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。 https://hdl.handle.net/11296/6xb2k2
卓春英、鄭淑琪（2010）。高雄市社區照顧關懷據點老人參與服務現況－以社會品質觀點。社會發展研究學刊，（7），29-57。https://doi.org/10.6687/JSDS.2010.7.2
周月清（2000）。英國社區照顧：緣起與爭議。五南。
林佳樺、姜定宇（2019）。華人角色關係的情緒表達規則回顧與前瞻。本土心理學研究，(51)，169-228。https://doi.org/10.6254/IPRCS.201906_(51).0004
林明莉（2013）。「一樣的食堂，不一樣的共餐」－宜蘭縣「長青食堂」社區老人共餐經驗之初探〔碩士論文，國立政治大學〕。臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。 https://hdl.handle.net/11296/n8fwvu
林義盛（2013）。凝聚與培力：談保社社區關懷據點發展之經驗。社區發展季刊，（141），413-426。
邱泯科（2010）。關懷據點老人健康促進活動推動現況與檢討－以苗栗縣經驗為例。社區發展季刊，（130），209-225。
邱泯科、傅秀秀（2014）。初探高齡者使用社區照顧關懷據點服務之經驗－以台北市關渡關懷據點為例。台灣社區工作與社區研究學刊，4（1），1-39。
張佳郡（2022）。平溪男性長者的健康促進與社會參與：階級與性別的分析觀點〔碩士論文，國立陽明交通大學〕。臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。 https://hdl.handle.net/11296/7uk5rs
張鈴英（2021）。社區照顧關懷據點健康促進課程規劃與管理構面及績效之研究〔碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學〕。臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。 https://hdl.handle.net/11296/ah944n
陳新豐（2021）。R語言：量表編製、統計分析與試題反應理論。五南。
黃源協（2004）。從「全控機構」到「最佳價值」－英國社區照顧發展的脈絡與省思。社區發展季刊，（106），308-330。
黃源協、莊俐昕（2020）。從「在社區照顧」到「整合性照顧」－英國的經驗、臺灣的啟示。社區發展季刊，（179），225-242。
黃囇莉（2022）。華人的人際和諧與衝突—陰陽辯證觀之取徑。載於孫蒨如、葉光輝、李怡青（編），華人本土心理學30年：自我、人際與家庭篇（281-314頁）。五南。
楊國樞（1993）。中國人的社會取向：社會互動的觀點。載於楊國樞、余安邦（編），中國人的心理與行為：理念及方法篇（一九九二）（87-142頁）。桂冠。
廖俊松（2014）。社區照顧、關懷據點與社區自主：臺中市社區照顧關懷據點之案例分析。中國地方自治，67（9），19-43。https://doi.org/10.6581/lsgc.2014.67(9).03
廖雪君（2021）。老化觀念的詮釋與實踐－以新北市社區照顧關懷據點為例〔碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學〕。臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。 https://hdl.handle.net/11296/72v9vg
臺北市政府主計處（2021）。臺北市社區照顧關懷據點使用概況。取自https://w2.dbas.gov.taipei/plus/#
臺北市政府社會局（2015）。建立社區照顧關懷據點實施效益評估問卷。取自https://www.laws.taipei.gov.tw/lawatt/Law/P08F3007-20150615-12000-020.pdf
劉雅齡（2020）。老年社區健康活動參與經驗之質性研究：以性別觀點切入〔碩士論文，國立臺灣大學〕。臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。 https://hdl.handle.net/11296/hjq7y4
衛生福利部社會及家庭署（2026）。社區照顧關懷據點服務入口網。取自https://ccare.sfaa.gov.tw/home/index
盧淑芳（2025）。社區照顧關懷據點發展與特色之研究-以彰化縣三個金點獎社區為例〔碩士論文，國立暨南國際大學〕。臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。 https://hdl.handle.net/11296/9ptw8v
謝政勳、陳瑞榮（2019）。社區型非營利組織福利照顧輸送之民眾服務品質與滿意度探討-以臺南市社區照顧關懷據點為例。國立臺灣科技大學人文社會學報，15（4），343-379。
Aday, Ronald. H., Wallace, B., & Krabill, J. J. (2018). Linkages Between the Senior Center as a Public Place and Successful Aging. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 43(3), 211-231. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924788.2018.1507584
Allen, K. (1991). Establishing reliability of the community oriented program environment scale on chemically-dependent black females. International Journal of the Addictions, 27(1), 93-106. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826089109063464
Blau, P. M. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity: A primitive theory of social structure (Vol. 7, pp. 677-683). Free press.
