有鑒於國際上的危機接連爆發，二戰後建立的國際秩序和民主價值受到質疑，從而讓推動以「人民」為核心訴求的民粹主義浪潮再次興起。這一現象同樣也出現在歐洲，尤其是難民危機之後，過去被視為已成功從共產體制轉型為民主體制的中東歐和南歐國家，開始對歐盟價值產生質疑與批評。在此背景下，國內的民粹主義政黨便迅速獲得對現有體制感到失望民眾的支持。民粹主義若處於在野，其首要目標是取得執政權，而一旦成功取得執政，則傾向建構對自身政治地位有利的「不自由民主」體制，甚至被批評略帶有威權化傾向。
本文旨在透過「安全化理論」分析安全化行為者（securitizing actor）—即奧班及其政府，如何以「人民」與「維護基督教價值」為參照對象（referent object）為由，藉言語行動（speech act）建構生存性威脅，以鞏固其政治正當性。以話語與政治層面上，奧班操作歷史創傷、轉型期的失落心態及對過去共產政權的恐懼，推動安全化論述，並以民粹的方式動員民眾以對抗「敵人」。
在執政後，奧班持續將難民和自由民主價值化爲威脅來源，進而在政策與措施層面採取限制性作為，並強化傳統價值的導入。儘管面臨到內部反對派的去安全化（desecuritization）論述及歐盟的反安全化（counter securitization）挑戰，此一安全化操作可謂相對成功，其成果可從Fidesz在國會選舉中連續4度勝選上反映。此模式亦對諸多民粹化或威權化傾向國家產生示範效應。

Due to successive international crises, the post-WWII international order and democratic values have been challenged, thereby prompting a resurgence of populism that places the “people” at the core of their political agenda. It is evident in Europe, especially in Central and Southern Europe - once regarded as having successfully transitioned from communism to democracy. Therefore, domestic populist parties rapidly gained the support of citizens disillusioned with the existing system. While populist forces in opposition, the primary goal is to gain power; once in government, they construct an “illiberal democratic” system conducive to consolidating power.
This thesis aims to analyze, through the framework of securitization theory, how the securitizing actor - Viktor Orbán and his government - constructs existential threats through speech acts in order to consolidate political legitimacy, by invoking the protection of “the people” and the preservation of Christian values as referent objects. At the discursive and political levels, Orbán has manipulated historical trauma, the sense of loss and the fear of the former communist regime to strengthen a securitizing narrative, further mobilizing the public in a populist manner against “enemies.”
After assuming power, Orbán continued to portray refugees and liberal democratic values as sources of threat, thereby implementing restrictive policies and measures while reinforcing traditional values. Despite facing desecuritization and counter securitization narratives from domestic opposition EU, this process can be considered relatively successful, as reflected in Fidesz’s four consecutive parliamentary election victories. Moreover, this model has exerted a demonstration effect on numerous states with populist or authoritarian tendencies.

一、中文文獻
（一）專書
洪美蘭，《經濟激進轉型策略：中東歐之經濟與啟示》，翰蘆出版社，2002年。
洪美蘭，《經濟整合策略之發展與趨勢：東、西方模式的實證比較對話》，2023年。
楊－威爾納．穆勒著，林麗雪譯，《解讀民粹主義》，時報出版，2018年。
（二）專書篇章
洪茂雄，〈論匈牙利民主化的發展〉，《問題與研究》，28卷，第7期，1989年，頁22-35。
洪茂雄，〈論匈牙利政權轉移過程－一種理性改革模式的詮釋〉，《問題與研究》，29卷，第8期，1990年，頁1-11。
羅至美，〈匈牙利的民主衰退與歐盟的治理困境: 對經濟自由主義的挑戰〉，《人文及社會科學期刊》，34卷，第4期，2022年，頁841-855。
（三）網路資料
張歌，〈中國經濟信息社發佈《共建「一帶一路」，新時代新內涵——中國—匈牙利投資合作報告》〉，中國一帶一路網，2024年5月3日。https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/p/03GGN243.html
〈匈牙利將成為全球第二大電池製造國〉，2023年9月14日，《匈牙利聯合報》。http://www.lianhenews.com/static/content/XYLXW/2023-09-14/1151899497900032000.html
德國之聲中文網，2025年7月18日，「歐盟通過第18輪對俄制裁」。https://www.dw.com/zh-hant/歐盟通過第18輪對俄制裁/a-73324419 援引日期：2025 年 9 月 13 日。
轉角國際，2024年2月2日，「終於打破『烏克蘭疲乏』的卡關？歐盟通過援烏540億美元資金。」。https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/7750507 援引日期：2025 年 9 月 12。
二、英文文獻
（一）專書
Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver, and Jaap de Wilde. Security: A new framework for analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers. (1998).
Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver, Morten Kelstrup, and Pierre Lemaitre. Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe. Pinter Publishers. (1993).
Gadó, Gábor, Zsuzsa Kerekes, and Bálint Magyar, eds. From the Rule of Law to the Law of Rule: Dismantling the Rule of Law in Hungary (2010–2024). Central European University Press. (2024).
Garton Ash, Timothy. The magic lantern: the revolution of'89 witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin and Prague. Atlantic Books Ltd. (1993).
Giurlando, Philip, and Daniel F. Wajner, eds. Populist Foreign Policy: Regional Perspectives of Populism in the International Scene (2023).
Gyarmati, György, and Tibor Valuch. Hungary Under Soviet Domination 1944-1989. Sean Lambert (trans.) Social Science Monographs, Boulder, Colorado/Atlantic Research and Publications (2009).
Henderson, Karen. Back to Europe: Central and Eastern Europe and the European Union. Routledge. (2005).
Inglehart, Ronald F., and Pippa Norris. Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2019).
Inglehart, Ronald. The silent revolution: Changing values and political styles among Western publics. Princeton University Press. (2015).
Kim, Dae Soon. The transition to democracy in Hungary: Árpád Göncz and the post-communist Hungarian presidency. Routledge (2013).
Magyar, Bálint. Post-Communist Mafia State: The Case of Hungary, CEU press (2016).
McConnell, Allen. Understanding policy success: Rethinking public policy. Red Globe Press. (2010).
Mudde, Cas. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge University Press, n.d. (2007).
Neumayer, Laure, and Georges Mink. History, Memory and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe Memory Games. Palgrave Macmillan (2013).
Ormos, Mária, and Béla K. Király. Hungary: Governments and Politics 1848-2000. Arátó Nóra (trans.) Social Science Monographs, Boulder, Colorado/Atlantic Research and Publications (2001).
Pappas, Takis S. Populism and Liberal Democracy: A Comparative and Theoretical Analysis (2019).
（二）專書篇章
Deák, András, and Csaba Weiner. “Hungary: Leveraging Political Influence.” The Russian Economic Grip on Central and Eastern Europe. London: Routledge. (2018): 136-150.
Fekete, Sándor. “On a Narrow Sphere: Hungary's Position in the Russian-Ukrainian War.” 30 Years of the Visegrad Group. Volume 3: The War in Ukraine and the Policy of the V4 Countries, ed. Ewelina Kancik-Kołtun. Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Press Lublin. (2023): 183-194.
Fowler, Brigid. “Concentrated orange: Fidesz and the remaking of the Hungarian centre-right, 1994-2002.” Centre-Right Parties in Post-Communist East-Central Europe. Routledge (2020): 80-114.
Gárdos-Orosz, Fruzsina. “Constitutional Interpretation under the New Fundamental Law of Hungary.” Populist Challenges to Constitutional Interpretation in Europe and Beyond. Routledge (2021): 143-159.
Heinrich, Hans-Georg. “From Horthy to Orbán: Neo-Authoritarianism in Hungary.” New Authoritarianism: Challenges to Democracy in the 21st century (2019): 100-128.
Ilić, Vujo. “Orbán and Vučić: From disparate beginnings to shared values.” Civic and Uncivic Values in Hungary. Routledge (2024).
Kopper, Ákos, András Szalai, and Magdalena Góra. “Populist Foreign Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: Poland, Hungary and the Shock of the Ukraine Crisis.” Populist Foreign Policy: Regional Perspectives of Populism in the International Scene. Springer International Publishing (2023): 89-116.
Kornai, János. “The great transformation of central Eastern Europe: success and disappointment.” Institutional change and economic behaviour. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. (2008): 335-373.
Kubik, Jan, and Michael Bernhard. “A Theory of the Politics of Memory.” Twenty years after communism: The politics of memory and commemoration (2014): 7-37.
Madlovics, Bálint, and Bálint Magyar. “Hungary’s Dubious Loyalty: Orbán’s Regime Strategy in the Russia-Ukraine War.” The Russia-Ukraine War 2: Russia’s Imperial Endeavor and Its Geopolitical Consequences. (2023): 233-286.
Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. “Populism and (Liberal) Democracy: A Framework for Analysis.” In Populism in Europe and the Americas, Cambridge University Press (2012): 1–26.
Müller, Patrick, and Peter Slominski. “Hungary, the EU and Russia’s War against Ukraine: The Changing Dynamics of EU Foreign Policymaking.” The War against Ukraine and the EU: Facing New Realities. Springer Nature Switzerland. (2024): 111-131.
Nikolenyi, Csaba. “The Electoral Origins of Hungarian Governments, 1990–2002.” Institutional Design and Party Government in Post-Communist Europe. Oxford University Press. (2014): 61-87.
Polyák, Gábor. “Media in Hungary: Three Pillars of an Illiberal Democracy.” Public Service Broadcasting and Media Systems in Troubled European Democracies (2019): 279-303.
Povedák, István. “One from Us, One for Us: Viktor Orbán in Vernacular Culture.” Heroes and Celebrities in Central and Eastern Europe. (2014): 153-171.
Seleny, Anna. “Revolutionary road: 1956 and the fracturing of Hungarian historical memory.” Twenty Years After Communism (2014): 37-59.
