本論文旨在從批判理論的視域重構工作的規範性意義。其問題意識在於：若工作構成現代人持續遭遇現實、形成自我並參與社會生活的重要場域，我們是否不應只追求擺脫工作的自由，而應重新思考「在工作之中的自由」？本文主張，工作並非單純為取得收入或生產成果而進行的工具性活動，而是主體發展自身能力、維繫社會關係、獲得承認並參與共同世界的重要實踐。因此，當代勞動批判必須從現代社會自身的自由承諾出發，對工作制度及其實踐進行內在批判。
在此基礎上，本文首先考察工作的規範概念及其與自由之關係，進而將當代批判理論對勞動問題的發展重構為從溝通典範、承認典範到體驗典範的典範轉移。溝通典範將自由的規範核心由勞動轉向溝通與生活世界；承認典範則重新將工作納入社會自由與承認秩序；而體驗典範的重要突破，在於重新返回工作活動本身，從真實工作、受苦、身體智能、合作等經驗結構出發，揭示工作如何塑造主體。
然而，面對當代資本主義日益動員自主、創造、情感、溝通與自我管理的勞動型態，批判理論還必須從工作活動的經驗分析進一步推進到能力分析，以說明這些經驗如何形成或耗損主體能力，並由此產生新的社會病理。為此，本文提出「批判性工作能力模型」，並以「能力弔詭」與「能力異化」作為核心診斷概念：當代工作一方面持續要求工作者發展與運用能力，另一方面卻弔詭地使這些能力愈發難以由工作者自主領有、獲得公共承認，並整合為自身的生活力量；其病理表現為三種相互關聯的異化症候：工作活動的去自主化、工作世界的去公共化與自我關係的去整合化。
據此，本文最終主張，勞動解放不能化約為個體增能或工作之外的補償，而是必須重建使工作者能夠形成、運用並領有自身能力，且使其能力獲得承認的社會條件。將自由帶回工作之中，因而意味著使工作成為一種自由的社會實踐：主體能夠在其中自主行動、與他人共同塑造世界，並使勞動經驗轉化為豐富自身生活的真實力量。

This dissertation reconstructs the normative significance of work from the perspective of critical theory. It is guided by the question of whether freedom should be understood not merely as freedom from work, but also as freedom in and through work. It argues that work is not simply an instrumental activity undertaken for income or production, but a central sphere in which individuals develop their capabilities, form social relations, receive recognition, and participate in a shared world. A critical theory of work must therefore examine how the normative promise of freedom is realized or frustrated within work itself.
The dissertation first reconstructs a normative conception of work and then interprets contemporary critical theories of work as a transition from the communicative paradigm, through the recognition paradigm, to the experiential paradigm. The communicative paradigm shifts the normative core of freedom from labour to communication and the lifeworld; the recognition paradigm reintegrates work into an account of social freedom and relations of recognition; and the experiential paradigm returns critical theory to the activity of working itself, revealing how subjectivity is shaped through real work, suffering, embodied intelligence, and cooperation.
Building on this perspective and extending the analysis from work experience to workers’ capabilities, the dissertation develops a critical capability model of work and introduces the concepts of the capability paradox and capability alienation. The capability paradox describes a distinctive pathology of contemporary work: workers are increasingly required to develop and exercise their capabilities while simultaneously losing the conditions under which these capabilities can be autonomously appropriated, publicly recognized, and integrated into their lives. Capability alienation is a manifestation of this paradox, referring not simply to a deficit of capabilities, but to a damaged relation between workers and their own capabilities. It takes three interrelated forms: the de-autonomization of work activity, the de-publicization of the world of work, and the disintegration of self-relation.
The dissertation concludes that emancipation cannot be reduced to individual empowerment or compensation outside work. It requires transforming the social and institutional conditions of work so that workers can develop and exercise their capabilities, have them recognized, and appropriate them as powers of their own.

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