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| 研究生： |
詹曉蕙 Chan, Shiao-Hui |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱： |
中文稱讚應答之社會語言學分析 Compliment response in mandarin chinese - a sociolinguistic analysis |
| 指導教授： |
詹惠珍
Chan, Hui-Chen |
| 學位類別： |
碩士
Master |
| 系所名稱： |
外國語文學院 - 語言學研究所 Graduate Institute of Linguistics |
| 論文出版年： | 1998 |
| 畢業學年度： | 86 |
| 語文別： | 英文 |
| 論文頁數： | 175 |
| 中文關鍵詞： | 稱讚應答 、社會語言學 |
| 相關次數： | 點閱：285 下載：0 |
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本研究旨在透過說話者對稱讚之不同應答，探討存在於中國社會中，不同群體間之溝通問題。稱讚應答(compliment response)可分為三種俗定語(routine)：「否定」、「迴避」、以及「接受」。基於此三項分類，研究者提出四組假設：(一)傳統「否定別人稱讚」的回應方式，已漸被「接受別人稱讚」所取代；(二)具不同社會特徵之受試者，對三種俗定語持不同偏好；(三)俗定語的選擇與親近程度共變；(四)稱讚應答是否細分，依親近程度而定。資料主要採集方式，以問卷發放行之。親近程度乃由四項因素操控：熟悉度、輩份、階級、以及性別差異。在十三個題目中，受試者須自九個選項選出答案，以回應不同親近程度的人所給予之稱讚。蒐集的資料，以卡方考驗分析之。
「稱讚應答」正在改變是首要發現：「接受」的回應已超越了傳統的「否定」而成為新的慣例。這或許與「個人主義」從固有受壓抑之自我中釋放出來有關。其次，稱讚應答會依受試者之年齡、性別、及教育程度而有不同偏好。大柢而言，高教育程度、年齡介於36至45歲、及女性最有可能主導此稱讚應答之改變。其中，又以36至45歲、擁有高學歷之女性為最。這幾個社群的主導權，可能來自於自身的獨立思考、反權威思潮、以及女性主義運動的影響。其三，稱讚應答的細分與否，確與親近程度有關。在與熟人暨不同輩分的人應對時，稱讚應答會有較精細的區分。其四，「接受」的選用會隨親近程度而改變；然而此關係在「否定」的選用上並未發現。其五，「直接與否(±direct)」與「接受與否(±accept)」兩組觀念即可充分解釋稱讚應答的基底結構。大體而言，四組假設幾乎都證實為真。
上述發現，可經由中國社會裡，整體價值轉型所引起的個人基模改變所解釋。文中嘗試以李齊(Leech)的謙遜原則(Modesty Maxim)與同意原則(Agreement Maxim)，復以布朗與萊文生(Brown and Levinson)的面子處理原則(face want approach)解釋此變異與變遷。個人主義所促發的相異禮貌原則(Politeness Principles)與傳統文化所形成的相同期望之間的拉鋸，突顯出現代與固有間的矛盾與衝突。
此研究在幾個方面迥異於前人：(一)對稱讚應答的分類最少；(二)對於基模做量化的探討；(三)賦子面子處理原則新的詮釋；(四)以動態時間的觀點闡述禮貌原則的應用情形。
This study is aimed at exploring the communication problem between different social groups via the change of compliment response in Chinese society.
Compliment response is divided into three routines: rejection, avoidance, and acceptance, based on which, four hypotheses are proposed: a) the traditional compliment routine－rejection－is surpassed by acceptance; b) the preference for a certain routine of compliment response co-varies with informants' social characteristics; c) the selection of routines varies with intimacy; d) the differentiation of compliment response varies with intimacy. Questionnaire is the main tool to collect data, within which intimacy is controlled by four factors: familiarity, generation, ranking, and gender difference. Nine possible answers are offered for the informants to respond to the compliment paid by people of different intimacy in thirteen questions. The collected data is analyzed with Chi-Square test.
