中東地區因為人工疆界的因素，認同團體與國界之間往往不一定吻合並形成跨國界的認同。因此區域內國家內部往往得面臨不同認同的競爭，而這些競爭則因為跨國界認同的關係影響到區域層次。葉門長期以來一直面臨了內部動盪的問題，而區域間的行為者也曾多次大歷屆葉門內部衝突，而當這些區域行為者介入葉門時，似乎又沿著某種認同分歧的界線，選擇支持不同陣營。而為了解這樣認同與不同內外部行為者的關聯，本文將選定探討1962年與2014年的兩場葉門內戰，檢視葉門在現代國家的歷史上，其認同與內外行為者的關係變化。

同時，本文也採用學者Mabon所提出的這種內外認同安全困境的概念，去分析探討這兩次的葉門內戰中，內外部行為者的互動關係。而透過本文的探討可以發現，葉門內部所存在的分裂狀況提供了不同認同競爭的場域，而當不同認同競爭時又會吸引外部的行為者沿著自身的認同選擇介入葉門，最後當這些區域行為者進行介入時，也會為內部的認同競逐帶來衝擊，並限縮內部行為者的認同建構能力。此外，本文也看到，當內外部不同行為者利用認同作為擴大影響力的工具時，也會使得原本在區域間共存的認同產生異化，並進而發展成互斥的關係，如當今中東地區所呈現的「遜尼什葉衝突」即是區域內國家在互相競逐的過程中，逐漸建構出來的。

Because of its artificial border from colonial times, the border between different identity groups are not in lines with states border, and this help to establish inter-states identities to exit in the middle east. Thus, countries the region tends to face competition between different identities within its border, and this competition also has implication in a regional level. Yemen as a country in the region, it also faces this kind of turmoil, and with a long history of civil wars alongside with external intervention, it seems to match the pattern stated above. Thus, in this research, we will examine the relationship between identities and different actors in the two civil wars that happened in Yemen, which is the 1962 one and the one happened after 2014.

This research will also use Mabon’s concept of internal-external identities security dilemma to analyze the relationships between different actors through the lenses of identities. In the end this research concludes that the competition of identities inside Yemen is one of the factor that draws the external actors to intervene, and through interventions the external actors bring a huge influence on the construction process of internal identities. And also that the competition between different regional powers can also construct a hostile relationship between identities that were originally coexist with each other.

書籍
Abir, M. (1994). Suadi Arabia: government, society and the Gulf crisis. New York, NY: Routledge.
Akçalı, E. (2016). Neoliberal governmentality and the future of the state in the Middle East and North Africa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Baker, R. W. (1978). Egypts uncertain revolution under Nasser und Sadat. Cambridge: Havard University Press.
Blumi, I. (2012). Chaos in Yemen societal collapse and the new authoritarianism. London: Routledge.
Cleveland, W., & Bunton, M. (2012). A history of the modern Middle East (5th ed.). Colorado: Westview Press.
Clark, V. (2010). Yemen: Dancing on the heads of snakes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dresch, P. (2005). A history of modern Yemen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dresch, P. (2001). Tribes, government, and history in Yemen. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Day, S. (2012). Regionalism and rebellion in Yemen. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Hill, G. (2017). Yemen endures. US: Oxford University Press.
Hinnebusch, R. (2009).The politics of identity in Middle East international relations. In Fawcett, L. L. (Ed.) International relations of the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hinnebusch, R. A., & Ehteshami, A. (2014). The foreign policies of Middle East states. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Hopwood, D. (1983). Egypt: politics and society 1945-1981. London: G. Allen & Unwin.
Hourani, A. (2010). A history of the Arab peoples. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Krieg, A. (2017). Socio-Political Order and Security in the Arab World. Palgrave Macmillan.
Lynch, M. (2016). The new Arab wars. NY: PublicAffairs.
Mabon, S. (2018). Saudi Arabia and Iran: Power and rivalry in the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris & Co.
MacQueen, B. (2013). An Introduction to Middle East Politics. London: Sage.
Masad, M. & Christie, K. (2013). State Formation, Religion, and Ethnicity in the Middle East and North Africa. In Christie, K., & Masad, M. (Eds). State formation and identity in the middle east and north Africa (pp. 15-35).New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Menoret, P. (2017). Saudi Arabia. In Lust, E. (Ed.). The Middle East (pp. 737-754)Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage/CQ Press.
Morgenthau, H. J., Thompson, K. W., & Clinton, W. D. (2006). Politics among nations: The struggle for power and peace. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Orkaby, A. (2017). Beyond the Arab Cold War. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.
Pradhan, P. (2017). Arab spring and sectarian faultlines in west asia. Virginia: Pentagon Press.
Al-Rasheed, M. (2002). A history of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Rasheed, M., & Vitalis, R. (2004). Counter-narratives. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rogan, E. (2011). The Arabs. New York: Basic Books.
Salmoni, B. A. (2010). Regime and periphery in Northern Yemen: The Huthi phenomenon. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Stacey, P. Y. (2017). Sectarianization, Islamist Republicanism, and International Misrecognition in Yemen. In Hashemi, N., & Postel, D. (Eds.) Sectarianization: Mapping the new politics of the Middle East (pp. 185-198). London: Hurst & Company.
Stookey, R. W. (1978). Yemen: the politics of the Yemen Arabic Republic. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Szekely, O. The Politics of Militant Group Survival in the Middle East. Stuttggart: Springer Nature.
Telhami, S., & Barnett, M. N. Introduction: Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East. In Telhami, S., & Barnett, M. N. (Eds.). Identity and foreign policy in the Middle East (pp. 1-25) Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Waltz, K. (2010). Theory of international politics. Long Grove, Ill: Waveland.
Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory and international politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wenner, M. W. (1967). Modern Yemen 1918-1966. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
Wenner, M. W. (1991). The Yemen Arab Republic: development and change in an ancient land. Boulder: Westview.

