國際社群對於化石燃料補貼改革的正式關注，始於2009年20國集團首長於匹茲堡峰會上的聯合聲明，至今已歷十載，惟除了軟性遵循機制的發展外，目前並未出現任何可要求國家做出減量成果的規範或機制。在相關研究中，部分論者著眼於措施之屬性，因此建議可利用WTO下的《補貼暨平衡措施協定》（Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures）推動相關改革；亦有論者關注到該等措施對環境造成的傷害，而建議透過《聯合國氣候變遷綱要公約》（United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change）下的《巴黎協定》（Paris Agreement）處理之。2019年9月25日，挪威、紐西蘭、哥斯大黎加、斐濟及冰島宣布開始進行《氣候變遷、貿易及永續協定》（Agreement on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainability, ACCTS）之談判，由於該協定預計包含化石燃料補貼專章，若順利完成簽署，將成為國際間首個對該等措施做出強制性規範的協定。本文欲以此為契機，介紹並分析過往討論中，幾個最受關注的機制與規範，是否能如實達成化石燃料補貼改革之目的，並透過該等研究成果，為ACCTS提供規範設計之建議。

International community has raised concerns about fossil fuel subsidies reform for over ten years. The trend began with the Leaders’ Statement of Pittsburgh Summit published by Group of Twenty in 2009. However, except for the development of soft compliance mechanism, there is no any regulation or mechanism which may require States to phase out fossil fuel subsidies. Among the relevant studies, some focuses on the nature of such measures, and therefore suggest to facilitate the reform under Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures of World Trade Organization. In other cases, those researchers take notice of harmful impact on the environment and recommend to address the issue through Paris Agreement, which is the latest agreement within United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. On September 25, 2019, Norway, New Zealand, Costa Rica, Fiji and Iceland initiated the negotiation on Agreement on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainability (ACCTS). ACCTS is expected to include a chapter on fossil fuel subsidies. So, if the negotiation can be successfully concluded, it will become the first international agreement with mandatory regulation to phase out such measures. The aim of this thesis is to introduce the regulations and mechanisms mentioned above, and to analyze whether they can achieve the goal of reform. Based on such results, this thesis will provide a proper regulation framework for ACCTS.

中文文獻

書籍：
1. 林彩瑜，WTO制度與實務：世界貿易組織法律研究（三），2版（2013年）。
2. 陳牧民、陳宛郁，圖解國際關係，5版（2018年）。

專書論文：
1. 林子倫、趙家緯、龍吟欣，全球化石燃料補貼改革發展趨勢分析，收於：周桂田、張國暉編，轉給你看：開啟臺灣能源轉型，頁73-91（2018年）。

期刊論文：
1. 李綱信，全球煤市場之分析，經濟研究年刊，第9期，頁329-364（2009年）。
2. 周子欽，APEC議事「WTO化」的雙重解讀，APEC通訊，194期，頁2（2015年）。
3. 柳婉郁、林國慶，REDD緣起與運作機制之分析，台灣林業，38卷6期，頁15-19（2012年）。
4. 許耀明，國際氣候變遷法制2.0：巴黎協議評析，人文與社會科學簡訊，20卷4期，頁14-19（2019年）。
5. 陳玟如，我國能源密集產業發展策略定位評析，中華民國能源經濟學會論文，頁1-28（2010年）。
6. 劉家瑄、徐春田，甲烷水合物研究—探索未來的新能源及其對環境的衝擊，自然科學簡訊，14卷1期，頁18-22（2002年）。

研究計畫：
1. 林大侯，綠色財政改革與經濟成長之研究，行政院經濟建設委員會，2011年12月15日，網址：https://www.grb.gov.tw/search/planDetail?id=635234（最後瀏覽日：2020年8月21日）。
2. 林子倫，移除化石燃料補貼政策之分析：國際趨勢與台灣現況初探，財團法人台達電子文教基金會，2015年11月，網址：https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alPublicationProceeding?PublicationID=P20160104001（最後瀏覽日：2020年8月21日）。