（三）期刊論文
Ágh, Attila. “Europeanization of policy-making in East Central Europe: the Hungarian approach to EU accession.” Journal of European Public Policy 6, no. 5 (1999): 839-854.
Ágh, Attila. “Hungary's EU Integration: Institution-Building in the Central Government.” Südosteuropa 56, no. 2 (2008): 222-247.
Ágh, Attila. “Post-accession crisis in the new member states: Progressing or backsliding in the EU?” Studies of Transition States and Societies 2, no. 1 (2010): 74-95.
Ágh, Attila. “The transformation of the Hungarian party system. From democratic chaos to electoral autocracy.” Südosteuropa 63, no. 2 (2015): 201-222.
Ágh, Attila. “The triple crisis in Hungary: The ‘Backsliding’ of Hungarian democracy after twenty years.” Romanian Journal of Political Sciences 13, no. 1 (2013): 25-51.
Ambrosio, Thomas. “Constructing a Framework of Authoritarian Diffusion: Concepts, Dynamics, and Future Research.” International Studies Perspectives 11, no. 4 (2010): 374-392.
Ambrosio, Thomas. “Vanquishing the Ghost of Trianon: Preventing Hungarian Irredentism Through Western Integration.” Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 3, no. 2 (2002): 39-51.
Anghel, Veronica, and Erik Jones. “What went wrong in Hungary.” Journal of Democracy 35, no. 2 (2024): 52-64.
Bajomi-Lázár, Péter. “The Party Colonisation of the Media: The Case of Hungary.” East European Politics and Societies 27, no. 1 (2013): 69-89.
Balogh, Péter. “Clashing Geopolitical Self-Images? The Strange Co-existence of Christian Bulwark and Eurasianism (Turanism) in Hungary.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 63, no. 6 (2022): 726-752.
Balzacq, Thierry, Sarah Léonard, and Jan Ruzicka. “‘Securitization’ revisited: Theory and cases.” International Relations 30, no. 4 (2016): 494-531.
Balzacq, Thierry. “The three faces of securitization: Political agency, audience and context.” European Journal of International Relations 11, no. 2 (2005): 171-201.
Baranyai, Artúr, Attila Gyulai, and Zsófia Papp. “Hungary: Political Developments and Data in 2024: From Scandal to Shake-Up: The Rise of a New Opposition and the Re-Opening of the Political Competition.” European Journal of Political Research Political Data Yearbook (2025): 1-17.
Baranyı, Tamás Péter. “Hungary’s Role in the Organization of Turkic States as an Observer State: Limitations and Opportunities.” PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 27, no. 1 (2022): 121-136.
Batory, Agnes. “Attitudes to Europe: Ideology, strategy and the issue of European Union membership in Hungarian party politics.” Party Politics 8, no. 5 (2002): 525-539.
Benczes, István. “From Goulash Communism to Goulash Populism: The Unwanted Legacy of Hungarian Reform Socialism.” Post-Communist Economies 28, no. 2 (2016): 146-166.
Benziger, Karl P. “The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 at Sixty Years, Liberal Reform, and the Search for a Useable Past.” Corvinus Journal of International Affairs 1, no. 3 (2016): 68-77.
Bermeo, Nancy. “On Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy 27, no. 1 (2016): 5-19.
Bíró-Nagy, András. “Orbán’s Political Jackpot: Migration and the Hungarian Electorate.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48, no. 2 (2022): 405-424.
Bocskor, Ákos. “Anti-Immigration Discourses in Hungary during the ‘Crisis’ Year: The Orbán Government’s ‘National Consultation’ Campaign of 2015.” Sociology 52, no. 3 (2018): 551-568.
Bonikowski, Bart. “Ethno-Nationalist Populism and the Mobilization of Collective Resentment.” The British Journal of Sociology 68, no. S1 (2017): S181-S213.
Bozóki, András, and Dániel Hegedűs. “An Externally Constrained Hybrid Regime: Hungary in the European Union.” Democratization 25, no. 7 (2018): 1173-1189.
Bozóki, András. “The ideology of modernization and the policy of materialism: the day after for the socialists.” The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 13, no. 3 (1997): 56-102.
Bugaric, Bojan. “The Two Faces of Populism: Between Authoritarian and Democratic Populism.” German Law Journal 20, no. 3 (2019): 390-400.
Buzogány, Aron, and Mihai Varga. “The Ideational Foundations of the Illiberal Backlash in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Hungary.” Review of International Political Economy 25, no. 6 (2018): 811-828.
Buzogány, Aron. “Illiberal democracy in Hungary: authoritarian diffusion or domestic causation?” Democratization 24, no. 7 (2017): 1307-1325.
Canveren, Önder, and Fulya Akgül Durakçay. “The Analysis of the Hungarian Government’s Discourse towards the Migrant Crisis: A Combination of Securitization and Euroscepticism.” Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 24, no. 3 (2017): 857-876.
Ciobanu, Monica. “Communist Regimes, Legitimacy and the Transition to Democracy in Eastern Europe.” Nationalities Papers 38, no. 1 (2010): 3-21.
Csipke, Zoltán. “The Changing Significance of the 1956 Revolution in Post-Communist Hungary.” Europe-Asia Studies 63, no. 1 (2011): 99-128.
Dudlák, Tamás. “Peace at All Costs: Polyphonic Political Discourse of Hungary in the Russian-Ukrainian War.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs (2025): 1-34.
Egedy, Tamás. “The effects of global economic crisis in Hungary.” Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 61, no. 2 (2012): 155-173.
Enyedi, Zsolt. “Right-Wing Authoritarian Innovations in Central and Eastern Europe.” East European Politics 36, no. 3 (2020): 363-377
Erdős, Csaba, and Fanni Tanács-Mandák. “The Hungarian Constitutional Court’s Practice on Restrictions of Fundamental Rights during the Special Legal Order (2020–2023).” European Politics and Society 25, no. 3 (2024): 556-573.
Farkas, Z. Andrew, Norbert Pap, and Péter Reményi. “Hungary’s Place on Eurasian Rail Land Bridges and the Eastern Opening.” Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65, no. 1 (2016): 3-14.
Fazekas, Mihály, and István János Tóth. “From Corruption to State Capture: A New Analytical Framework with Empirical Applications from Hungary.” Political Research Quarterly 69, no. 2 (2016): 320-334.
Frantz, Erica, Andrea Kendall-Taylor, Carisa Nietsche, and Joseph Wright. “How Personalist Politics Is Changing Democracies.” Journal of Democracy 32, no. 3 (2021): 94-108.
Glied, Viktor. “The Populist Phenomena and the Reasons for Their Success in Hungary.” Politics in Central Europe 16, no. s1 (2020): 23-45.
Greskovits, Béla. “Rebuilding the Hungarian right through conquering civil society: The Civic Circles Movement.” East European Politics 36, no. 2 (2020): 247-266.
Griffen, Scott. “Hungary: A Lesson in Media Control.” British Journalism Review 31, no. 1 (2020): 57-62.
Guasti, Petra, and Lenka Bustikova. “Varieties of Illiberal Backlash in Central Europe.” Problems of Post-Communism 70, no. 2 (2023): 130-142.
Gulyás, Tibor, László Palkovics, and Csaba Gondola. “Analysis of Potential Energy Transition Schemes in Hungary: From Natural Gas to Electricity.” Chemical Engineering Transactions 114 (2024): 871-876.
Guriev, Sergei, and Daniel Treisman. “A Theory of Informational Autocracy.” Journal of Public Economics 186 (2020).
Hall, Stephen G. F., and Thomas Ambrosio. “Authoritarian Learning: A Conceptual Overview.” East European Politics 33, no. 2 (2017): 143-161.
Halmai, Gábor. “The reform of constitutional law in Hungary after the transition.” Legal Studies 18, no. 2 (1998): 188-196.
Han, Saerom.“Securitization of the unemployed and counter-conductive resistance in Tunisia.”Security Dialogue 52, no. 2 (2021): 156-173.
Haughton, Tim, Kevin Deegan-Krause, Tim Bale, Radoslaw Markowski, and Seán Hanley. “Going in Different Directions? The 2023 Elections in Poland and Slovakia and Their Aftermath.” Journal of Common Market Studies 62, no. 1 (2024): 186-200.
Hettyey, András. “The Europeanization of Hungarian Foreign Policy and the Hungarization of European Foreign Policy, 2010–18.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 29, no. 1 (2021): 125-138.
Hloušek, Vít. “Two Types of Presidentialization in the Party Politics of Central Eastern Europe.” Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana Di Scienza Politica 45, no. 3 (2015): 277-299.
Holesch, Adam, and Anna Kyriazi. “Democratic Backsliding in the European Union: The Role of the Hungarian-Polish Coalition.” East European Politics 38, no. 1 (2022): 1-20.
Huysmans, Jef. “The European Union and the securitization of migration.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 38, no. 5 (2000): 751-777.
Kalmar, Ivan. “Islamophobia and Anti-Antisemitism: The Case of Hungary and the ‘Soros Plot.’” Patterns of Prejudice 54, no. 1-2 (2020): 182-198.
Karyotis, Georgios, Ian Paterson and Andrew Judge. “Understanding securitization success: A new analytical framework.” International Studies Review 27, no. 1 (2025)
Kelemen, Katalin. “The New Hungarian Constitution: Legal Critiques from Europe.” Review of Central and East European Law 42, no. 1 (2017): 1-49.
Kelemen, R. Daniel. “The European Union’s Authoritarian Equilibrium.” Journal of European Public Policy 27, no. 3 (2020): 481-499.
Kelemen, R. Daniel. “The European Union’s Failure to Address the Autocracy Crisis: MacGyver, Rube Goldberg, and Europe’s Unused Tools.” Journal of European Integration 45, no. 2 (2023): 223-238.