The first major finding is that compliment response is changing, with the use of acceptance surpassing traditional rejection and becoming a new normative response. This may be related to the release of individualism from the traditionally repressed self. Second, compliment response is diverse according to the classification of informants by age, gender, and educational level. Higher educational level, middle age group, and females all contribute to the change, among which, higher-educated, middle-aged females' behavior is the most significant. This may be explicated via independent thinking of informants, anti-authoritarianism movement, and feminism. Third, the differentiation of compliment response co-varies with the degree of intimacy. More elaborate differentiation is used in talking to familiars and different generation. Fourth, the selection of acceptance varies with intimacy while rejection does not. Fifth, [±direct] and [±accept] are sufficient to account for the deep structure of compliment response. Generally, almost all the hypotheses are verified.
The above findings can be explained by the change of frame caused by the value shift in Chinese society. Leech's Modesty and Agreement Maxim as well as Brown and Levinson's face want approach are adopted to account for the variation and change. It is proposed that the keen competition between various politeness principles, resulting from individualism, and identical expectation, formed by the traditional culture, manifests the conflict of modernization and tradition preservation.
The study is different from previous ones in several respects: a) the least classification of compliment response, b) a quantitative study of frames, c) a new interpretation for face want approach, and d) the application of politeness maxims from a dynamic point of view.
Acknowledgements-----iv
Table of Contents-----vi
List of Tables-----x
List of Figures-----xi
Chinese Abstract-----xii
English Abstract-----xiv
Chapter One: Introduction-----1
1.1 Problems-----1
1.2 Background Thinking and Motivation-----2
1.3 Variables-----7
1.4 Hypothesis-----10
Chapter Two: Literature Review-----13
2.1 Frame and Rituals-----13
2.2 Indirect Speech and Politeness Principles-----16
2.3 Compliment and Compliment Response-----24
2.3.1 Structure-----24
2.3.2 Taxonomy-----25
2.3.3 Function-----27
2.3.4 Cross Culture Study-----29
2.3.5 Sociolinguistic Variation on Compliment Response-----31
Chapter Three: Methodology-----37
3.1 Linguistic Variable-----37
3.2 Social Variables-----37
3.3 Pilot Tests-----38
3.3.1 Pilot Test One-----38
3.3.2 Pilot Test Two-----39
3.4 Data Analysis-----40
3.4.1 Quantitative Analysis-----41
3.4.1.1 Tool－Questionnaire-----41
3.4.1.2 Sampling-----41
3.4.1.2.1 Stratification for the Sampling and the Sample Size-----42
3.4.1.2.2 Source of Subjects-----42
3.4.1.3 Statistic Analysis-----44
3.4.2 Qualitative Analysis-----44
Chapter Four: Data Analysis: Compliment Response and Its Interaction with Informants' Social Background-----45
4.1 Compliment Response－the Three Routines-----45
4.2 The Interaction Between Compliment Response and Informants' Social Background-----51
4.2.1 The Interaction Between Compliment Response and Informants' Age-----51
4.2.2 The Interaction Between Compliment Response and Informants' Gender-----61
4.2.3 The Interaction Between Compliment Response and Informants' Educational Level-----65
4.2.4 The Interaction Between Compliment Response and Informants' Sex and Educational level-----70
4.2.5 The Interaction Between Compliment Response and Informants' Age and Sex-----74
4.2.6 The Interaction Between Compliment Response and Informants' Age and Educational Level-----78
4.2.7 The Interaction Between Compliment Response and Informants' Educational Level, Sex, and Age-----83
4.3 Summary of Chapter Four-----86
Chapter Five: Data Analysis: The Interaction Between Compliment Response andintimacy-----89
5.1 The Interaction Between Compliment Response and Familiarity-----90
5.2 Influences of Familiarity and Informants' Social Background on Compliment Response-----95
5.2.1 The Interaction among Compliment Response, Familiarity, and Informants' Age-----95
5.2.2 The Interaction among Compliment Response, Familiarity, and Informants' Sex-----100
5.2.3 The Interaction among Compliment Response, Familiarity, and Informants' Educational Level-----105
5.2.4 Summary of the Interaction among Compliment Response, Familiarity and Educational Level, Age, and Gender-----110
5.2.5 The Interaction among Compliment Response, Familiarity, and the Interaction among Other Social Variables-----112