期刊文章
Abdi, R., & Basarati, A. (2016). A Critical Analysis of the Representation of Yemen Crisis in Ideologically-Loaded Newspaper Headlines. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 16(3), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.17576/gema-2016-1603-03
Adra, N. (1998). Dance and glance: Visualizing tribal identity in Highland Yemen. Visual Anthropology, 11(1-2), 55-102. doi: 10.1080/08949468.1998.9966746
Akbarzadeh, S., & Barry, J. (2016). State Identity in Iranian Foreign Policy. British Journal Of Middle Eastern Studies, 43(4), 613-629. doi:10.1080/13530194.2016.1159541
Barnett, M. (1995). Sovereignty, Nationalism, and Regional Order in the Arab States System. International Organization, 49(3), 479-510.
Cui, C. C., & Adams, E. I. (2002). National identity and NATID: An assessment in yemen. International Marketing Review, 19(6), 637-662. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651330210451953
Juneau, T. (2016). Iran's policy towards the Houthis in Yemen: A limited return on a modest investment. International Affairs, 92(3), 647-663. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12599
Malmvig, H. (2014). Power, Identity and Securitization in Middle East: Regional Order after the Arab Uprisings. Mediterranean Politics, 19(1), 145–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2013.856181
Mellon, J. (2002). Pan‐Arabism, pan‐Islamism and inter‐state relations in the Arab World. Nationalism And Ethnic Politics, 8(4), 1-15. doi:10.1080/13537110208428675
Nevo, J. (1998). Religion and National Identity in Saudi Arabia. Middle Eastern Studies, 34(3), 34-53.
Niarchos, N. (2018). Making War. New Yorker, 93(45), 30.
Rose, G. (1998). Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy. World Politics, 51(1), 144-172.
Rubin, B. (1991). Pan-Arab Nationalism: The Ideological Dream as Compelling Force. Journal of Contemporary History, 26(3/4), 535-551.
Swagman, C. F. (1988). Tribe and Politics: An Example from Highland Yemen. Journal of Anthropological Research, 44(3), 251–261.
Zweiri, M. (2016). Iran and Political Dynamism in the Arab World: The Case of Yemen. Digest of Middle East Studies, 25(1), 4-18. doi:10.1111/dome.12078

新聞與網站資料
Al Jazeera. (2020, February 18). Tribal forces in eastern Yemen clash with Saudis. Retrieved January 05, 2021, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/18/tribal-forces-in-eastern-yemen-clash-with-saudis
Al Jazeera. (2020, March 25). Saudi forces torture, disappear Yemeni civilians: HRW. Retrieved January 05, 2021, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/25/hrw-saudi-forces-torture-disappear-yemeni-civilians
Al Jazeera. (2020, April 11). Yemen's Houthi rebels sentence four journalists to death. Retrieved January 05, 2021, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/11/yemens-houthi-rebels-sentence-four-journalists-to-death
Yemen's tribes face the Houthis all alone. (n.d.). Retrieved January 05, 2021, from https://www.mei.edu/blog/yemens-tribes-face-houthis-all-alone
Younes, A. (2020, April 27). Dividing Yemen a key Saudi-UAE objective, analyst says. Retrieved January 05, 2021, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/27/dividing-yemen-a-key-saudi-uae-objective-analyst-says
 
阿語資料

أحمد محمود حسن وتاج السرحران. (2008). السياسة الخارجية في عهد المالك فيصل بن عبد العزيز السعود. بيروت: الدار العربية للموسوعة.

المركز العربي للدراسات الأنسانية. (2008). الحوثية في اليمن. صنعاء: المركز العربي للدراسات الأنسانية.

مجموعة من المؤلفين السوفيت. (1990). تاريخ اليمن المعاصر1918-1982. (مكتبة مدبولة، المحرر، و محمد علي البحر، المترجمون) القاهرة.