Kelemen, R. Daniel. “Will the European Union Escape Its Autocracy Trap?” Journal of European Public Policy 32, no. 2 (2025): 341-364.
Kiss, Eszter. “‘The Hungarians Have Decided: They Do Not Want Illegal Migrants’ Media Representation of the Hungarian Governmental Anti-Immigration Campaign.” Acta Humana – Emberi Jogi Közlemények 4, no. 6 (2016): 45-77.
Kovarek, Daniel, and Levente Littvay. “Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: Opposition Comeback in the 2019 Hungarian Local Elections.” East European Politics 38, no. 3 (2022): 382-399.
Kovarek, Daniel. “Elite Defection and Opposition Realignment in Hungary: Respect and Freedom Party (TISZA) in the 2024 European Parliamentary Elections.” East European Politics (2025): 263-276.
Krekó, Péter, and Zsolt Enyedi. “Explaining Eastern Europe: Orbán’s Laboratory of Illiberalism.” Journal of Democracy 29, no. 3 (2018): 39-51.
Krekó, Péter. “‘The Stolen Transition’-Conspiracy Theories in Post-Communist and Post-Democratic Hungary.” Social Psychological Bulletin 14, no. 4 (2019): 1-13.
Krekó, Péter. “The Birth of an Illiberal Informational Autocracy in Europe: A Case Study on Hungary.” The Journal of Illiberalism Studies 2, no. 1 (2022): 55-72.
Kubas, Sebastian. “Illiberal democracy in the comparative analysis of Hungary and Poland.” Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego 2 (2022): 253-267.
Ladner, Andreas, Nicolas Keuffer, and Alexander Bastianen. “Local Autonomy around the World: The Updated and Extended Local Autonomy Index (LAI 2.0).” Regional & Federal Studies 35, no. 2 (2025): 163-185.
Lamour, Christian. “Orbán placed in Europe: Ukraine, Russia and the radical-right populist heartland.” Geopolitics 28, no. 5 (2023): 1297-1323.
Low, Alfred D. “The Soviet Hungarian Republic and the Paris Peace Conference.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 53, no. 10 (1963): 1-91.
Mécs, János. “Courts and Populist Electoral Politics–The Case of Hungary.” Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 16, no. 2 (2024): 263-288.
Mos, Martijn. “Ambiguity and Interpretive Politics in the Crisis of European Values: Evidence from Hungary.” East European Politics 36, no. 2 (2020): 267-287.
Mudde, Cas. “The populist zeitgeist.” Government and Opposition 39, no. 4 (2004): 541-563.
Müller, Patrick, and David Gazsi. “Populist Capture of Foreign Policy Institutions: The Orbán Government and the De‐Europeanization of Hungarian Foreign Policy.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 61, no. 2 (2023): 307-415.
Nicolaïdis, Kalypso, and Juri Viehoff. “The choice for sustainable solidarity in Post-Crisis Europe.” Solidarity: For Sale? The Social Dimension of the New European Economic Governance. Europe in Dialogue 23 (2012): 73-94.
Osička, Jan, and Filip Černoch. “European Energy Politics after Ukraine: The Road Ahead.” Energy Research & Social Science 91 (2022): 1-6.
Paar-Jakli, Gabriella, and Anthony D. Molina. “Democracy, Authoritarianism, and Political Corruption: Elite Cartel Corruption in Hungary and Italy.” Public Integrity 26, no. 5 (2024): 520-538.
Pascale, Celine-Marie. “The Weaponization of Language: Discourses of Rising Right-wing Authoritarianism.” Current Sociology 67, no. 6 (2019): 898-917.
Patterson, Molly, and Kristen Renwick Monroe. “Narrative in political science.” Annual Review of Political Science 1, no. 1 (1998): 315-331.
Pirro, Andrea L. P., and Ben Stanley. “Forging, Bending, and Breaking: Enacting the ‘Illiberal Playbook’ in Hungary and Poland.” Perspectives on Politics 20, no. 1 (2022): 86-101.
Pirro, Andrea L. P., and Donatella Della Porta. “On Corruption and State Capture: The Struggle of Anti-Corruption Activism in Hungary.” Europe-Asia Studies 73, no. 3 (2021): 433-450.
Pirro, Andrea L. P., and Paul Taggart. “Populists in Power and Conspiracy Theories.” Party Politics 29, no. 3 (2023): 413-423.
Plenta, Peter. “Conspiracy Theories as a Political Instrument: Utilization of Anti-Soros Narratives in Central Europe.” Contemporary Politics 26, no. 5 (2020): 512-530.
Rétfalvi, Györgyi. “Viktor Orbán’s Missing Affinity towards Alternative Media on Facebook.” Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne 2 (2022): 83-100.
Rydliński, Bartosz. “Viktor Orbán–first among illiberals? Hungarian and Polish steps towards populist democracy.” Online Journal Modelling the New Europe 26 (2018): 95-107.
Schmidt, Andrea, and Viktor Glied. “Pragmatic Foreign Policy of Hungary in the Shadow of the Russian-Ukrainian War.” Eastern Journal of European Studies 15, no. 2 (2024): 247-267.
Schmidt, Andrea. “Friends Forever? The Role of the Visegrad Group and European Integration.” Politics in Central Europe 12, no. 3 (2016): 113-140.
Solska, Magdalena. “Democratic Erosion? One Dominant Party and Ineffective Opposition.” Journal of Common Market Studies 58, no. S1 (2020): 105-120.
Sonnevend, Julia, and Veronika Kövesdi. “More Than Just a Strongman: The Strategic Construction of Viktor Orbán’s Charismatic Authority on Facebook.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 29, no. 4 (2024): 891-918.
Szabó, Máté. “From a Suppressed anti-Communist dissident movement to a Governing party: the transformations of Fidesz in hungary.” Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 2, no. 2 (2011): 47-66.
Szebeni, Zea, and Virpi Salojärvi. “‘Authentically’ Maintaining Populism in Hungary: Visual Analysis of Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s Instagram.” Mass Communication and Society 25, no. 6 (2022): 812-837.
Szilágyi, Anna, and András Bozóki. “Playing it again in post-communism: The revolutionary rhetoric of Viktor Orbán in Hungary.” Advances in the History of Rhetoric 18, sup1 (2015): S153-S166.
Tamás, Rudolf, Metz, and Réka Várnagy. “‘Mass,’ ‘Movement,’ ‘Personal,’ or ‘Cartel’ Party? Fidesz’s Hybrid Organisational Strategy.” Politics and Governance 9, no. 4 (2021): 317-328.
Tökés, Rudolf. “Political Transition and Social Transformation in Hungary.” Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, no. 32 (1996): 79-101.
Toomey, Michael. “History, Nationalism and Democracy: Myth and Narrative in Viktor Orbán’s ‘Illiberal Hungary’.” New Perspectives 26, no. 1 (2018): 87-108.
Végh, Zsuzsanna. “From Pro-European Alliance to Eurosceptic Protest Group? The Case of the Visegrad Group.” European Policy Analysis 2018, no. 7 (2018): 1-12.
Végh, Zsuzsanna. “Hungary’s ‘Eastern Opening’ Policy toward Russia: Ties That Bind?” International Issues & Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs 24, no. 1-2 (2015): 47-65.
Vincze, Attila, and Marton Varju. “Hungary: The New Fundamental Law.” European Public Law 18, no. 3 (2012): 437-453.
Visegrády, Antal. “Transition to democracy in central and eastern Europe: Experiences of a model country-Hungary.” William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 1, no. 1 (1992): 245-266.
Visnovitz, Péter, and Erin Kristin Jenne. “Populist Argumentation in Foreign Policy: The Case of Hungary under Viktor Orbán, 2010–2020.” Comparative European Politics 19, no. 6 (2021): 683-702.
Wajner, Daniel F. “The populist way out: Why contemporary populist leaders seek transnational legitimation.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 24, no. 3 (2022): 416-436.
Wiesehomeier, Nina, Nils Düpont, and Saskia P. Ruth-Lovell. “Xs We Share: Context Similarity, Culture, and the Diffusion of Populism.” American Journal of Political Science (2024): 1-16.
（四）網路資料
About Hungary. June 20, 2020. “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s commemoration speech.” https://abouthungary.hu/speeches-and-remarks/primeminister-viktor-orbans-commemoration-speech-trianon (Accessed on Jan. 11, 2025).
About Hungary. May 22, 2025. “Speech by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán at an Informal Summit of the Organization of Turkic States.” https://abouthungary.hu/speeches-and-remarks/speech-by-prime-minister-viktor-orban-at-an-informal-summit-of-the-organization-of-turkic-states (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
About Hungary. Sep. 28, 2021. “FM Péter Szijjártó: New long-term gas purchasing agreement signed with Gazprom.” https://abouthungary.hu/news-in-brief/fm-peter-szijjarto-new-long-term-gas-purchasing-agreement-signed-with-gazprom (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Act LV of 1993 on Hungarian Citizenship. “Acquiring Hungarian Citizenship: Naturalization.” https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/1993/en/122921.
Afanasiev, Vladimir. Jun. 24, 2025. “Hungary and Slovakia to Oppose EU Measures Targeting Russian Energy.” Upstream. https://www.upstreamonline.com/politics/hungary-and-slovakia-to-oppose-eu-measures-targeting-russian-energy/2-1-1836960 (Accessed on Sep. 13, 2025).
Aljazeera. Mar. 7, 2022.“Orban Allows Deployment of NATO Troops in Western Hungary.” https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/7/pm-orban-allows-deployment-of-nato-troops-in-western-hungary (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Aris, Ben. Apr. 28, 2025. “Hungary and Slovakia Warn EU against Scrapping Unanimity Rule over Ukraine Membership Bid.” bne Intellinews. https://www.intellinews.com/hungary-and-slovakia-warn-eu-against-scrapping-unanimity-rule-over-ukraine-membership-bid-378494/ (Accessed on Sep. 14, 2025).