網際網路：
1. 上海證券報，煤炭價格凍結的弊端：中國間接補貼全世界，人民網，2008年06月23日，網址：http://energy.people.com.cn/BIG5/71898/7411977.html（最後瀏覽日：2020年4月7日）。
2. 台灣青年氣候聯盟，什麼是氣候盤點，台灣青年氣候聯盟，網址：http://twycc.org.tw/global-stocktake/（最後瀏覽日：2020年8月21日）。
3. 行政院經貿談判辦公室，優惠性貿易協定（Preferential Trade Agreement，PTA）簡介，行政院經貿談判辦公室，2013年1月7日，網址：https://www.ey.gov.tw/otn/280246D814D4C493/5417f91e-e99f-43ce-8c17-758c7ea0a8e8（最後瀏覽日：2020年8月21日）。
4. 行政院環境保護署，何謂碳足跡，行政院環境保護署，2019年7月1日，網址：https://cfp.epa.gov.tw/carbon/ezCFM/Function/PlatformInfo/FLConcept/FLFootIntroduction.aspx（最後瀏覽日：2020年8月21日）。
5. 林海珍，碳捕捉、封存及再利用之國際產業與政策趨勢，科技政策觀點，2019年12月18日，網址：https://portal.stpi.narl.org.tw/index/article/10547?utm_source=Facebook_PicSee（最後瀏覽日：2020年8月21日）。
6. 邱詠程，認識能源，科技大觀園，2017年5月26日，網址：https://scitechvista.nat.gov.tw/c/sfW2.htm（最後瀏覽日：2020年8月21日）。
7. 國立高雄大學，聯合國永續發展目標（SDGs）說明，頁6，國立高雄大學，網址：http://sdg.nuk.edu.tw/data/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%B8%E7%BA%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%9B%AE%E6%A8%99%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF.pdf（最後瀏覽日：2020年7月21日）。
8. 國科會化學中心，生物質（Biomass），國科會化學中心—綠色化學網路資源共享網，網址：http://gc.chem.sinica.edu.tw/biomass.html（最後瀏覽日：2020年4月3日）。
9. 經濟部國際貿易局，ASCM 可控訴補貼之判斷流程，經濟部國際貿易局，網址：https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:qwCkGdag4oQJ:https://www.trade.gov.tw/App_Ashx/File.ashx%3FFilePath%3D../Files/PageFile/aca76a86-841d-4c3c-91ae-47d6dad59ee0.pdf+&cd=1&hl=zh-TW&ct=clnk&gl=tw（最後瀏覽日：2020年8月21日）。
10. 經濟部國際貿易局，ASCM 禁止性出口補貼之判斷流程，經濟部國際貿易局，網址：https://www.trade.gov.tw/App_Ashx/File.ashx?FilePath=../Files/PageFile/065a2545-9f00-4eda-a138-8ba0dcfce981.pdf （最後瀏覽日：2020年8月21日）。
11. 經濟部國際貿易局，GATT／WTO 歷史沿革，經濟部國際貿易局WTO入口網，2011年11月14日，網址：https://www.trade.gov.tw/cwto/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeID=339&pid=312887（最後瀏覽日：2020年8月21日）。

英文文獻

國際協定：
1. Agreement on Agriculture, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, 1867 U.N.T.S. 410.
2. Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI, and XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Apr. 12, 1979, 1186 U.N.T.S. 204.
3. Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, 1869 U.N.T.S. 14.
4. Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, Mar. 8, 2018.
5. Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Singapore, Eur.-Sing., Oct. 19, 2018, 2019 O.J. (L 294) 3-755.
6. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Oct. 30, 1947, 61 Stat. A-11, 55 U.N.T.S. 194.
7. General Agreement on Trade in Services, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1B, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183.
8. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec. 11, 1997, 2303 U.N.T.S. 162.
9. Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Apr. 15, 1994, 1867 U.N.T.S. 154.
10. Paris Agreement, Dec. 12, 2015.
11. Protocol of Provisional Application of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Oct. 30, 1947, 55 U.N.T.S. 187.
12. U.N. Charter.
13. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, May 9, 1992, 1771 U.N.T.S. 107.

