本研究旨在對投資型公民計劃進行研究，該計劃已成為東加勒比國家組織的一種現象。我國聖露西亞於2016 年，成為該計劃實施最近期的一個國家，聖克里斯多福及尼維斯則於1984年，成為世界上第一個實施該計劃的國家。投資型公民計劃是 OECS 國家和歐洲國家的主要收入來源。它是合法的，但作為政府籌集急需資金的手段，仍然備受爭議。投資型公民計劃的研究相對新穎，探討該計劃正面意義的相關文獻並不多，相反地，多數研究關注其他方面，特別是清廉程度 (The perception of corruption) 這部分。在本論文中，作者將試圖探討論述，以反對將護照作為發展手段、恣意出售。我還想在本文中提出反論: 出售公民資格，不會使經濟不平等現象影響政治領域，而將為政府提供可觀投資，促進發展。

This research seeks to undertake a study of the Citizenship by Investment Program which has become a phenomenon in the OECS Caribbean with Saint Lucia becoming the last country to implement this program in 2016 and St. Kitts and Nevis being the first country in the world to implement the program in 1984. Citizenship by Investment is a major source of income for OECS countries as well as European countries. It is legal but still stands as the most controversial means of governments raising much needed financing. The study of Citizenship by Investment is relatively new and there is very limited literature that explores the positives of the program and a lot of attention is paid to other aspects especially the perception of corruption. This research seeks to examine arguments for and against selling passports as a means for development. Additionally, this research will argue that the selling of citizenship does not bring economic inequality into political sphere’s and its not a policy that breeds corruption but rather provides significant investment for government which promotes development.

Acemoglu, D., & Verdier, T. (1998). Property rights, corruption and the allocation of talent: a general equilibrium approaches. The Economic Journal, 108(450), 1381-1403.

Acemoglu, D., & Verdier, T. (2000). The choice between market failures and corruption. American Economic Review, 90(1), 194-211.

Ahmad, E., Ullah, M. A., & Arfeen, M. I. (2012). Does corruption affect economic growth?. Latin American Journal of Economics, 49(2), 277-305.

Asonuma, M. T., Li, X., Papaioannou, M. M. G., & Thomas, M. S. (2017). Sovereign Debt Restructurings in Grenada: Causes, Processes, Outcomes, and Lessons Learned.International Monetary Fund.

Adams, W. (1968). The Brain Drain. New York: The Macmillan Publishing Company.

Adu, P. (2016). Planning an Action Research. Methodology Related Presentations TCSPP. Retrieved from; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8af5k3qRRQ

Bak, M. (2019). Overview of corruption and anti-corruption in Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Guyana, Jamaica, St Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago. Transparency International.

Barbulescu, R. (2018). Global Mobility Corridors for the Ultra-Rich. The Neoliberal Transformation of Citizenship. In Debating Transformations of National Citizenship (pp. 29-32). Springer, Cham.

Bauböck, R. (2018). What is wrong with selling citizenship? It corrupts democracy!. In Debating transformations of national citizenship (pp. 37-41). Springer, Cham.

Becker, G. (1987). ‘Why Not Let Immigrants Pay for Speedy Entry?’. The Economies of Life, 58–60.

Borna, S. & James M. S. (2002). ‘The Ethics and Efficacy of Selling National Citizenship’. Journal of Business Ethics, 37, 193-207.

Brasz, H. A. (1970). The Sociology of Corruption in A.J Heidenheimer (ed), Political Reading in Comparative Analysis. Holt Reinhart, New York.

Chiswick B. R. (1982). The Impact of Immigration on the Level and Distribution of Economic Well-Being. The Gateway: U.S. Immigration Issues and Policies. 289–313.

Córdova, A., & Seligson, M. A. (2010). Economic shocks and democratic vulnerabilities in Latin America and the Caribbean. Latin American Politics and Society, 52(2), 1-35.

Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative approaches to research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Pearson Education

Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Guttman, M., & Hanson, W. (2003). Advanced mixed methods research designs.

Dzankic, J. (2012). The pros and cons of ius pecuniae: investor citizenship in comparative perspective. Retrived from: http://dianan.iue.it:8080/bitstream/handle/1814/21476/RSCAS_2012_14.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Freckleton, M., Wright, A., & Craigwell, R. (2012). Economic growth, foreign direct investment and corruption in developed and developing countries. Journal of Economic studies.

Green, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11 (3), 255-274.

Glick, D. M., & Friedland, Z. (2014). How often do states study each other? Evidence of policy knowledge diffusion. American Politics Research, 42(6), 956-985.

Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica (2018). Estimates of Expenditure. Retrieved from: http://finance.gov.dm/budget/estimates/21-2017-2018-estimates.

Heckelman, J. C., & Powell, B. (2010). Corruption and the institutional environment for growth. Comparative Economic Studies, 52(3), 351-378.

Herskovits, M. J. (1947). The Science of Cultural Anthropology. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.

Inayatullah, S. (2004). The causal layered analysis (CLA) reader. Theory and Case Studies of an Integrative and Transformative Methodology, 1-52.