Atlatszo. Nov. 30, 2024. “It’s a love story – how Serbia and Hungary found each other and never let go.” https://english.atlatszo.hu/2024/11/30/its-a-love-story-how-serbia-and-hungary-found-each-other-and-never-let-go/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Balogh, Péter. “Returning to Eurasia from the Heart of Europe? Geographical Metanarratives in Hungary and Beyond.” Beyond Transition?: Memory and Identity Narratives in Eastern and Central Europe, Lund, Sweden. (2013): 191-208.
BBC news. Sep, 19, 2006. “Excerpts: Hungarian ‘lies’ speech.” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5359546.stm (Accessed on Apr. 11, 2025).
BBC. June 14, 2020. “Polish election: Andrzej Duda says LGBT ‘ideology’ worse than communism.” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53039864 (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Beck, Robert. Mar. 27, 2025. “Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico at the Center of Political Storm.” Foreign Policy Research Institute. https://www.fpri.org/article/2025/03/slovak-prime-minister-robert-fico-at-the-center-of-political-storm/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Bidochko, Lesia. Jan. 25, 2024. “Fico and Orbán’s Anti-Ukrainian Consensus: How Statements from Ukraine’s Neighbors Align with Russian Propaganda.” Дм dètector media. https://en.detector.media/post/fico-and-orbans-anti-ukrainian-consensus-how-statements-from-ukraines-neighbors-align-with-russian-propaganda?fbclid=IwAR3ReZ8DI6BEqP07UtXaRy5l94QLYR1lwU53G6j_mt_8-M41nVt8j-J-NJc (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Bíró-Nagy, András. Dissatisfied Voters in Hungary. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. (2019).
Bíró-Nagy, András. Hungarian Politics in 2019. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and Policy Solutions. (2020).
Bíró-Nagy, András. Hungarian Politics in 2022. Policy Solutions. (2023).
Bíró-Nagy, András. Hungarian Politics in 2024. Policy Solutions. (2025).
Bloomberg Television. “Ukraine Can't Win War Against Russia: Hungary's Orban.” YouTube video. May 23, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8JI-eYQylg&t=257s (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Bojár, Gábor. May, 2019. Encompass. “Comment My Europe” https://encompass-europe.com/comment/my-europe (Accessed on Apr. 10, 2025).
Borodziej, Nora. Feb. 16, 2017. “1956 Reloaded: The Sixtieth Anniversary Celebrations of the Hungarian Revolution.” Cultures of History Forum. https://www.cultures-of-history.uni-jena.de/politics/1956-reloaded-the-sixtieth-anniversary-celebrations-of-the-hungarian-revolution (Accessed on Jan. 9, 2025).
Boros, Tamás, and Gergely Laki. “The Hungarian Fear.” Policy Solutions (2018).
Boros, Tamas. “The Hungarian ‘STOP Soros’ Act.” Why Does the Government Fight Human Rights Organizations (2018).
Bozsó, Ágnes, and Zoltán Kovács. April 22, 2021. “Hungary to Build Budapest Campus of Chinese University with Chinese Loan.” Euractiv. https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/hungary-to-build-budapest-campus-of-chinese-university-with-chinese-loan (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Brînză, Andreea. April 28, 2020. “China and the Budapest-Belgrade Railway Saga.” The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/china-and-the-budapest-belgrade-railway-saga/ (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Brussels. 2001 regular report on Hungary’s progress towards accession. Commission of the European Committee. (2001).
Burke, Jason, and Lili Bayer. May 15, 2024. “‘He is borrowing from Trump’: the rise of Robert Fico, Slovakia’s populist leader.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/15/robert-fico-rise-of-slovakia-populist-leader? (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
BYD. Oct. 12, 2016. “BYD Commits €20m to Bus Assembly Plant in Hungary.” https://www.bydeurope.com/article/225 (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister. Mar. 28, 2022. “Interview with Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the Hír Televízió Programme ‘Daily Update Extra.’” https://2015-2022.miniszterelnok.hu/interview-with-prime-minister-viktor-orban-on-the-hir-televizio-programme-daily-update-extra/ (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister. May 20, 2025. “Statement by Viktor Orbán Following His Meeting with Ilham Aliyev, President of the Republic of Azerbaijan.” https://miniszterelnok.hu/en/statement-by-viktor-orban-following-his-meeting-with-ilham-aliyev-president-of-the-republic-of-azerbaijan/ (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister. Nov. 11, 2022. “Hungary Looks upon Organization of Turkic States as a Peace Forum.” https://2015-2022.miniszterelnok.hu/hungary-looks-upon-organization-of-turkic-states-as-a-peace-forum/ (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Camut, Nicolas. Sep. 15, 2023. “Is Poland’s election fair? Pro-government media bias casts a shadow over vote.” Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/poland-election-fair-pro-government-media-bias-tvp-telewizja-polska-cast-shadow-vote/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Caselli, Francesco. “Why Is Hungary So Close to Russia?” Spykman Center. https://www.spykmancenter.org/why-is-hungary-so-close-to-russia (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
CEIAS. April 2, 2025. “Navigating Uncertainty: Central European Public Opinion on Geopolitics in 2025.” https://ceias.eu/central-europe-geopolitics-public-opinion-2025/ (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom. “Slovakia.” https://cmpf.eui.eu/country/slovakia/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
CGTN. Oct. 20, 2022. “Hungary's campaign ‘inappropriate’ for comparing EU's Russia sanctions with bombs.” https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2022-10-20/Hungary-inappropriate-for-comparing-EU-s-Russia-sanctions-with-bombs-1ehWzaK2S4w/index.html (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Chin, John, and Mirren Hibbert. “Hungary and the Future of Europe.” The Loop. https://theloop.ecpr.eu/hungary-and-the-future-of-europe/ (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Chryssogelos, Angelos. “Is There a Populist Foreign Policy.” Chatham House 3 (2021).
CNN. “‘You don’t belong here’ In Poland’s ‘LGBT-free zones,’ existing is an act of defiance.” https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2020/10/world/lgbt-free-poland-intl-scli-cnnphotos/
Croucher, Shane. Aug. 22, 2025. “‘Angry’ Trump Sends Orban Handwritten Note Over Ukraine Oil Pipeline Attack.” Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/orban-trump-note-ukraine-russia-oil-pipeline-attack-2117627 (Accessed on Sep. 13, 2025).
Csaky, Zselyke. Feb. 27, 2025. “Freezing EU Funds: An Effective Tool to Enforce the Rule of Law?” Centre for European Reform. https://www.cer.eu/insights/freezing-eu-funds-effective-tool-enforce-rule-law (Accessed on Sep. 13, 2025)
Cseke, Balázs, trans. Andrea Horváth Kávai. April 15, 2025. “A Person Is Either Male or Female, Drugs and Pride Are Banned – Hungarian Parliament Adopts 15th Constitutional Amendment.” https://telex.hu/english/2025/04/15/a-person-is-either-male-or-female-drugs-and-pride-are-banned-hungarian-parliament-adopts-15th-constitutional-amendment (Accessed on July 8, 2025).
Dizikes, Peter. June, 16, 2022. “How the debt crisis of 2008-09 fueled populist politics.” Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://news.mit.edu/2022/hungary-debt-crisis-populist-0616 (Accessed on Apr. 11, 2025).
DW news. “Hungary's Peter Magyar, main rival to Viktor Orban, speaks exclusively to DW News. DW Interview.” Mar. 21, 2025. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7U82MzYZgA (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
DW. Oct, 23, 2006. “Protests Turn Violent” https://www.dw.com/en/riots-mar-50th-anniversary-of-hungarys-anti-soviet-revolt/a-2213000 (Accessed on Apr. 11, 2025).
Election Guide. Dec, 5, 2004. Hungary referendum results. https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/34/ (Accessed on Apr. 11, 2025).
Esteso Pérez, Alejandro. Jan. 23, 2025. “The strengthening of the illiberal front in the Western Balkans.” IDEES. https://revistaidees.cat/en/el-reforcament-del-front-illiberal-als-balcans-occidentals/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
EU referendum 2003. April, 2003. “Legal result of the referendum on 12 April 2003 Nationwide aggregation in detail” https://static.valasztas.hu/nepszav03/outroot/en/10_0.html (Accessed on Apr. 10, 2025).
Euractiv. Mar. 18, 2025. “Hungary’s Use of Facial Recognition Likely Violates EU AI Act.” https://www.euractiv.com/section/tech/news/hungarys-use-of-facial-recognition-violates-eu-ai-act/ (Accessed on July 8, 2025).
EUR-Lex. Accession Criteria (Copenhagen Criteria). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/glossary/accession-criteria-copenhagen-criteria.html (Accessed on Sep. 25, 2025)
EUR-Lex. Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union - TITLE I COMMON PROVISIONS - Article 2. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/teu_2012/art_2/oj/eng (Accessed on Sep. 13, 2025)
EUR-Lex. Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union - TITLE I COMMON PROVISIONS - Article 7 (ex Article 7 TEU). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/teu_2012/art_7/oj/eng - document1 (Accessed on Sep. 14, 2025).
Euronews. Aug. 1, 2025. “Hungarian police questions Budapest mayor over role in banned LGBTQ+ Pride march.” https://www.euronews.com/2025/08/01/hungarian-police-questions-budapest-mayor-over-role-in-banned-lgbtq-pride-march (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission). Hungary: Act LXXIX of 2021 on Taking More Severe Action against Paedophile Offenders and Amending Certain Acts for the Protection of Children. (2021). https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-REF(2021)088-e
European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission). Hungary: Opinion on the Constitutional Amendments Adopted by the Hungarian Parliament in December 2020. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. (July 2, 2021). https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD%282021%29029-e&utm (Accessed on Sep. 23, 2025).
