華人社會傳承了儒家文化思想的價值觀，但是在社會環境、政治體制及人口結構等因素的差異之下，衍生出各種文化特性的差異。本研究使用世界價值觀調查（World Values Survey，WVS）資料，比較不同社會中的華人在文化特性方面的差異，並分析文化特性及其他因素對主觀福祉（subjective well-being）的影響。
本研究採用世界價值觀調查所建立之社會價值觀（societal values），加入其他文化特徵、社會態度及個人生活觀衡量文化特性。本研究使用之計量模型為排序羅吉特迴歸（ordered logit regression）模型，分析上述變數對華人生活滿意度（life satisfaction）與快樂程度（happiness）的影響。本研究之目的在於找出影響華人主觀福祉之重要決定因素，並探討文化因素在收入與主觀福祉之間是否存在調節效果（moderating effect）。
實證結果顯示，文化會影響華人主觀福祉，並在收入與主觀福祉之間造成調節效果。而華人在各個社會中所衍生出的文化特性差異，也使得各個社會中華人主觀福祉的重要決定因素有所差異。

Chinese societies inherited the values of Confucianism. However, these societies vary in their social environment, political system and demographic structure, thus result in differences in their cultural characteristics. This study uses the data from World Values Survey, to explore the differences among Chinese in different societies, and to analyze the determining factors of Chinese subjective well-being.
In this study, the societal values established by the World Values Survey are used to represent the cultural properties. We also added other cultural traits, social attitudes and individual viewpoints for our analysis. In this study, we use ordered logit regression model to find out the important determinants of Chinese subjective well-being in different societies, and discuss whether there exists a cultural moderating effect between income and subjective well-being.
Empirical results show that culture has a significant impact on subjective well-being of Chinese, and the effect of income on Chinese subjective well-being are also moderated by cultural properties. The differences between these Chinese societies also result in divergences of important determinants of Chinese subjective well-being between societies.

1. 杜素豪（2009），「世界價值觀調查」資料庫簡介，人文與社會科學簡訊。
2. 牛震（2002），「第三中華-海外華人的歷史、現在、未來」，字磨坊文化出版社。
3. Bomhoff, E.J. and Gu, M.L. (2012). East Asia Remains Different: A Comment on the Index of "Self-Expression Values," by Inglehart and Welzel. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43, pp. 373-383
4. Cantril, H. (1965). The Pattern of Human Concerns. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
5. Chang, Y.T. and Chu, Y.H. (2002). Confucianism and Democracy: An Empirical Study of Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Asian Barometer Working Paper Series.
6. Kei, H.M. (2016). Current Population Estimates, Malaysia, 2014-2016. Department of Statistics Malaysia.
7. Kim, W.W. (2016). Population Trends, Singapore. Department of Statistics Singapore.
8. Easterlin. R.A. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. Nations and households in economic growth, pp. 89-125
9. Easterlin. R.A. (2001). Income and Happiness: Towards a Unified Theory. The Economic Journal, 111, pp. 465-484
10. Guiso. L., Sapienza. P. and Zingales. L. (2006). Journal of Economic Persepctives, 20, pp.23-48
11. Harari. Y.N. (2015). Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. Random house UK
12. Inglehart. R. and Welzel. C. (2005). Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge University Press.
13. Liao, P.S., Fu. Y.C., and Yi. C.C. (2005). Perceived Quality of Life in Taiwan and Hong Kong: An Intra-Culture Comparison. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, pp. 43-67
14. Lim, H.E., Shaw. D., and Liao, P.S. (2017). The Effects of Income on Happiness in East and South Asia: Societal Values Matter? Working Paper Series.
15. Maslow. A.H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50, pp. 370-396
16. Tabellini. G. (2010). Culture and Institutions: Economic Development in the Regions of Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association, 8, pp. 677-716
17. Welzel. C. (2011). The Asian Values Thesis Revisited: Evidence from the World Values Surveys. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 12(1), pp. 1-31
18. Welzel. C. (2012). The Myth of Asian Exceptionalism: Response to Bomhoff and Gu. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43, pp. 1039-1054
19. Welzel. C. (2013). Freedom Rising: Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation. Cambridge University Press.
20. Yum. J.O. (1988). The impact of Confucianism on interpersonal relationships and communication patterns in East Asia. Communications Monographs, pp. 374-388
21. Zakaria. F. and L. K.Y. (1994). Culture Is Destiny: A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew. Foreign Affairs, 73(2), pp. 109-126