Index, C. P. (2017). Corruption perception index. Transparency International. Retrieved from: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2017/index/nzl

Index, C. P. (2018). Corruption perception index. Transparency International. Retrieved from: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2018/index/nzl

Index, C. P. (2019). Corruption perception index. Transparency International. Retrieved from: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2019/index/nzl

Index, C. P. (2020). Corruption perception index. Transparency International. Retrieved from: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/nzl

Jain, A. K. (1998). Economics of Corruption. Boston: Kluwer Academics Publishers.

Johann & Lambsdorff (2005) Consequences and causes of corruption: What do we know from a cross-section of countries? Passauer Diskussionspapiere: Volkswirtschaftliche Reihe, Vol. 34, No. 05.

Johnston, L. (2013). A Passport at Any Price? Citizenship by Investment Through the Prism of Institutional Corruption. Edmond J. Safra Working Papers, (22).

Knack, Stephen (2006) Measuring Corruption in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: A Critique of the Cross-Country Indicators. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3968.

Krugman, P., & Venables, A. J. (1995). Globalization and the Inequality of Nations. The quarterly journal of economics, 110(4), 857-880.

Lindgreen, A. (2004). Corruption and unethical behavior: Report on a set of Danish guidelines. Journal of Business Ethics, 51(1), 31-39.

Lui, Francis T. (1985). An Equilibrium Queuing Model of Bribery. Journal of Political Economy Vol.93, No. 4, pp. 760-781

Mauro, Paolo. (1995). Corruption and Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 110, pp. 681– 712

Mauro, P. (2004). The Persistence of Corruption and Slow Economic Growth. IMF Staff Papers, 51(1), 1-18. Retrieved June 11, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30035860

Maxcy, S. J. (2003). Pragmatic threads in mixed methods research in the social sciences: The search for multiple modes of inquiry and the end of the philosophy of formalism. Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research, 51-89.

Méndez, F., & Sepúlveda, F. (2006). Corruption, growth and political regimes: Cross country evidence. European Journal of Political Economy, 22(1), 82-98.

Mertens, D. M. (2003). Mixed methods and the politics of human research: The transformative-emancipatory perspective. Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research, 135-164.

Miller, D. (2000, Fall). Qualitative Research Course Packet. University of Nebraska –Lincoln.

Mo, Pak Hung. (2001). Corruption and Economic Growth. Journal of Comparative Economics 29, pp. 66–79

Mill, J. S. (1861). Utilitarianism. London, England: Parker, Son, and Bourn, West Strand.

Nielsen, K. (1966). ‘Ethical Relativism and the Facts of Cultural Relativity’. Social Research, 33, 531–555.

Leff, Nathaniel H. (1964). Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption. American Behavioural Scientist 8, pp. 8 –14.

OECS (2010) The Revised Treaty of Basseterre. OECS Commission. Retrieved from https://www.oecs.org/our-work/knowledge/library/legal/revised-treaty-of-basseterre

Price Waterhouse Coopers (2019). Assessment of the Commonwealth of Dominica’s Citizenship by Investment Program. Retrieved from https://cbiu.gov.dm/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PwC-Report_-Dominica-CBI_19-August.pdf

Professional Wealth Management (2019). A Guide to Global Citizenship, The 2019 CBI Index. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/bertr/Downloads/CBI-Index-2019-(English).pdf

Rose-Ackerman, S. (1999). Corruption and Government, Causes, Consequences and Reforms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sandholtz, W. & Taagepera, R. (2005) Corruption, Culture, and Communism. International Review of Sociology, 15:1, 109-131

Shachar, A. (2009). The Birthright Lottery, Citizenship and Global Inequality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Shachar A. (2018) Dangerous Liaisons: Money and Citizenship. In: Bauböck R. (eds) Debating Transformations of National Citizenship. IMISCOE Research Series.

Springer, Cham. Sumner, W. G. (1906). Folkways. Boston: Ginn and Company.

Svensson, J. (2005). Eight questions about corruption. Journal of economic perspectives, 19(3), 19-42.

Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook on mixed methods in the behavioral and social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Applied Social Research Methods Series, 46. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Treisman, Daniel. (2007). What Have We Learned About the Causes of Corruption from Ten Years of Cross-National Empirical Research? Annual Revision of Political Science 10, pp. 211-244.

UNODC. (2012) ACTION AGAINST CORRUPTION, ECONOMIC FRAUD & IDENTITY-RELATED CRIME;https://www.unodc.org/documents/corruption/Thematic_Programme/Thematic_Programme_on_Corruption_-2012-2015_sept12.pdf

World Bank. (2001). World development report 2002: Building institutions for markets. The World Bank.

World Bank. (2017). Global Economic Prospects, January 2017: Weak Investment in Uncertain Times.

World Bank. (2015). Global monitoring report 2015/2016: Development goals in an era of demographic change.

Wyse, S. E. (2011). What is the difference between qualitative research and quantitative research? Available at: http://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-qualitative-research-and-quantitative-research/

Yan, S. (2014, August 28). “U.S runs out of investor visas as Chinese overwhelm program”. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2014/08/27/news/economy/china-us-visa/index.html

Yilmaz, K. (2013). Comparison of quantitative and qualitative research traditions: Epistemological, theoretical, and methodological differences. European Journal of Education, 48 (2), 311-332.