5.3 The Relationship Between Compliment Response and Generation-----112
5.4 Influences of Generation and Informants' Social Background on Compliment Response-----117
5.4.1 The Interaction among Compliment Response, Generation, and Informants' Age-----117
5.4.2 The Interaction among Compliment Response, Generation, and Informants' Sex-----121
5.4.3 The Interaction among Compliment Response, Generation, and Informants' Educational Level-----125
5.4.4 Summary of the Interaction among Compliment Response, Generation, and Educational Level, Age, and Sex-----131
5.4.5 The Interaciion among Compliment Response, Generation, and the Interaction among Other Social Variables-----134
5.5 The Influence of the Combination of Familiarity and Generation on Informants' Compliment Response-----135
Chapter Six: General Discussion and Conclusion-----143
Appendix A: Pilot Test 1-----155
Appendix B: Pilot Test 2-----161
Appendix C: Questionnaire in Real Test-----167
Bibliography-----171
Table
Table 3.1 Stratification of Subjects' Background-----42
Table 4.1 The Distribution of Three Routines of Compliment Response-----45
Table 4.2 The Distribution of Three Routines by Three Age Groups-----51
Table 4.3 Compliment Response by People More Than 50-----53
Table 4.4 Compliment Response by Younger Age Group Divided by 17-20 and 21-35-----58
Table 4.5 The Distribution of Three Routines by Males and Females-----61
Table 4.6 The Distribution of Three Routines of Compliment Response by faducatioiial Levels-----66
Table 4.7 The Distribution of Three Routines of Compliment Response by Educational Level and Sex-----70
Table 4.8 The Distribution of Three Routines of Compliment Response by Age and Sex-----74
Table 4.9 The Distribution of Three Routines by Educational Level and Age-----79
Table 4.10 The Distribution of Three Routines by Educational Level, Sex, and Age-----84
Table 5.1 The Interaction Between Three Routines and Familiarity-----90
Table 5.2 The Frequency of Three Options of Rejection in Response to Different Familiarity-----92
Table 5.3 The Interaction Between Three Routines and Familiarity by Age-----95
Table 5.4 The Interaction Between Three Routines and Familiarity by Sex-----100
Table 5.5 The Interaction Between Three Routines and Familiarity by Educational Level-----105
Table 5.6 The Interaction Between Three Routines and Generation-----113
Table 5.7 The Frequency of Three Options of Rejection in Response to Different Generation-----116
Table 5.8 The Interaction Between Three Routines and Generation by Age-----117
Table 5.9 The Interaction Between Three Routines and Generation by Sex-----122
Table 5.10 The Interaction Between Three Routines and Generation by Educational Level-----126
Figures
Fig.4.1 Age Difference in the Use of Three Routines of Compliment Response-----52
Fig.4.2 Three Age Groups' Preference Order for Three Routines of Compliment Response-----52
Fig.4.3 The Compliment Response by the New Classification of Age-----54
Fig.4.4 Gender Difference in the Use of Three Routines of Compliment Response-----62
Fig.4.5 Males' and Females' Preference Order for Three Routines of Compliment Response-----62
Fig.4.6 Difference of Educational Levels in the Use of Three Routines of ComplimentResponse-----66
Fig.4.7 Each Educational Level's Use of Three Routines of Compliment Response-----67
Fig.4.8 The Flow Chart of Rejection and Acceptance with Informants' Educational Level and Sex-----71
Fig.4.9 The Flow Chart of Rejection and Acceptance by Informants' Age and Sex-----75
Fig.4.10 The Flow Chart of Rejection and Acceptance by Informants' Educational.-----81
Fig.5.1 The Influence of Familiarity on Each Routine-----91
Fig.5.2 Each Familiarity Level's Compliment Response-----93
Fig.5.3 The Decision of Routines by Different Age in Response to Different Familiarity-----97
Fig.5.4 The Decision of Routines by Males and Females in Response to Different Familiarity-----102
Fig.5.5 The Decision of Routines by Different Educational Level in Response to Different Familiarity-----107
Fig.5.6 The Influence of Generation on Each Routine-----113
Fig.5.7 Each Generation Level's Compliment Response-----114
Fig.5.8 The Decision of Routines by Different Age in Response to Different Generations-----119
Fig.5.9 The Decision f Routines by Males and Females in Response to Different Generation.-----123
Fig.5.10 The Decision f Routines by Educational Levels in Response to Different Generation.-----128
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