國際組織文件：
1. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Energy Working Group. APEC Progress on Rationalizing and Phasing Out Inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidies: Proposed Voluntary Reporting Mechanism, 2011/EWG42/027 (Sept. 17, 2011).
2. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Energy Working Group. Guidelines on a Voluntary Peer Review for Reform of Inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidies That Encourage Wasteful Consumption (VPR/IFFSR).
3. Asian Development Bank. Assessment and Implications of Rationalizing and Phasing Out Fossil-Fuel Subsidies (2016).
4. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Secretariat. Drafting Group of Sub-Group III-A, Additional Provisions on Export Subsidies—Text Proposed by the Drafting Group of Sub-Group III-A, GATT Doc. SPEC/134/55 (Feb. 17, 1955).
5. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Secretariat. Structure ITO, ICITO, GATT, GATT Doc. Sec/36/53 (Jan. 1, 1953).
6. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Secretariat. Subsidies—Action under Article XVI:4, GATT Doc. W.17/3 (Nov. 2, 1960).
7. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Ministerial Declaration on the Uruguay Round, GATT Doc. MIN.DEC 86-1572 (1986).
8. Group of Twenty. Annex: G20 Initiative on Rationalizing and Phasing out Inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidies Implementation Strategies & Timetables.
9. Group of Twenty. Leaders’ Statement: The Pittsburgh Summit September 24-25 2009 (2009).
10. Inter-Agency and Expert Group on the Sustainable Development Goal Indicators. Tenth Meeting of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on the Sustainable Development Goal Indicators, U.N. Doc. STA/441/2/166A/3 (2020).
11. Inter-Agency and Expert Group on the Sustainable Development Goal Indicators. Tier Reclassification Review or Reclassification between Tier I and II Based on Data Availability (2019).
12. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Adoption of the Paris Agreement, U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1 (Jan. 29, 2016).
13. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Copenhagen Accord, U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2009/L.7 (Dec. 18, 2009).
14. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Establishment of an Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1 (Mar. 15, 2012).
15. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Further Advancing the Durban Platform, U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2013/10/Add.1 (Jan. 31, 2014).
16. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Further Guidance in Relation to the Mitigation Section of Decision 1/CP.21, U.N. Doc. FCCC/PA/CMA/2018/3/Add.1 (Mar. 19, 2019).
17. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Lima Call for Climate Action, FCCC/CP/2014/10/Add.1 (Feb. 2, 2015).
18. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Modalities and Procedures for the Effective Operation of the Committee to Facilitate Implementation and Promote Compliance Referred to in Article 15, Paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, U.N. Doc. FCCC/PA/CMA/2018/3/Add.2 (Mar. 19, 2019).
19. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Preparations for the Implementation of the Paris Agreement and the First Session of the Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement, U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2018/10/Add.1 (Mar. 19, 2019).
20. United Nations Security Council. The Situation in Abyei: Report of the Secretary-General, U.N. Doc. S/2019/319 (Apr. 16, 2019).
21. United Nations Statistics Division. Tier Classification for Global SDG Indicators.
22. United Nations. Tier Classification for Global SDG Indicators (2019).
23. United Nations. G.A. Res. 70/1, Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Sept. 15, 2015).
24. World Trade Organization. Appellate Body Report, Canada—Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WTO Doc. WT/DS139/AB/R, WT/DS142/AB/R (adopted June 19, 2000).
25. World Trade Organization. Appellate Body Report, Canada—Measures Relating to the Feed-in Tariff Program, WTO Doc. WT/DS412/AB/R, WT/DS426/AB/R (adopted May 24, 2013).
26. World Trade Organization. Appellate Body Report, United States—Countervailing Duties on Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from Germany, WTO Doc. WT/DS213/AB/R (adopted Dec. 19, 2002).
27. World Trade Organization. Appellate Body Report, United States—Conditional Tax Incentives for Large Civil Aircraft, WTO Doc. WT/DS487/AB/R (adopted Sept. 22, 2017).
28. World Trade Organization. Appellate Body Report, United States—Countervailing Duty Measures on Certain Products from China, WTO Doc. WT/DS437/AB/R (adopted Jan. 16, 2015).
29. World Trade Organization. Appellate Body Report, United States—Countervailing Measures on Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from India, WTO Doc. WT/DS436/AB/R (adopted Dec. 19, 2014).
30. World Trade Organization. Appellate Body Report, United States—Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China, WTO Doc. WT/DS379/AB/R (adopted Mar. 25, 2011).
31. World Trade Organization. Appellate Body Report, United States—Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft—Second Complaint, WTO Doc. WT/DS353/AB/R (adopted Mar. 23, 2012).
32. World Trade Organization. Appellate Body Report, United States—Subsidies on Upland Cotton, WTO Doc. WT/DS267/AB/R (adopted Mar. 21, 2005).
33. World Trade Organization. Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, Questionnaire Format for Subsidy Notifications under Article 25 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and under Article XVI of GATT 1994—Revision, WTO Doc. G/SCM/6/Rev.1 (Nov. 11, 2003).
34. World Trade Organization. European Communities, Subsidies, WTO Doc. TN/RL/GEN/135 (Apr. 24, 2006).
35. World Trade Organization. Fossil Fuel Subsidies Reform Ministerial Statement, WTO Doc. WT/MIN(17)/54 (2017).
36. World Trade Organization. Ministerial Declaration Adopted on 14 November 2001, WTO Doc. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1 (2001).
37. World Trade Organization. Negotiating Group on Rules, A Cap-Based Approach to Addressing Certain Fisheries Subsidies—Submission of Argentina, Australia, the United States and Uruguay—Revision, WTO Doc. TN/RL/GEN/197/Rev.2 (July 11, 2019).
38. World Trade Organization. Negotiating Group on Rules, A Cap-Based Approach to Address Certain Fisheries Subsidies That Contribute to Overcapacity and Overfishing, WTO Doc. TN/RL/GEN/199 (June 4, 2019).
39. World Trade Organization. Negotiating Group on Rules, Fisheries Subsidies Working Document—Communication from the Chair—Revision, WTO Doc. TN/RL/W/274/Rev.6 (Nov. 14, 2018).
40. World Trade Organization. Panel Report, Brazil—Export Financing Programme for Aircraft, WTO Doc. WT/DS46/R (adopted Aug. 20, 1999).
41. World Trade Organization. Panel Report, China—Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Duties on Grain Oriented Flat-rolled Electrical Steel from the United States, WTO Doc. WT/DS414/R (adopted Nov. 16, 2012).
42. World Trade Organization. Panel Report, European Communities and Certain member States—Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft, WTO Doc. WT/DS316/R (adopted June 1, 2011).
43. World Trade Organization. Panel Report, Korea—Measures Affecting Trade in Commercial Vessels, WTO Doc. WT/DS273/R (adopted Apr. 11, 2005).
44. World Trade Organization. Panel Report, United States—Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000, WTO Doc. WT/DS217/R, WT/DS234/R (adopted Jan. 27, 2003).
45. World Trade Organization. Panel Report, United States—Investigation of the International Trade Commission in Softwood Lumber from Canada, WTO Doc. WT/DS277/R (adopted Apr. 26, 2004).
46. World Trade Organization. Trade Policy Review Body, Trade Policy Review—Report by the Secretariat—Indonesia, WTO Doc. WT/TPR/S/278 (Mar. 6, 2013).
47. World Trade Organization. United States, Expanding the Prohibited "Red Light" Subsidy Category, WTO Doc. TN/RL/GEN/94 (Jan. 16, 2006).
48. World Trade Organization. United States, Expanding the Prohibited "Red Light" Subsidy Category Draft Text, WTO Doc. TN/RL/GEN/146 (June 5, 2007).