European Commission. “Interreg V-A - Slovakia-Hungary.” https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/in-your-country/programmes/2014-2020/sk/2014tc16rfcb015_en (Accessed on Sep. 14, 2025).
European Commission. Dec. 13, 2023. “Commission Considers That Hungary's Judicial Reform Addressed Deficiencies in Judicial Independence, but Maintains Measures.” https://employment-social-affairs.ec.europa.eu/news/commission-considers-hungarys-judicial-reform-addressed-deficiencies-judicial-independence-maintains-2023-12-13_en (Accessed on Sep. 14, 2025).
European Commission. Jun. 17, 2025. “REPowerEU Affordable, secure and sustainable energy for Europe.” https://commission.europa.eu/topics/energy/repowereu_en (Accessed on Sep. 13, 2025).
European Council. “Timeline - Article 7: the story so far.” https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/article-7-procedures/timeline-the-story-of-article-7/ (Accessed on Sep. 13, 2025).
European Parliament. Apr. 24, 2024. Ongoing Hearings under Article 7(1) TEU Regarding Hungary to Strengthen the Rule of Law and Its Budgetary Implications. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2024-0367_EN.pdf (Accessed on Sep. 23, 2025).
European Parliament. European Election 2024 – Hungary. https://results.elections.europa.eu/en/national-results/hungary/2019-2024/constitutive-session/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
European Parliament. European Parliament 2024 – 2029 Constitutive session. https://results.elections.europa.eu/en/hungary/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
European Parliament. Hungary 2004-2009. https://results.elections.europa.eu/en/national-results/hungary/2004-2009/constitutive-session/ (Accessed on Apr. 11, 2025).
European People’s Party. Mar. 20, 2019. “FIDESZ membership suspended after EPP Political Assembly.” https://www.epp.eu/press-releases/fidesz-membership-suspended-after-epp-political-assembly/ (Accessed on Sep. 27, 2025).
EUToday Correspondents. Feb. 22, 2025. “Hungarian Judges Rally to Defend Judicial Independence.” https://eutoday.net/hungarian-judges-rally-to-defend-judicial-independence/ (Accessed on July 8, 2025).
Farkas, Erika. April, 29. “Hungary’s 14th Constitutional Amendment: Cementing the Incremental Political Takeover of Judicial Power.” Constitutionnet. https://constitutionnet.org/news/voices/hungarys-14th-constitutional-amendment-cementing-incremental-political-takeover-judicial-power (Accessed on July 8, 2025).
Felber, Márton, and Republikon Institute. Aug. 10, 2022. “20 Years in Making: Media Market and Policy in Hungary between 2002–2022.” Liberty.EU. https://4liberty.eu/20-years-in-making-media-market-and-policy-in-hungary-between-2002-2022/? (Accessed on July 10, 2025).
Feledy, Botond. “Hungarian Foreign Policy and the Crisis in Ukraine.” Diverging Voices, Converging Policies: The Visegrad States’ Reactions to the Russia-Ukraine Conflict (2015).
Fidesz. Aug. 22, 2025. From PM Viktor Orban. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1350322856454259&set=a.438430827643471 (Accessed on Sep. 13, 2025).
Fleck, Zoltán, Nora Chronowski, and Petra Bard. “The crisis of the rule of law, democracy and fundamental rights in Hungary.” Eötvös Loránd Research Network (2022).
Francis, Ellen. July 18, 2025. “E.U. Hits Russia with New Round of Sanctions Targeting Energy.” The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/07/18/eu-russia-sanctions-18th-round-energy-banking/ (Accessed on Sep. 13, 2025).
Galavits, Patrik, and András Szabó. Mar. 25, 2025. “Inside the rise of Viktor Orbán’s unexpected challenger.” Direkt36. https://www.direkt36.hu/en/igy-valt-ki-a-fideszes-vilagbol-magyar-peter/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Gerald. Oct. 7, 2016. “Orban’s Great Speech – A Must Read for Every European – 15 March 2016.” Rumeli Observer. https://www.esiweb.org/rumeliobserver/2016/10/07/orbans-great-speech-a-must-read-for-every-european-15-march-2016/ (Accessed on July 10, 2025).
Gerner, Kristia. “Between the Holocaust and Trianon—Historical Culture in Hungary.” How the Holocaust Looks Now: International Perspectives. (2006).
Gizińska, Ilona, and Andrzej Sadecki. May 10, 2024. “The ‘Rise up, Hungarians’ Movement: A New Challenge to Fidesz’s Domination.” OSW. https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2024-05-10/rise-hungarians-movement-a-new-challenge-to-fideszs-domination (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Gizińska, Ilona, and Paulina Uznańska. “China’s European Bridgehead: Hungary’s Dangerous Relationship with Beijing.” OSW Commentary (2024).
Gizińska, Ilona. Jun, 5, 2025. “The year of Péter Magyar: great expectations, great challenges.” OSW. https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2025-06-05/year-peter-magyar-great-expectations-great-challenges (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Gorni, Sándor Adám. Feb. 27, 2023. “Elections in Hungary: ‘Free and Fair’ Is Much More than Election Day.” Electoral Integrity Project. https://www.electoralintegrityproject.com/eip-blog/2023/2/23/elections-in-hungary-free-and-fair-is-much-more-than-election-day (Accessed on July 8, 2025).
Greven, Thomas. “The rise of right-wing populism in Europe and the United States.” A Comparative Perspective. Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Washington DC Office (2016).
Gruber, Anna. Analyzing Hungary’s Asylum Law Amendments of 2015/2016: A Human Rights Perspective. MA thesis. Universiteit Leiden (May 24, 2024). https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3764426/view
Gulyás, Ádám. Feb. 11, 2025. “Corruption Is an Integral Part of the System in Hungary, Transparency International Says” trans. Andrea Horváth Kávai. Telex. https://telex.hu/english/2025/02/11/corruption-is-an-integral-part-of-the-system-in-hungary-transparency-international-says (Accessed on Sep. 14, 2025).
Herpai, Gergely. May 23, 2020. “The ‘Four Yeses’ Referendum and the Election of Árpád Göncz.” Budapest Business Journal. https://bbj.hu/budapest/culture/history/the-four-yeses-referendum-and-the-election-of-arpad-goencz/ (Accessed on Apr. 10, 2025).
Hien, Melanie. Jun. 23, 2021. “The Hungarian Government Takes Further Steps Against NGOs.” ZOiS. https://www.zois-berlin.de/en/publications/the-hungarian-government-takes-further-steps-against-ngos (Accessed on July 10, 2025).
HIPA. May 15, 2025. “BYD to Set Up European Headquarters and R&D Base in Hungary.” https://hipa.hu/news/BYD-Hungary-European-Headquarters-R+D-center/ (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Horváth Kávai, Andrea. July 26, 2025. “The Elections Will Be a Referendum on Viktor Orbán's Corrupt Rule and on EU and NATO Membership – Péter Magyar.” Telex. https://telex.hu/english/2025/07/26/the-elections-will-be-a-referendum-on-viktor-orbans-corrupt-rule-and-on-eu-and-nato-membership-peter-magyar (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Hungary today. Feb. 2, 2022. “‘Relative Majority’ of Hungarians Have Positive View of Putin, says Survey.” https://hungarytoday.hu/hungarians-opinion-putin-nezopont-popularity-survey/ (Accessed on Sep. 10, 2025).
Hungary. (2025). The Fundamental Law of Hungary. Article 24. https://njt.hu/jogszabaly/en/2011-4301-02-00
Hungary. (2025). The Fundamental Law of Hungary. National Avowal. https://njt.hu/jogszabaly/en/2011-4301-02-00.
Hungary. Act CCIII of 2011 on the Election of the Members of the National Assembly. (2011). https://njt.hu/jogszabaly/en/2011-203-00-00
Hungary. Act CXCIX of 2011 on Public Service Officials. § 63(e). https://njt.hu/jogszabaly/2011-199-00-00
Hungary. The Fifteenth Amendment to the Fundamental Law of Hungary, Bill T/11152. Adopted by the Parliament of Hungary. (Apr. 14, 2025). https://helsinki.hu/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/04/Bill_11152_adopted_EN_unofficial_translation.pdf
IFES. “Hungarian Referendum 2022.” https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3871/ (Accessed on Aug. 6, 2025).
Inotai, Edit. Apr. 22, 2020. “Budapest to Belgrade: All Aboard the Secret Express.” Balkan Insight. https://balkaninsight.com/2020/04/22/budapest-to-belgrade-all-aboard-the-secret-express/ (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
International Press Institute. May 16, 2025. “Hungary: Foreign Funding Bill Poses Most Serious Threat to Independent Media in Years.” International Press Institute. https://ipi.media/hungary-foreign-funding-bill-poses-most-serious-threat-to-independent-media-in-years/ (Accessed on July 10, 2025).
International Press Institute. May 5, 2024. “The Rise of KESMA: How Orbán’s Allies Bought Up Hungary’s Media.” https://ipi.media/the-rise-of-kesma-how-orbans-allies-bought-up-hungarys-media/ (Accessed on July 8, 2025).
Ipsos. April 2025. Global Attitudes to the War in Ukraine: A 29-Country Global Advisor Survey. https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2025-05/global-attitudes-to-the-war-in-ukraine-april-2025-ipsos.pdf
Ipsos. Dec. 2024. What worries the world? https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2025-01/what-worries-the-world-december-2024.pdf
Ivanov, Helena, and Marlene Laruelle. “Why Still Pro-Russia? Making Sense of Hungary’s and Serbia’s Russia Stance.” Henry Jackson Society (2022).
Jóźwiak, Veronika. Jun. 3, 2020. “Memory and Politics: The Importance of the Treaty of Trianon for Hungary.” PISM. https://pism.pl/publications/Memory_and_Politics__The_Importance_of_the_Treaty_of_Trianon_for_Hungary (Accessed on Jan., 6, 2025).
