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| 研究生： |
薩威飛 Wilfried Relwende SAWADOGO |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱： |
Humanitarian Crisis in Darfur and the Strategic Political Warfare of Mainland China in War-torn Sudan |
| 指導教授： |
嚴震生
YEN, Chen Shen J. |
| 學位類別： |
博士
Doctor |
| 系所名稱： |
國際事務學院 - 外交學系 Department of Diplomacy |
| 論文出版年： | 2012 |
| 畢業學年度： | 100 |
| 語文別： | 英文 |
| 論文頁數： | 238 |
| 中文關鍵詞： | 蘇丹 、達佛 、中國大陸 、人道危機 、政治性策略戰爭 、衝突管理 |
| 外文關鍵詞： | Sudan, Darfur, Mainland China, Humanitarian Crisis, Strategic Political Warfare, Conflict Management |
| 相關次數： | 點閱：393 下載：0 |
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隨著中國大陸日益增加對非洲事務的參與，中國大陸與非洲之間關係的研究受到前所未有的重視。雖然學界已有相當多關於中非關係的研究，但對於北京在達佛（Darfur）危機中所扮演的角色仍缺乏探討。因此，為了彌補現有文獻的不足，本論文對達佛危機進行更全面性的瞭解，更重要的是，本論文將從非洲的角度出發，追蹤並分析從2003年起迄今中國大陸在處理達佛危機中所扮演的角色。
達佛隸屬於一個自後殖民時代起就戰亂頻仍、擁有不斷自相殘殺歷史的國家—蘇丹。該地區暴力的多樣性、衝突型態的複雜度、盤根錯節的內戰起因、以及人道危機的暴行，皆讓蘇丹的達佛充滿著許多不穩定因素。
然而，正是在這樣的政治社會脈絡下，北京政府不顧國際社會要求停止對北蘇丹政權（Khartoum）援助的呼籲，做出對達佛投資以促進中國大陸國家利益的決定，儘管北蘇丹政權仍在達佛地區進行近似種族滅絕(genocide)的毀滅性戰爭。
藉由探討中國大陸對北蘇丹政權的支持是否間接造成達佛地區的人道危機，本論文旨在檢視中國大陸在達佛地區武裝衝突所涉及的面向，以及中國大陸在處理該地區危機中所扮演的角色。
關鍵字: 蘇丹、達佛、中國大陸、人道危機、政治性策略戰爭、衝突管理。
With the growing presence of Mainland China in Africa, relations between the two continents have increasingly been the subject of unprecedented scrutiny. Although the Sino-African relations are largely covered by the mass media, they, however, remain under-researched especially with respect to the role played by Beijing in the humanitarian crisis in Darfur. Our dissertation seeks therefore to fill out such gap by providing a comprehensive understanding of the ongoing humanitarian crisis in Darfur, and more importantly by tracing, based upon an African perspective, the role that China has played in the management of the humanitarian crisis in Darfur from 2003 to contemporary days. Darfur is a region which is part of a country that has been at war with itself through the entire history of its post-colonial journey.
The multiplicity then of the fighting movements in the region, the complexity of the configuration of the conflicts, the interconnectivity of the underlying causes of the civil war, and the atrocity of the humanitarian crisis have made Sudan, and Darfur specifically, a volatile composite region. Nevertheless, it is in such a socio-political landscape that China has decided to invest and advance its national interest defying the international community’s calls for Beijing to end its assistance to Khartoum which has been conducting a destructive war akin to ‘genocide’ over Darfur. With the intention to examine whether China is underwriting the genocide in Darfur by backing Khartoum, the core purpose of our dissertation would, indeed, be to figure out what has, in fact, been the Chinese dimension in armed conflicts in Darfur and the role played by Mainland China in the management of the humanitarian crisis in the region.
Key words: Sudan – Darfur – Mainland China – Humanitarian Crisis – Strategic Political Warfare – Conflict Management
ACRONYMS...……………………………………………..…………..……....…... IX
LIST OF TABLES.….………………………………………….………..….…...... XV
LIST OF FIGURES.……………………………………..………..….……........… XVI
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...…………….………………………..……..……. 1
Sect. 1: Background: The Pros and Cons of Mainland China in Africa.………….. 1
Sect. 2: Significance of the Study and Research Questions…………………...…. 24
Sect. 3: Hypothesis and Theoretical Framework of Analysis………………….… 28
Sect. 4: Operationalization and Methodological Approach……………………… 44
CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTUALIZING AND THEORIZING ON THE
NOTION OF ‘POLITICAL WARFARE’……..……………...……......… 52
Sect. 1: Defining the Notion ‘Political Warfare'…………………………….…… 52
Sect. 2: Theorizing on Chinese Political Warfare in Sudan…...……………….… 57
CHAPTER 3: GEOPOLITICAL PRESENTATION OF DARFUR ………......…… 66
Sect. 1: Comprehensive Description of Sudan and Darfur………...…………..… 66
Sect. 2: The Geography of the Darfurian Conflict………………..……………… 74
CHAPTER 4: HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL RECALIBRATION
OF SINO-SUDANESE RELATIONS………………………………......… 83
Sect. 1: Situating Historically the Sino-Sudanese Convergence…………….…… 83
Sect. 2: Contextualizing the Sino-Sudanese Political Rapprochement………...… 90
CHAPTER 5: MAINLAND CHINA’S GRAND STRATEGY IN SUDAN...…….. 95
Sect. 1: Geo-Political Interpretation of Mainland China in Sudan……………….. 96
1. The Politics and Strategy of Chinese Politico-Economic Penetration
in Sudan…………………………………………..………………..….… 96
1.1. Sudan in Mainland China’s Foreign Policy…………………………..…... 97
1.2. Impact of the Aborted Boycott of Beijing Olympic Games and the
Darfur Issue on Mainland China's International Relations……..……… 104
2. The ‘Privatization’ of Chinese Diplomacy towards Sudan………….…….... 109
2.1. The Strategy of Chinese Economic Investment in Sudan………….……. 109
2.2. The Importance of Chinese Political and Civil Organizations in Sudan… 114
Sect. 2: Role of Mainland China in the Management of the Humanitarian
Crisis in Darfur…………………………………………..……………… 122
1. The Chinese Dimension in Armed Conflicts in Darfur……………….…… 125
2. Role of Mainland China in Peacemaking and Peacekeeping Efforts
in Darfur……………………………………………..…………...…..…. 132
CHAPTER 6: MAINLAND CHINA AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF
SOUTH SUDAN SEPARATION…………..…………………………... 145
Sect. 1: The Implications of the Secession of South Sudan on Darfur…...…..… 145
Sect. 2: A ‘One-China’ Strategic Interests in a ‘two Sudans’ Configuration:
Policy Options in a Divided Country………………………………….… 155
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION…...……………………………………………...… 166
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...………..................................................................................... 185
APPENDIX 1: Map on European Coalition on Oil in Sudan................................... 218
APPENDIX 2: Mainland China’s Foreign Policy Research Institutions.................. 219
APPENDIX 3: List of Interviewees.......................................................................... 220
APPENDIX 4: Sample of Interview Questions........................................................ 221
APPENDIX 5: Framework Agreement to Resolve the Conflict in Darfur
Between the Government of Sudan (GOS) and the Justice and
Equality Movement Sudan (JEM)............................................................. 225
APPENDIX 6: UN Security Council Resolution 1591 (2005) on Arms
Embargo on All Parties in Darfur.............................................................. 228
APPENDIX 7: UN Security Council Resolution 1556 (2004) on Arms Embargo
on All Non-Governmental Entities and Individuals in Darfur…….……. 234
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