國際組織出版品：
1. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Fossil Fuels Subsidy Reforms Peer Review Team. Peer Review on Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reforms in New Zealand (2015).
2. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Fossil Fuels Subsidy Reforms Peer Review Team. Peer Review on Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reforms in Peru: Final Report (2015).
3. Asian Development Bank. Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Indonesia: Trends, Impacts, and Reforms (2015).
4. Asian Development Bank. Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Asia: Trends, Impacts, and Reforms (2016).
5. Asian Development Bank. Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Thailand: Trends, Impacts, and Reforms (2015).
6. Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. 2012 Annual Report (2013).
7. Energy Subsidy Reform Facility. Egypt (2017).
8. Energy Subsidy Reform Facility. Haiti (2017).
9. Energy Subsidy Reform Facility. Ukraine (2017).
10. European Capacity Building Initiative. Pocket Guide to NDCs under the UNFCCC (2018).
11. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006).
12. International Energy Agency & Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Energy Statistics Manual (2005).
13. International Energy Agency. Coal Information: Database Documentation (2019 Edition).
14. International Energy Agency. Natural Gas Information: Database Documentation (2019 First Edition).
15. International Energy Agency. Oil Information: Database Documentation (2019 Final Edition).
16. International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2013 (2013).
17. Members of the Peer-Review Team: Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, France, Germany, Indonesia, Netherlands, New Zealand, International Energy Agency, United Nations Environment Programme, International Institute for Sustainable Development, European Energy Retailers, Green Budget Europe, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development & Selected Experts. Italy’s Effort to Phase Out and Rationalise Its Fossil-Fuel Subsidies: A Report on the G20 Peer-Review of Inefficient Fossil-Fuel Subsidies That Encourage Wasteful Consumption in Italy (2019).
18. Members of the Peer-Review Team: China, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico, New Zealand, The United States & Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Germany’s Effort to Phase Out and Rationalise Its Fossil-Fuel Subsidies: A Report on the G20 Peer-Review of Inefficient Fossil-Fuel Subsidies That Encourage Wasteful Consumption in Germany (2017).
19. Members of The Peer-Review Team: Germany, Indonesia, The United States, International Monetary Fund & Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. China’s Efforts to Phase Out and Rationalise Its Inefficient Fossil-Fuel Subsidies: A Report on the G20 Peer Review of Inefficient Fossil-Fuel Subsidies That Encourage Wasteful Consumption in China (2016).
20. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Environmental Fiscal Reform (2017).
21. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Inventory of Estimated Budgetary Support and Tax Expenditures for Fossil Fuels (2012).
22. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. OECD Companion to the Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels 2015 (2015).
23. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. OECD Companion to the Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels 2018 (2018).
24. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Economic Commission for Africa, Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific & Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2020, U.N. Sales No. E.20.Ii.C.1 (2020).
25. United Nations Environment Programme. United Nations Environment Programme FI Climate Change Working Group Briefing on COP16 and the Cancún Agreements.
26. World Trade Organization. World Trade Report 2006: Exploring the Links between Subsidies, Trade and the WTO (2006).

政府文件：
1. European Commission Press Release IP/19/6316, EU-Singapore Trade Agreement Enters into Force (Nov. 21, 2019).
2. Houthakker, Hendrik S. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Priorities and Economy in Government of the Joint Economic Committee: First Session, 92th Cong. 13 (1972) (statement of Hendrik S. Houthakker, Professor of Economics, Harvard University).
3. Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources. Iceland’s Climate Action Plan for 2018-2030 (2015).

字典：
1. Oxford English Dictionary. Subsidy, Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed. 2019).
2. Black's Law Dictionary. Subsidy, Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).

書籍：
1. Bodansky, Daniel, Brunnée, Jutta & Rajamani, Lavanya. International Climate Change Law (2017).
2. Coppens, Dominic. WTO Disciplines on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures: Balancing Policy Space and Legal Constraints (2014).
3. Friedrich, Jürgen. International Environmental “Soft Law”: The Functions and Limits of Nonbinding Instruments in International Environmental Governance and Law (2013).
4. Hoekman, Bernard M. & Mavroidis, Petros C. World Trade Organization (WTO): Law, Economics, And Politics (2d ed. 2016).
5. Holzer, Kateryna. Carbon-Related Border Adjustment and WTO Law (2014).
6. Hutchinson, Emma, Nicholson, Maxwell, Lukenchuk, Ben & Taylor, Timothy. Principles of Microeconomics (2016).
7. Loginova, Anastasia S. & Mikheeva, Irina V. The Impact of WTO Membership: A Comparative Analysis of China, Russia, and Ukraine (2017).
8. Moore, Stephen & White, Kathleen Hartnett. Fueling Freedom: Exposing the Mad War on Energy (2016).
9. Rive, Vernon J.C. Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: An International Law Response (2019).
10. Sands, Philippe, Peel, Jacqueline, Fabra, Adriana & Mackenzie, Ruth. Principles of International Environmental Law (3d ed. 2018).
11. Singh, Gurwinder. Subsidies in the Context of the WTO's Free Trade System: A Legal And Economic Analysis (2017).
12. Trebilcock, Michael J. Advanced Introduction to International Trade Law (Rev. ed. 2015).
13. Van Den Bossche, Peter & Zdouc, Werner. The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization: Text, Cases and Materials (4th ed. 2017).
14. Weiss, Thomas G. & Wilkinson, Rorden. International Organization and Global Governance (2014).
15. Savaşan, Zerrin. Paris Climate Agreement: A Deal for Better Compliance? (2019).