Juhász, Attila, Bulcsú Hunyadi, and Edit Zgut. Focus on Hungary: Refugees, Asylum and Migration. Prague: Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung (2015).
Kemp, Simon. Feb. 23, 2024. “Digital 2024: Hungary.” Datareportal. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-hungary (Accessed on July 10, 2025).
Kirst, Niels. 2023. “Hungarian Blackmail and Ukrainian Accession Talks – The 2023 December European Council Summit.” Brexit Institute. https://dcubrexitinstitute.eu/2023/12/hungarian-blackmail-and-ukrainian-accession-talks-the-2023-december-european-council-summit/ (Accessed on Sep. 14, 2025).
Kiszelly, Zoltán. May 5, 2025. “Hungary’s Realpolitik on Russia.” GIS. https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/hungary-russia/ (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Koenen, Krisztina. Mar. 31, 2025. “Peter Magyar’s rise is reshaping Hungary’s political landscape.” GIS. https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/hungary-magyar/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Komuves, Anita, and Krisztina Than. Jan. 9, 2025 “Viktor Orban's Challenger Sees Strong EU, NATO Ties, ‘Pragmatic’ Approach to Russia.” Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/viktor-orbans-challenger-sees-strong-eu-nato-ties-pragmatic-approach-russia-2025-01-09/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Köő, Artúr. Dec. 5, 2024. “A Referendum from the Dark Pages of Hungarian History — Twenty Years Since the Betrayal of the Nation.” Hungarian Conservative. ‎https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/culture_society/referendum-dual-citizenship-20-years-anniversary-national-betrayal-hungarians-beyond-the-borders-socialists-liberals/ (Accessed on Apr. 11, 2025).
Körömi, Csongor. Mar. 18, 2025. “Orbán Bans Pride in Hungary as Polls Show Rival Surging.” Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/orban-tries-to-ban-pride-hungary-appease-extremists-rivals-surge-polls/ (Accessed on July 8, 2025).
Kovács, Zoltán. “Zsolt Borkai, the Hungarian mayor involved in sex scandal resigns.” Index. https://index.hu/english/2019/11/06/zsolt_borkai_the_hungarian_mayor_involved_in_sex_scandal_resigns/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Kovács, Zoltán. Dec. 10, 2019. “Fidesz restricts opposition's options in Parliament.” Index. https://index.hu/english/2019/12/10/parliament_rules_of_procedure_opposition_cooperation_more_difficult/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Kubas, Sebastian, and Czyż Anna. “From a Liberal Opposition Party to a Right-Wing Party of Power. Three Decades of the Hungarian Fidesz (1988–2018).” Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, Sectio M – Balcaniensis et Carpathiensis 3 (2018).
Laczó, Ferenc. Nov. 3, 2016. “Hungarian Uprising: From the Power of a Symbol to a Symbol of Power?” Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. https://www.boell.de/en/2016/11/03/power-symbol-symbol-power-commemorating-1956-hungary-today (Accessed on Jan. 9, 2025).
Macrotrends. “Hungary Unemployment Rate 1991-2025” https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/HUN/hungary/unemployment-rate (Accessed on Apr. 11, 2025).
Macrotrends. “Hungary Youth unemployment rate 1991-2025.” https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/HUN/hungary/youth-unemployment-rate (Accessed on Apr. 11, 2025).
Meanwhile in budapest. Oct. 2017. “National Consultation on the ‘Soros Plan.’” https://meanwhileinbudapest.com/2017/10/25/national-consultation-on-the-soros-plan/ (Accessed on July 10, 2025).
Merabishvili, Gela. “Orbán’s Three Perspectives on the Russian-Ukrainian War.” UGSP Analytical Paper Series (2023).
Mérték Media Monitor. Oct. 10, 2016. “Major Step Towards Authoritarian Media Regime in Hungary.” https://mertek.eu/en/2016/10/10/major-step-towards-authoritarian-media-regime-hungary/ (Accessed on July 8, 2025).
Mérték Médiaelemző Műhely. May 2, 2019. “Fidesz-Friendly Media Dominate Everywhere.” https://mertek.eu/en/2019/05/02/fidesz-friendly-media-dominate-everywhere/ (Accessed on July 10, 2025).
Mikola, Bálint. “The role of social media influencers in amplifying pro-government narratives–The case of Hungary.” (2023).
Milačić, Filip. Mar, 2024. “Why Aspiring Autocrats Are Watching Serbia.” Journal of Democracy. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/online-exclusive/why-aspiring-autocrats-are-watching-serbia/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Mar. 6, 2015. “Péter Szijjártó Heralded the Opening to the South Strategy.” https://2015-2019.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-foreign-affairs-and-trade/news/peter-szijjarto-heralded-the-opening-to-the-south-strategy (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. May 1, 2012. “Global Opening: A New Feature of the Hungarian Foreign Policy – Implications on Southeast Asia and Thailand.” https://2010-2014.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-foreign-affairs/speeches-publications-and-interviews/global-opening-a-new-feature-of-the-hungarian-foreign-policy-implications-on-southeast-asia-and-thailand (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Moldicz, Csaba. “Hungary External Relations Briefing: The Development of Current Political and Economic Relations in 2024: Hungary and China.” China-CEE Institute. (Jan. 2024).
Murphy, Connor. July 10, 2017. “Hungary Lashes Out at Soros with Poster Campaign.” Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/hungary-lashes-out-at-soros-with-poster-campaign/ (Accessed on July 10, 2025).
Nagy, Gergely Miklós. Aug. 7, 2024. “The Chaotic Mayoral Campaign of Gergely Karácsony.” 24HU. https://24.hu/belfold/2024/08/07/the-chaotic-mayoral-campaign-of-gergely-karacsony/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Nemzeti Választási Iroda. Local government elections-Budepest. https://vtr.valasztas.hu/onk2024/valasztopolgaroknak/varmegyek-telepulesek/varmegyek/01?tab=results&filter=capitallist (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Nézőpont. Jan. 29, 2022. “Márki-zay’s views are unpopular on the right and on the left as well.” https://nezopont.hu/en/what-we-do/political-poll/marki-zays-views-are-unpopular-on-the-right-and-on-the-left-as-well (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Nigel Walker. Hungary: 2022 General Election. House of Commons Library. (2022). https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9519/CBP-9519.pdf
Notes from Poland. Sep. 29, 2023. “Proportion of Catholics in Poland falls to 71%, new census data show.” https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/09/29/proportion-of-catholics-in-poland-falls-to-71-new-census-data-show/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
ODI Global. Oct. 18, 2023. “Where to Next on Migration for Southern Europe?” https://odi.org/en/insights/where-to-next-on-migration-for-southern-europe/ (Accessed on July 10, 2025).
OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity. “China (CHN) / Hungary (HUN) Trade Profile.” https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/hun (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity. “Hungary (HUN) / Russia (RUS) Trade Profile.” https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/hun/partner/rus - bespoke-title-474 (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
OEC. “Serbia (SRB) and Hungary (HUN) Trade.” https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/hun/partner/srb?selector2688id=treeOption&selector539id=tradeOption&selector540id=oneYearOption&selector1792id=usdOption&selector538id=HS4 (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Office of the National Assembly. May 19, 2010. “Of the Testimony to National Unity.” https://hacusa.org/userfiles/file/Trianon_Law_060410_EN.pdf (Accessed on Jan. 7, 2025).
Oprics, Dóra. “How Hungary’s so-called child protection referendum was invalidated through a grassroots campaign.” The Loop. https://theloop.ecpr.eu/how-hungarys-so-called-child-protection-referendum-was-invalidated-through-grassroots-activism/ (Accessed on July 8, 2025).
Orbán, Balázs. Mar. 6, 2023. “Connectivity: A Hungarian Globalisation Strategy.” European Council on Foreign Relations. https://ecfr.eu/article/connectivity-a-hungarian-globalisation-strategy/ (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Orbán, Viktor. “Today we launched what will soon be the strongest right-wing political group in Europe.” X. https://x.com/PM_ViktorOrban/status/1807360948035781076 (Accessed on Sep. 14, 2025).
Orbán, Viktor. July 30, 2014. “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s Speech at the 25th Bálványos Summer Free University and Student Camp.” Website of the Hungarian Government. https://2015-2019.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/prime-minister-viktor-orban-s-speech-at-the-25th-balvanyos-summer-free-university-and-student-camp (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Orbán, Viktor. Jun. 19, 2022. “Speech by Viktor Orbán on Heroes' Square, 16 June 1989.” Ungarnreal - ungarn aus erster Hand. https://ungarnreal.de/rede-von-viktor-orban-auf-dem-heldenplatz-am-16-juni-1989/ (Accessed on Apr. 11, 2025).
Orbán, Viktor. Mar. 15, 2025. “Speech by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on the 177th anniversary of the Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence of 1848–49.” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister. https://miniszterelnok.hu/en/speech-by-prime-minister-viktor-orban-on-the-177th-anniversary-of-the-hungarian-revolution-and-war-of-independence-of-1848-49/ (Accessed on July 8, 2025).
Orbán, Viktor. Oct. 23, 2024. “Speech by Viktor Orbán on the 68th anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and Freedom Fight.” Viktor Orbán. https://miniszterelnok.hu/en/speech-by-viktor-orban-on-the-68th-anniversary-of-the-1956-hungarian-revolution-and-freedom-fight/ (Accessed on Jan. 10, 2025).
Orbán, Viktor. Oct. 4, 2016. “Viktor Orbán’s Press Conference.” Website of the Hungarian Government. https://2015-2019.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/viktor-orban-s-press-conference20161005 (Accessed on July 10, 2025).
Patriots for Europe. https://www.patriotsforeurope.eu/ - who (Accessed on Sep. 14, 2025).
Pew research center. July 2, 2024. “Views of Russia and Putin” https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2024/07/02/views-of-russia-and-putin-july-24/ - favorability-of-russia (Accessed on Sep. 10, 2025).