Brunt, D., & Rask, M. (2012). A suggested revision of the community oriented program environmental scale (COPES) for measuring the psychosocial environment of supported housing facilities for persons with psychiatric disabilities. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(1), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2011.618237
Burt, M. R., Duke, A. E., & Hargreaves, W. A. (1998). The Program Environment Scale: Assessing client perceptions of community-based programs for the severely mentally ill. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 853-879. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022246112973
Cross, S. E., & Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122(1), 5–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.122.1.5
Florin, P., Giamartino, G. A., Kenny, D. A., & Wandersman, A. (1990). Levels of analysis and effects: Clarifying group influence and climate by separating individual and group effects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20(11), 881-900. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01466.x
Giamartino, G. A., & Wandersman, A. (1983). Organizational climate correlates of viable urban block organizations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(5), 529-541. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00896803
Hall, J. A. (1978). Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological Bulletin, 85(4), 845. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.85.4.845
Insel, P. M., & Moos, R. H. (1974). Psychological environments: Expanding the scope of human ecology. American Psychologist, 29(3), 179. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0035994
James G, Witten D, Hastie T, Tibshirani R. (2013). An introduction to statistical learning with applications in R. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1418-1
Kadowaki, L., & Mahmood, A. (2018). Senior Centres in Canada and the United States: A Scoping Review. Canadian Journal on Aging, 37(4), 420-441. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980818000302
Krupat, E., & Guild, W. (1980). The Measurement of Community Social Climate. Environment and Behavior, 12(2), 195-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916580122005
Leipoldt, J. D., Harder, A. T., Kayed, N. S., Grietens, H., & Rimehaug, T. (2019). Determinants and outcomes of social climate in therapeutic residential youth care: A systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 99, 429-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.02.010
Leipoldt, J. D., Kayed, N. S., Harder, A. T., Grietens, H., & Rimehaug, T. (2018). Refining the COPES to Measure Social Climate in Therapeutic Residential Youth Care. Child & Youth Care Forum, 47(2), 173-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-017-9424-z
Lemke, S., & Moos, R. H. (1987). Measuring the social climate of congregate residences for older people: Sheltered Care Environment Scale. Psychology and Aging, 2(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.2.1.20
Lund, A., & Engelsrud, G. (2008). ‘I am not that old’: inter-personal experiences of thriving and threats at a senior centre. Ageing and Society, 28(5), 675–692. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X07006988
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
Matsui, M., & Capezuti, E. (2008). Perceived autonomy and self-care resources among senior center users. Geriatric Nursing, 29(2), 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2007.09.001
Moos, R. H. (1968). The assessment of the social climates of correctional institutions. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 5(2), 174-188. https://doi.org/10.1177/002242786800500207
Moos, R. H. (1972). Assessment of the psychosocial environments of community-oriented psychiatric treatment programs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 79(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0032346
Moos, R. H. (1973). Conceptualizations of human environments. American Psychologist, 28(8), 652. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0035722
Moos, R. H. (1974). Ward Atmosphere Scale manual. Mind Garden.
Moos, R. H. (1987). Person-environment congruence in work, school, and health care settings. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 31(3), 231-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(87)90041-8
Moos, R. H. (1994). Group environment scale manual. Mind Garden.
Moos, R. H. (1996). Understanding environments: The key to improving social processes and program outcomes. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24(1), 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02511887
Moos, R. H. (2002). 2001 The Mystery of Human Context and Coping: An Unraveling of Clues. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 67-88. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014372101550
Moos, R. H. (2003). Social contexts: transcending their power and their fragility. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31(1-2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023041101850
Moos, R. H. (2012). Evaluating the environments of residential care settings. Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities, 33(2/3), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.1108/09641861211291559
Moos, R. H., & Houts, P. S. (1968). Assessment of the social atmospheres of psychiatric wards. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 73(6), 595. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0026600
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Nuttbrock, L. A., Rahav, M. R., Rivera, J. J., & Ng-Mak, D. S. (1999). Depressive symptoms and mentally ill chemical abusers’ perception of the treatment environment in residential settings. Addictive Behaviors, 24(1), 139-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00041-0
Seidman, E., Yoshikawa, H., Roberts, A., Chesir-Teran, D., Allen, L., Friedman, J. L., & Aber, J. L. (1998). Structural and experiential neighborhood contexts, developmental stage, and antisocial behavior among urban adolescents in poverty. Development and Psychopathology, 10(2), 259-281. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579498001606
Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd
Timko, C., & Moos, R. H. (1991). A typology of social climates in group residential facilities for older people. Journal of Gerontology, 46(3), S160-S169. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/46.3.S160
Unger, D. G., & Wandersman, A. (1983). Neighboring and its role in block organizations: An exploratory report. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(3), 291. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00893369
Wilson, P. A., Hansen, N. B., Tarakeshwar, N., Neufeld, S., Kochman, A., & Sikkema, K. J. (2008). Scale development of a measure to assess community-based and clinical intervention group environments. Journal of Community Psychology, 36(3), 271–288. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20193