專書論文：
1. Asmelash, Henok Birhanu. The Trade and Environment Debate on the Regulation of Energy Subsidies in the WTO: What Kept Fossil Fuel Subsidies Off the Radar Screen?, in Energy Law And Economics 275-302 (Klaus Mathis & Bruce R. Huber eds., 2018).
2. Bankobeza, Gilbert. Compliance Regime of the Montreal Protocol, in The Montreal Protocol: Celebrating 20 Years of Environmental Progress (Donald Kaniaru ed., 2007).
3. Chen, Chen-Ju. The EU Role under the Fisheries Subsidies International Negotiation – Particularly the WTO, in Maritime Policy of the European Union and Law of the Sea 199-222 (Peter Ehlers & Rainer Lagoni eds., 2008).
4. Crawley, Gerard M. Introduction to Fossil Fuels, in Fossil Fuels: Current Status and Future Directions, at i-xix (Gerard M. Crawley ed., 2016).
5. Douvan, Aldo Ravazzi & Castaldi, Gionata. The G20 Peer Review of Fossil Fuel Subsidies, in Environmental Fiscal Challenges for Cities and Transport 241-256 (Marta Villar Ezcurra, Janet E. Milne, Hope Ashiabor & Mikael Skou Andersen eds., 2019).
6. Epiney, Astrid. The Role of NGOs in the Process of Ensuring Compliance with MEAs, in Ensuring Compliance with Multilateral Environmental Agreements: A Dialogue Between Practitioners and Academia 319-352 (Ulrich Beyerlin, Peter-Tobias Stoll & Rüdiger Wolfrum eds., 2006).
7. Koplow, Doug. Defining and Measuring Fossil Fuel Subsidies, in The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Their Reform 23-46 (Jakob Skovgaard & Harro van Asselt eds., 2018).
8. Rive, Vernon. Anatomy of an International Norm Entrepreneur: The Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform, in The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Their Reform 156-172 (Jakob Skovgaard & Harro van Asselt eds., 2018).
9. Skovgaard, Jakob. International Push, Domestic Reform? The Influence of International Economic Institutions on Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform, in The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Their Reform 100-120 (Jakob Skovgaard & Harro van Asselt eds., 2018).
10. Steenblik, Ronald, Sauvage, Jehan & Timiliotis, Christina. Fossil Fuel Subsidies and the Global Trade Regime, in The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Their Reform 121-139 (Jakob Skovgaard & Harro van Asselt eds., 2018).
11. Van de Graaf, Thijs & Blondeel, Mathieu. Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: An International Norm Perspective, in The Politics of Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Their Reform 83-99 (Jakob Skovgaard & Harro Van Asselt eds., 2018).
12. Wettestad, Jørgen. Monitoring and Verification, in The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law (Daniel Bodansky, Jutta Brunnée & Ellen Hey eds., 2008).
13. Wouters, Jan & Coppens, Dominic. An Overview of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures – Including a Discussion of the Agreement on Agriculture, in Law and Economics of Contingent Protection in International Trade 7-84 (Kyle W. Bagwell, George A. Bermann & Petros C. Mavroidis eds., 2009).