Political Capital. “Halfway into the Hungarian Electoral Reform: Electoral Law Already Passed, Law on Procedure Still Uncertain.” (Apr. 19, 2012). https://www.valasztasirendszer.hu/wp-content/uploads/PC-FES_ConferencePaper_HalfwayIntoTheHungarianElectoralReform_120417.pdf
Political Capital. May 10, 2022. “Disinformation in the Election Campaign – Hungary 2022.” https://politicalcapital.hu/news.php?article_read=1&article_id=3004 (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Politico. “Hungary — National parliament voting intention.” https://www.politico.eu/europe-poll-of-polls/hungary/ (Accessed on July 11, 2025).
Politico. Poll of Polls. https://www.politico.eu/europe-poll-of-polls/poland/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Prime Minister’s Office. Act VI of 2018 on the Licensing of Organisations Supporting Migration. https://helsinki.hu/wp-content/uploads/Stop-Soros-package-Bills-T19776-T19774-T19775.pdf
Rankin, Jennifer. Mar. 2, 2025. “Orbán Problem Pushes EU towards ‘Coalitions of the Willing’ on Ukraine.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/02/orban-problem-pushes-eu-towards-coalitions-of-the-willing-on-ukraine-russia (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Rankin, Jennifer. Oct. 18, 2022. “How ‘Soulmates’ Hungary and Poland Fell Out over Ukraine War.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/18/how-soulmates-hungary-and-poland-fell-out-over-ukraine-war (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Rassolova, Kateryna. Oct. 24, 2024. “Addressing Hungary’s Breaches of EU Law: Tools and Strategies.” Transatlantic Dialogue Center. https://tdcenter.org/2024/10/24/addressing-hungarys-breaches-of-eu-law-tools-and-strategies/ (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Refworld. 2002. “Hungary: Act LXII of 2001 on Hungarians Living in Neighbouring Countries.”, https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/2002/en/31753 (Accessed on Jan., 6, 2025).
Reporters Without Borders. “Hungary.” https://rsf.org/en/country/hungary (Accessed on July 8, 2025).
Republic of Serbia Ministry of foreign affairs. Sep. 8, 2021. “Strategic Partnership Agreement signed between Serbia and Hungary.” https://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/press-service/news/strategic-partnership-agreement-signed-between-serbia-and-hungary (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Reuters. July 13, 2025. “Hungary's opposition flags ‘New Deal’ to kickstart stagnating economy.” https://www.reuters.com/world/hungarys-opposition-flags-new-deal-kickstart-stagnating-economy-2025-07-12/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Róbert, László. “The New Hungarian Election System’s Beneficiaries.” Political Capital. (2016).
Rockwool Foundation Berlin. 2025. “Attitudes Towards Migration in Europe: Evidence from the European Social Survey.” https://www.rfberlin.com/attitudes-towards-migration-in-europe/? (Accessed on July 10, 2025).
Ruelas, Ryan Anthony. The memory of the 1956 Revolution: Its role in Hungarian society, politics, and identity, 1956–2006. California State University, Fullerton (2008).
Sadecki, Andrzej. The long shadow of the Treaty of Trianon. Hungary’s struggles with the past. OSW Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich (May, 2020).
Schedler, Andreas. “Again, what is populism?” Review of Democracy, Open Questions in the Comparative Study of Democracy and Authoritarianism (Feb, 2024).
Scheffer, Joakim. Aug. 12, 2025. “Trump Sought Orbán’s Advice on Ukraine Ahead of Alaska Summit with Putin.” Hungarian Conservative. https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/current/donald-trump-viktor-orban-ukraine-alaska-summit-vladimir-putin-war-in-ukraine/ (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Serdült, Viktória. Dec, 18. 2024. “At last, a figure has emerged who could wrench power from Viktor Orbán in Hungary.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/dec/18/viktor-orban-hungary-peter-magyar (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Shapiro, Jeremy, and Zsuzsanna Végh. Oct. 9, 2024. “The Orbanisation of America: Hungary’s lessons for Donald Trump.” https://ecfr.eu/publication/the-orbanisation-of-america-hungarys-lessons-for-donald-trump/ (Accessed on Sep. 10, 2025).
Shepherd, Robert. Feb. 17, 2024. “Protests Due to the Pedophile Scandal: Katalin Novak's Last Descent.” Vreme. https://vreme.com/en/svet/protesti-zbog-pedofilskog-skandala-poslednji-spust-katalin-novak/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Sinka, Pavel. Sep. 29, 2024. “Hungary, Ukraine Step Up War of Words.” Euractiv. https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/hungary-ukraine-step-up-war-of-words/ (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Slootmaeckers, Koen. Sep. 14, 2022. “Serbia banning EuroPride 2022 shows hard-won progress for LGBTQ+ rights is under threat.” The conversation. https://theconversation.com/serbia-banning-europride-2022-shows-hard-won-progress-for-lgbtq-rights-is-under-threat-190581 (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Somers, Margaret R., and Gloria D. Gibson. “Reclaiming the Epistemological “Other”: Narrative and the Social Constitution of Identity” Transformations: A Comparative Study of Social Transformations. CSST Working Papers (1993).
Soros, George. Sep. 26, 2015. “Rebuilding the Asylum System.” Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/rebuilding-refugee-asylum-system-by-george-soros-2015-09 (Accessed on July 10, 2025).
Spieker, Luke Dimitrios. Apr. 10, 2025. “Tackling the Union’s ‘Orbán Problem’ Now: Seizing Momentum, Reviving Article 7 TEU, Sharpening Conditionality.” Verfassungsblog. https://verfassungsblog.de/tackling-orban-problem/ (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Spike, Justin. Feb. 4, 2024. “Viktor Orbán’s Anti-Woke Resistance Has Made Him the ‘Splinter under the Fingernail’ of the EU.” AP News. https://apnews.com/article/viktor-orban-anti-woke-resistance-obstructs-eu-decisions-c713e4f492292e8854afa0b0993ad1fe (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Statista. 2023. “How would you vote if a referendum was held on Hungary's EU membership?” https://www.statista.com/statistics/1414592/hungary-support-for-staying-in-the-european-union/? (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Statista. Jun. 8, 2020. “Do you think we should remember what happened to Hungary as a consequence of the Treaty of Trianon or should we forget about the past because it only builds tension.” https://www.statista.com/statistics/1122855/hungary-attitudes-towards-the-treaty-of-trianon/ (Accessed on Jan. 11, 2025).
Statista. June 8, 2020. “Do you think we should remember what happened to Hungary as a consequence of the Treaty of Trianon or should we forget about the past because it only builds tension.”
Statista. Population of Hungary from 1989 to 2025. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1127762/population-of-hungary/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Szalai, András, and Gőbl Gabriella. “Securitizing migration in contemporary Hungary.” CEU Center for EU Enlargement Studies Working Paper (2015).
Századvég. “71% of Hungarians oppose Ukraine’s accession to the European Union.” https://szazadveg.hu/en/cikkek/71-of-hungarians-oppose-ukraines-accession-to-the-european-union/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Szijjártó, Péter. Aug. 22, 2025. X. https://x.com/FM_Szijjarto/status/1958819849754325501 (Accessed on Sep. 13, 2025).
Szymanowska, Lucie. Feb. 2, 2011. “The implementation of the Hungarian citizenship law.” OSW. https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2011-02-02/implementation-hungarian-citizenship-law (Accessed on Jan. 7, 2025).
Taggart, Paul, and Aleks Szczerbiak. Parties, positions and Europe: Euroscepticism in the EU candidate states of Central and Eastern Europe. Brighton: Sussex European Institute.
Tanjug. Oct. 28, 2024. “Vucic: Hungary is Serbia's fourth-largest trade partner.” https://www.tanjug.rs/english/economy/118481/vucic-hungary-is-serbias-fourth-largest-trade-partner/vest (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
The Budapest Times. “Former justice minister accuses ex-husband of ‘blackmail, terrorising’.” https://www.budapesttimes.hu/hungary/former-justice-minister-accuses-ex-husband-of-blackmail-terrorising/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
The Guardian. Oct. 22, 2020. “Poland rules abortion due to foetal defects unconstitutional.” https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/22/poland-rules-abortion-due-to-foetal-defects-unconstitutional (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Thorburn, Emelie. “Beyond “Russia Friendly”: Hungary’s Foreign Policy Rationales.” Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI). (2024).
Transparency International Magyarország. Apr. 19, 2022. “Orban’s Fidesz to Overspend in Hungary’s Election Campaign” https://transparency.hu/en/news/orbans-fidesz-to-overspend-in-hungarys-election-campaign/ (Accessed on July 10, 2025).
Transparency International Magyarország. Hungary remains the most corrupt country in the European Union. https://transparency.hu/en/news/cpi-2023-results-annual-report/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Transparency International Magyarország. Jun. 20, 2021. “Hungarian society greatly divided over perceptions of corruption.” https://transparency.hu/en/news/hungarian-society-greatly-divided-over-perceptions-of-corruption/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Transparency International. Corruption Perceptions Index 2024. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2024/index/hun (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Uitz, Renáta. May 2. “The 15th Amendment of the Hungarian Fundamental Law: Advancing Illiberal Christian Democracy.” Contitutionnet. https://constitutionnet.org/news/voices/15th-amendment-hungarian-fundamental-law-advancing-illiberal-christian-democracy (Accessed on July 8, 2025).
V-Dem Institute. Democracy Report 2024: Democracy Winning and Losing at the Ballot. (2024) https://v-dem.net/documents/43/v-dem_dr2024_lowres.pdf.