期刊論文：
1. Asmelash, Henok Birhanu. Energy Subsidies and WTO Dispute Settlement: Why Only Renewable Energy Subsidies Are Challenged, 18(2) Journal of International Economic Law 261-285 (2015).
2. Bodansky, Daniel. The Paris Climate Change Agreement: A New Hope?, 110 (2) American Journal Of International Law 288-319 (2016).
3. Boulden, Jane. The Verification and Monitoring of Peace Accords, 2000(3) UNIDIR Disarmament Forum 45-52.
4. Chepelie, Maksym & Van der Mensbrugghe, Dominique. Global Fossil-Fuel Subsidy Reform and Paris Agreement, 85 Energy Economics 104598 (2020).
5. De Bièvre, Dirk, Espa, Ilaria & Poletti, Arlo. No Iceberg in Sight: On the Absence of WTO Disputes Challenging Fossil Fuel Subsidies, 17(3) International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 411-425 (2017).
6. Deane, Felicity, Huggins, Anna & Karim, Md Saiful. Measuring, Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Shipping Emissions: Evaluating Transparency and Answerability, 28(3) Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 258-267 (2019).
7. Dehm, Julia. Reflections on Paris: Thoughts Towards A Critical Approach to Climate Law, 31(1) Revue Québécoise de Droit International 61-91 (2018).
8. Dones, Roberto, Heck, Thomas & Hirschberg, Stefan. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy Systems: Comparison and Overview, 2003(4) Paul Scherrer Institute Scientific Reports 27-40 (2004).
9. Downs, George W., Rocke, David M. & Barsoom, Peter N. Is the Good News about Compliance Good News about Cooperation?, 50(3) International Organization 379-406 (1996).
10. Evans, John W. Subsidies and Countervailing Duties in the GATT, 3(1) Maryland Journal of International Law 211, 211-245 (1977).
11. Horlick, Gary & Clarke, Peggy A. Rethinking Subsidy Disciplines for the Future: Policy Options for Reform, 20(3) Journal of International Economic Law 673-703 (2017).
12. Igwe, Isaac O.C. History of the International Economy: The Bretton Woods System and Its Impact on the Economic Development of Developing Countries, 4(2) Athens Journal of Law 105-126 (2018).
13. Massoud, M.A., Scrimshaw, M.D. & Lestera, J.N. Qualitative Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Mediterranean Action Plan: Wastewater Management in the Mediterranean Region, 46(9) Ocean & Coastal Management 875-899 (2003).
14. Rentschler, Jun & Bazilian, Morgan. Reforming Fossil Fuel Subsidies: Drivers, Barriers and the State of Progress, 17(7) Climate Policy 891-914 (2017).
15. Rentschler, Jun, Kornejew, Martin & Bazilian, Morgan. Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reforms and Their Impacts on Firms, 108 Energy Policy 617-623 (2007).
16. Robinson, Warren C. What Is a Government Subsidy?, 20(1) National Tax Journal 86-92 (1967).
17. Sen, Anupama. Energy Subsidies in India: Proactive versus Reactive Change, 88 Oxford Energy Forum 13-13 (2012).
18. Slattery, Christian Harris.‘Fossil Fueling the Apocalypse’: Australian Coal Subsidies and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, 18(1) World Trade Review 109-132 (2019).
19. Street, Thomas. Marine Methane Hydrates as Possible Energy Source, 23(2) Natural Resources & Environment 42-44 (2008).
20. Sweeney, Sean. Weaponizing the Numbers: The Hidden Agenda behind Fossil-Fuel Subsidy Reform, 29(1) New Labor Forum 87-92 (2020).
21. Triest, Robert K. The Economics of Subsidies for Community Development: A Primer (presented at 2009 Conference on Smart Subsidy for Community Development).
22. Van Asselt, Harro & Kulovesi, Kati. Seizing the Opportunity: Tackling Fossil Fuel Subsidies under the UNFCCC, 17(3) International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 357-370 (2017).
23. Verkuijl, Cleo, Van Asselt, Harro, Moerenhout, Tom, Casier, Liesbeth & Wooders, Peter. Tackling Fossil Fuel Subsidies through International Trade Agreements: Taking Stock, Looking Forward, 58(2) Virginia Journal of International Law 309-369 (2019).
24. Wold, Chris, Wilson, Grant & Foroshani, Sara. Leveraging Climate Change Benefits through the World Trade Organization: Are Fossil Fuel Subsidies Actionable?, 43(3) Georgetown Journal of International Law 635-695 (2012).
25. Zaman, Sharaban Tahura. The ‘Bottom-Up Pledge and Review’ Approach of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in the Paris Agreement: A Historical Breakthrough or a Setback in New Climate Governance?, 5(2) IALS Student Law Review (2018).

機構研究報告：
1. Adolf, Constanze, Cottrell, Jacqueline, Joas, Amani & Schulz, Claudia. TTIP and Fossil Fuel Subsidies: Using International Policy Processes as Entry Points for Reform in the EU and the USA (Green Budget Europe, Paper, 2014).
2. Aldy, Joseph E. Policy Surveillance in the G-20 Fossil Fuel Subsidies Agreement: Lessons for Climate Policy (Harvard Kennedy School, Faculty Research Working Paper Series No. RWP15-029, 2015).
3. Asmelash, Henok Birhanu. Phasing Out Fossil Fuel Subsidies in the G20: Progress, Challenges, and Ways Forward (International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, “Enhancing Climate Action through Trade Policy: Opportunities for the G20” Project Paper, 2017).
4. Bast, Elizabeth, Doukas, Alex, Pickard, Sam, Van der Burg, Laurie & Whitley, Shelagh. Empty Promises: G20 Subsidies to Oil, Gas and Coal Production (Oil Change International & Overseas Development Institute, Report, 2015).
5. Bridle, Richard & Kitson, Lucy. The Impact of Fossil-Fuel Subsidies on Renewable Electricity Generation (Global Subsidies Initiative, Report, 2014).
6. Bridle, Richard, Sharma, Shruti Mostafa, Mostafa & Geddes, Anna. Fossil Fuel to Clean Energy Subsidy Swaps: How to Pay for an Energy Revolution (Global Subsidies Initiative, Report, 2019).
7. Burniaux, Jean-Marc, Chateau, Jean & Sauvage, Jehan. The Trade Effects of Phasing out Fossil-Fuel Consumption Subsidies (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment, Working Paper No. COM/TAD/ENV/JWPTE(2010)52/FINAL, 2011).
8. Carlino, Hernan & Carlino, Micaela. Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Latin America: The Challenge of a Perverse Incentives Structure (Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales, Working Paper N°15/15, 2015).
9. Casier, Liesbeth, Fraser, Robin, Halle, Mark & Wolfe, Robert. Shining a Light on Fossil Fuel Subsidies at the WTO: How NGOs Can Contribute to WTO Notification and Surveillance 8 (Global Subsidies Initiative, Report, 2017).
10. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Paris Climate Agreement Q&A (2019).
11. Charnovitz, Steve. Green Subsidies and the WTO (World Bank Group, Policy Research Working Paper No. WPS7060, 2014).
12. Clientearth & Transport & Environment. Sustainable Development and Environment in TTIP (2015).
13. Climate Action Network Europe & Overseas Development Institute. Briefing: Pathways in the Paris Agreement for Ending Fossil Fuel Subsidies (2016).
14. Climate Focus. The Paris Agreement Summary (2015).
15. Coady, David, Parry, Ian, Le, Nghia-Piotr & Shang, Baoping. Global Fossil Fuel Subsidies Remain Large: An Update Based on Country-Level Estimates (IMF, Working Paper No. WP/19/89, 2019).
16. Coady, David, Parry, Ian, Sears, Louis & Shang, Baoping. How Large Are Global Energy Subsidies? (IMF, Working Paper No. WP/15/105, 2015).
17. Das, Kasturi, Van Asselt, Harro, Droege, Susanne & Mehling, Michael. Making the International Trade System Work for Climate Change: Assessing the Options (Climate Strategies, “Making the International Trade System Work for Climate Change” Project Paper, 2018).
18. De Bièvre, Dirk, Poletti, Arlo & Espa, Ilaria. Actual and Potential WTO Disputes on Subsidies for Fossil and Renewable Energy (Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, International Conference Paper of Global Public Goods, Global Commons and Democracy: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, 2016).
19. Dialogue Platform on Energy and Resource Efficiency in the Baltic Sea Region. Low Carbon Economy: Policy and Project Review Background Paper I (2013).
20. Doukas, Alex. G20 Subsidies to Oil, Gas and Coal Production: Republic of Korea (Oil Change International & Overseas Development Institute, Country Study Paper, 2015).
21. Environmental and Energy Study Institute. Fact Sheet: Fossil Fuel Subsidies: A Closer Look at Tax Breaks and Societal Costs (2019).
22. Espa, Ilaria & Rolland, Sonia E. Subsidies, Clean Energy, and Climate Change (International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, “E15 Task Force on Rethinking International Subsidies Disciplines” Think Piece, 2015).
23. Fabian, Judit. Preferential Trade Agreements vs. Multilateralism: In the New Trump-World, Does Canada Face an Impossible Choice? (The School of Public Policy & Canadian Global Affairs Institute, Policy Paper, 2020).
24. Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform. Fossil Fuel Subsidies and Trade: Understanding The Linkages (2017).
25. G20 Research Group & G8 Research Centre. 2010 G20 Toronto Summit Final Compliance Report (2010).
26. G20 Research Group & International Organisation Research Institute. 2012 Los Cabos G20 Summit Final Compliance Report (2013).
27. G20 Research Group. 2011 Cannes G20 Summit Final Compliance Report (2012).
28. Gehring, Markus. From Fisheries Subsidies to Energy Reform under International Trade Law (Centre for International Governance Innovation, Paper No. 188, 2018).
29. Gerasimchuk, Ivetta, Wooders, Peter, Merrill, Laura, Sanchez, Lourdes & Kitson, Lucy. A Guidebook to Reviews of Fossil Fuel Subsidies: From Self-Reports to Peer Learning (Global Subsidies Initiative, Guidebook, 2017).
30. Global Subsidies Initiative. Canada's Federal Fossil Fuel Subsidies in 2020 (2020).
31. Global Subsidies Initiative. Comparison of Fossil-Fuel Subsidy and Support Estimates (2017).
32. Global Subsidies Initiative. Getting on Target: Accelerating Energy Access through Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform (2018).
33. Global Subsidies Initiative. Raising Ambition through Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Modelling Results from 26 Countries (2019).
34. Global Subsidies Initiative. Reforming Fossil‐Fuel Subsidies to Reduce Waste and Limit CO2 Emissions while Protecting the Poor (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Energy Working Group, Research Report, 2012).
35. Global Subsidies Initiative. Subsidies to Coal Power Generation in China (2016).
36. Harrison Institute for Public Law. Using the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership to Limit Fossil Fuel Subsidies (Greens Group, Discussion Paper, 2014).
37. Hayer, Sarabjeet. Fossil Fuel Subsidies: In-Depth Analysis (European Parliament Policy Department A for the Committee on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, Analysis Paper no. PE 595.372, 2017).