V-dem. Hungary- Accountability index. https://www.v-dem.net/data_analysis/CountryGraph/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Venice Commission. Apr. 7, 2025. Hungary – Act LXXIX of 2024 amending certain laws relating to elections and related Acts with amendments. https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-REF%282025%29016-e&
Vodafone Group. Jan. 31, 2023. “Vodafone Completes Sale of Vodafone Hungary.” https://www.vodafone.com/news/corporate-and-financial/vodafone-completes-sale-vodafone-hungary? (Accessed on July 8, 2025).
Vonberg, Judith. May 16, 2018. “George Soros Foundation Leaves Hungary amid Government Crackdown.” CNN https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/15/europe/george-soros-foundation-leaves-hungary-intl (Accessed on July 11, 2025).
Walker, Nigel. Hungary: 2022 General Election. House of Commons Library. (2022).
Website of the Hungarian Government. Feb. 20, 2015. “Kommersant Interview with Viktor Orbán, Prime Minister of Hungary.” https://2015-2019.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/the-prime-minister-s-interview-with-russian-daily-newspaper-kommersant (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
World bank group. “Central government debt, total (% of GDP) – Hungary.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.DOD.TOTL.GD.ZS?end=2022&locations=HU&start=1991&view=chart (Accessed on May. 1, 2025).
World bank group. “GDP growth (annual %)- Hungary.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=1994&locations=HU&start=1990&view=chart. (Accessed on May. 1, 2025).
World bank group. “GDP growth (annual %) Hungary” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2023&locations=HU&start=1991 (Accessed on Apr. 11, 2025).
World Bank Group. GDP growth (annual %) – Hungary. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2024&locations=HU&start=2022 (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
World Bank Group. Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) – Hungary. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?end=2024&locations=HU&start=2022 (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
World Nuclear News. Nov. 14, 2023. “Construction Schedule Agreed for Paks II in Hungary.” https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Construction-schedule-agreed-for-Paks-II-in-Hungar (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Zgut-Przybylska. A Lucrative Relationship: Clientelist Corruption Underpins Orbán’s China Policy. MapInfluenCE, AMO. (2022).
Zhang, Phate. May 16, 2025. “BYD Plans to Set Up European Headquarters in Hungary.” CNEVPost. https://cnevpost.com/2025/05/16/byd-to-set-up-european-hq-hungary/ (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Zsiros, Sandor. Jun. 23, 2025. "Hungary and Slovakia Set to Block EU's Fresh Russia Sanction Package." Euro News. https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/06/23/hungary-and-slovakia-set-to-block-eus-fresh-russia-sanction-package (Accessed on Sep. 13, 2025).
Zubor, Zalán. Jan. 23, 2025. “New opposition party takes a page out of Orbán’s playbook to build rural network.” Atlatszo. https://english.atlatszo.hu/2025/01/23/new-opposition-party-takes-a-page-out-of-orbans-playbook-to-build-rural-network/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Zubor, Zalán. May 16, 2025. “Far-right Romanian presidential candidate uses Orbán’s speech to court ethnic Hungarian voters.” Atlatszo. https://english.atlatszo.hu/2025/05/16/far-right-romanian-presidential-candidate-uses-orbans-speech-to-court-ethnic-hungarian-voters/ (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
三、匈牙利文文獻
網路資料：
24.hu. Jan. 31, 2024. “Szegeden a nagy többség támogatja a BYD-beruházást.” https://24.hu/belfold/2024/01/31/szeged-byd-felmeres/ (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Bakró-Nagy, Ferenc, András Mizsur, and Anna Sára Pupli. Jun. 26, 2025. “Voks2025: A választók egyharmada szavazott, 95 százalékuk ellenzi Ukrajna uniós csatlakozását.” Telex. https://telex.hu/belfold/2025/06/26/voks-2025-ukrajna-fidesz-orban-viktor-nemzeti-konzultacio (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Cseke, Balázs. Apr. 11, 2024. “A neve és programja miatt választotta Magyar Péter az egri Tisza Pártot.” Telex. https://telex.hu/belfold/2024/04/10/magyar-peter-talpra-magyarok-tisza-part (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Czene, Gábor. Feb. 23, 2024. “Itt a felmérés, sokkolta a Fidesz táborát az elnöki kegyelem és a pedofilbotrány.” Népszava. https://nepszava.hu/3226485_felmeres-elnoki-kegyelem-novak-katalin-pedofilbotrany-sokk-fidesz (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Fabók, Bálint. Mar. 27, 2019. “A Fidesz totálisan letarolta a legszegényebb településeket, átlagosan 94 százalékot szerzett.” G7. https://telex.hu/g7/2019/05/27/a-fidesz-totalisan-letarolta-a-legszegenyebb-telepuleseket-atlagosan-94-szazalekot-szerzett (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Farkas, György. Nov. 9, 2023. “A kínai akkugyár miatt lemerülőben a Fidesz népszerűsége Debrecenben.” 24.hu. https://24.hu/belfold/2023/11/09/a-kinai-akkugyar-miatt-lemeruloben-a-fidesz-nepszerusege-debrecenben/ (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Fazekas, Pálma. May 14, 2025. “Elhalasztják az átláthatóságinak hívott törvény parlamenti szavazását.” Szabad Európa. https://www.szabadeuropa.hu/a/atlathatosagi-torveny-parlament-szavazas-fidesz-kocsis-mate/33433889.html (Accessed on July 10, 2025).
GeneralForgeron. “1989 - Orbán Viktor Nagy Imre újratemetésén - Viktor Orbán's Speech at the Reburial of Imre Nagy.” Youtube video. (Apr. 24, 2020 ) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g91-OTiXVkw&t=102s. (Accessed on Apr. 11, 2025).
GeneralForgeron. “1989 - Szűrös Mátyás kikiáltja a köztársaságot - The Proclamation of the Republic by Mátyás Szűrös. ” Youtube video. (Mar. 20, 2018). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WCyVqfB5TKg (Accessed on Apr. 10, 2025).
Hungary. 2025. évi ..... törvény a gyülekezési jogról szóló 2018. évi LV. törvénynek a gyermekek védelmével összefüggő, valamint az ehhez kapcsolódó törvények módosításáról. https://www.parlament.hu/irom42/11201/11201.pdf
Magyar Közlöny. 2017. évi 53. Szám. “2017. évi XXV. törvény a nemzeti felsőoktatásról szóló 2011. évi CCIV. törvény módosításáról.” https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/natlex2/files/download/106834/MK_17_053 (1).pdf.
Magyar Nemzet. Mar. 19, 2014. “Orbán: Magyarországon legyen a legolcsóbb az energiaár.” https://magyarnemzet.hu/belfold-archivum/2014/03/orban-magyarorszagon-legyen-a-legolcsobb-az-energiaar (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Magyar, Péter. Feb. 11, 2025. “A mai napon benyújtom a lemondásomat mindkét állami társaságban betöltött pozíció...” Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/peter.magyar.102/photos/a-mai-napon-benyújtom-a-lemondásomat-mindkét-állami-társaságban-betöltött-pozíci/7670871072947274/?_rdr (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Magyarország Kormánya. April 2012. A következő lépés: Széll Kálmán Terv 2.0, April 2012. https://2010-2014.kormany.hu/download/3/e8/80000/1-A_következő_lépés %28SzKT 20%29.pdf (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Magyarország Kormánya. Feb. 19, 2019. Facebook post. https://www.facebook.com/kormanyzat/photos/a.134933189912743/2510209519051753/?type=3&theater (Accessed on Sep. 23, 2025).
Magyarország Kormánya. Oct. 28, 2022. “Nemzeti konzultáció az új gazdaságpolitikáról.” https://kormany.hu/hirek/hetfotol-indul-a-nemzeti-konzultacio-ime-a-kerdesek (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Magyarország Kormánya.“Sikerrel zárult a Nemzeti Konzultáció.”https://kormany.hu/azujgazdasagpolitikarolszolonemzetikonzultacioeredmenyei (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Magyarságkutató Intézet. https://mki.gov.hu/en/?view=article&id=2201:the-pozsgay-coup&catid=15&layout=mki:article-list (Accessed on Sep. 18, 2025).
Mérték Médiaelemző Műhely. “A médiamenedzserek a sajtószabadságról.” (July 18, 2016) https://mertek.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/mediamenedzser2016.07.18.pdf?
Miniszterelnökség. Nov. 5, 2010. “Tárgyilagos és Realista Nemzetpolitikára van Szükség.” https://2010-2014.kormany.hu/hu/miniszterelnokseg/hirek/targyilagos-es-realista-nemzetpolitikara-van-szukseg (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Nagy, Gergely Miklós. Mar. 7, 2022. “Tíz ellentmondás, amivel Orbánt és a NER-t megcsapta az orosz-ukrán háború.” 24.HU. https://24.hu/belfold/2022/03/07/orosz-ukrn-haboru-ner-orban-viktor-elllentmondas/ (Accessed on Sep. 12, 2025).
Németh, Tamás. Feb. 6, 2014. “Az Atomenergia Szabhat Gátat Az Elszabaduló Áraknak: Az Országok Nem Hátrálhatnak Ki Az Atomenergia Mögül” Magyar Nemzet. https://magyarnemzet.hu/gazdasag-archivum/2014/02/az-atomenergia-szabhat-gatat-az-elszabadulo-araknak (Accessed on July 9, 2025).
Nemzeti Választási Iroda. Helyi önkormányzati választások 2019. https://www.valasztas.hu/helyi-onkormanyzati-valasztasok-2019 (Accessed on Sep. 11, 2025).
Nemzeti Választási Iroda. Országgyűlési Képviselők Választása 2022. https://vtr.valasztas.hu/ogy2022 (Accessed on Sep. 18, 2025).
Országgyűlés. 2025. évi ..... törvény a közélet átláthatóságáról. https://www.parlament.hu/irom42/11923/11923.pdf
Political Capital. April, 16, 2004. “Szövetségi gyűlés és a Nemzeti Petíció.” https://politicalcapital.hu/kereses.php?article_read=1&article_id=1179 (Accessed on Apr. 11, 2025).