38. Howse, Robert. Climate Mitigation Subsidies and the WTO Legal Framework: A Policy Analysis (International Institute for Sustainable Development, Trade, Investment and Climate Change Series Paper, 2010).
39. International Centre For Trade and Sustainable Development. Reforming Fossil Fuel Subsidies through the Trade System (2018).
40. International Energy Agency & Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Update on Recent Progress in Reform of Inefficient Fossil-Fuel Subsidies That Encourage Wasteful Consumption (Group of Twenty Energy Transitions Working Group, Report for Meeting, 2019).
41. International Energy Agency & Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Update on Recent Progress in Reform of Inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidies That Encourage Wasteful Consumption (2015).
42. International Energy Agency & Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Update on Recent Progress in Reform of Inefficient Fossil Fuel Subsidies That Encourage Wasteful Consumption (2018).
43. International Energy Agency, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development & World Bank. Analysis of the Scope of Energy Subsidies and Suggestions for the G-20 Initiative (2010).
44. International Monetary Fund. Energy Subsidy Reform: Lessons and Implications (2013).
45. International Monetary Fund. Reforming Energy Subsidies Summary Note.
46. Kjellingbro, Peter Marcus & Skotte, Maria. Environmentally Harmful Subsidies: Linkages between Subsidies, the Environment and the Economy (Institut for Miljøvurdering, Report, 2005).
47. Kojima, Masami & Koplow, Doug. Fossil Fuel Subsidies: Approaches and Valuation (World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No. 7220, 2015).
48. Koplow, Doug & Kretzmann, Steve. G20 Fossil-Fuel Subsidy Phase Out: A Review of Current Gaps and Needed Changes to Achieve Success (Oil Change International & Earth Track, Report, 2010).
49. Koplow, Doug. Phasing Out Fossil-Fuel Subsidies in the G20: A Progress Update (Oil Change International & Earth Track, Report, 2012).
50. Laan, Tara. Gaining Traction: The Importance of Transparency in Accelerating the Reform of Fossil-Fuel Subsidies (Global Subsidies Initiative, “Untold Billions: Fossil-Fuel Subsidies, Their Impacts and the Path to Reform” Series Paper, 2010).
51. Lang, Kerryn. The First Year of the G-20 Commitment on Fossil-Fuel Subsidies: A Commentary on Lessons Learned and the Path Forward (Global Subsidies Initiative, Paper, 2011).
52. Marhold, Anna. Fossil Fuel Subsidies Reform in the WTO: Options for Constraining Dual Pricing in the Multilateral Trading System (International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Programme on Climate and Energy Issue Paper, 2017).
53. McLynn, Maeve, Van der Burg, Laurie & Whitley, Shelagh. Briefing: Pathways in the Paris Agreement for Ending Fossil Fuel Subsidies (Climate Action Network Europe & Overseas Development Institute, Paper, 2016).
54. Merrill, Laura, Christensen, Lasse Toft & Sanchez, Lourdes. Learning from Leaders: Nordic and International Best Practice with Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform (Nordic Council of Ministers, Report, 2016).
55. Merrill, Laura, Gerasimchuk, Ivetta & Sanchez, Lourdes. Stories for Success for the Talanoa Dialogue (Global Subsidies Initiative, Paper, 2017).
56. Merrill, Laura, Harris, Melissa, Casier, Liesbeth & Bassi, Andrea M. Fossil-Fuel Subsidies and Climate Change (Nordic Council of Miniters, Working Paper No. 2015:905, 2015).
57. Myllyvirta, Lauri. Quantifying the Economic Cost of Air Pollution from Fossil Fuels (Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air, Paper, 2020).
58. Oil Change International. Risking It All: How Export Development Canada’s for Fossil Fuels Drives Climate Change (2018).
59. Orellana, Marcos A. Typology of Instruments of Public Environmental International Law (2014).
60. Pereira, Heloísa. How the WTO Can Help Tackle Climate Change through Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: Lessons from the Fisheries Negotiations (International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, “Programme on Climate and Energy” Issue Paper, 2017).
61. Rajamani, Lavanya. Elaborating the Paris Agreement: Implementation and Compliance (Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, Issue Paper, 2017).
62. Savatic, Filip. Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: Lessons from the Indonesian Case (Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales, Working Paper N°06/16, 2016).
63. Stehn, Jürgen. Subsidies, Countervailing Duties, and the WTO: Towards an Open Subsidy Club (Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Working Paper, No. 276, 1996).
64. Tipping, Alice. Addressing the Development Dimension of an Overcapacity and Overfishing Subsidy Discipline in the WTO Fisheries Subsidies Negotiations (International Institute for Sustainable Development, Discussion Paper, 2020).
65. Trachtman, Joel P. Fossil Fuel Subsidies Reduction and the World Trade Organization (International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Programme on Climate and Energy Issue Paper, 2017).
66. United Nations Environment Programme & International Institute for Sustainable Development. Measuring Fossil Fuel Subsidies in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals (2019).
67. Verkuijl, Cleo, Jones, Natalie & Lazarus, Michael. Untapped Ambition: Addressing Fossil Fuel Production through NDCs and LEDS (Stockholm Environment Institute, Working Paper, 2019).
68. Verkuijl, Cleo, Piggot, Georgia, Lazarus, Michael, Van Asselt, Harro & Erickson, Peter. Aligning Fossil Fuel Production with the Paris Agreement: Insights for the UNFCCC Talanoa Dialogue (Stockholm Environment Institute, Paper, 2018).
69. Whitley, Shelagh & Van der Burg, Laurie. Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: From Rhetoric to Reality (New Climate Economic, “Global Commission on the Economy and Climate” Working Paper, 2015).
 
博碩士學位論文：
1. Jiang, Lili. An Evaluation of Soft Law as a Method for Regulating Public Procurement from a Trade Perspective (July, 2009) (unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Nottingham).

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