一七二五年彼得大帝突然駕崩，由於未指定繼承人，再加上繼承法的紊亂，產生了所謂的宮廷革命時期。值得注意的是，從彼得大帝逝世至凱薩琳去世為止共計七十一年的時間，歷經七位統治者，其中女性統治的時間就佔了六十六年，其他的三位男性統治者皆在年幼時即位，亦給予母后或皇后專權干政的機會。這四位女皇在俄國史上佔了很重要的地位，除了凱薩琳二世是繼彼得大帝之後，第一未被稱為「大帝」的女皇外，其他三位女性統治者也是奠定俄國西化基礎的重要功臣。歷史上討論女性統治的文章所在多有，但這四位「空前絕後」的俄國女皇，究竟為俄國帶來了些什麼？有哪些功過得失，此即本文所欲深入探討者。

本文基本上是採取「歷史研究法」，將四位女皇的統治特徵作一比較研究，試圖找出女性統治較男性特殊之處，另外結合當時所處的國際情勢及國內政治，對統治者的因應措施加以分析研究。十八世紀正當俄國由傳統走向西化，由專制步入民主的重要轉捩點，在此重要時刻由女性掌其舵，特別具有時代的意義。

本文研究中心在十八世紀的俄國女皇，故研究期間自彼得大帝去世的一七二五年至凱薩琳二世去世的一七九六年間。分析架構除第一章導論外，第二章由女皇統治的政治背景討論起，先瞭解整個繼承體制的沿革變化，作一全面性的論述，到保羅一世頒佈了一套新的繼承法，規定只有男性可為繼承人，俄國女性統治成為歷史上的絕響。第三章針對女皇統治時代的共同特徵加以分析，包括了寵臣政治、宮廷政變、外國勢力之介入及文化上的建樹等。由這些特殊的現象觀察得知，俄國女性統治仍有其政權合法化的問題，必須藉由一些外在的力量來鞏固自己的政權，也因此增加政局紊亂及更多的變數。就實際面觀之，受到西方啟蒙運動的影響，女皇對文化建設的推行多是不遺餘力，將彼得大帝以來的西化運動持續發揚光大，為十九世紀奠定了良好的基礎。第四章對女皇統治的歷史影響作一深入的探討，並加入當時國際情勢的影響，以凸顯女皇統治的特徵。其中包括了內政方面：拉攏貴族、迫害農奴、浪費公帑、沈迷欲樂等；外交方面：擴張領土、將俄國疆域拓展至黑海沿岸，使俄國成為當時歐洲的強權之一。第五章為結論，舉歷史學家對十八世紀的女皇評論、得失檢討為例，提出總結性的探討。

第一章 緒論 …………………………………………………………………………1

第一節 研究的動機與研究方法 …………………………………………………....1

第二節 研究範圍與限制 ……………………………………………………………4

第二章 女皇統治的政治背景…..…………………….………………………………8

第一節 基輔公國時代的繼承法 …………………………………..………….…….8

第二節 彼得大帝與繼承問題 ………………………………………….…………...9

第三節 宮廷革命時期與繼承問題..………………………………………………..11

第四節 凱薩琳二世與繼承問題..…………………………………………………..21

第五節 保羅一世與繼承法之制訂..………………………………………………..26

第三章 女皇統治的特徵 …………………….…………………………….……….28

第一節 女皇統治與寵倖政治……………..………………………………………..28

第二節 女皇統治與宮廷政變 ……………………………………………………..36

第三節 女皇統治時期文化上之建樹 ……………………………………………..38

第四節 女皇統治時期與外國文化……. …………………………………………..50

第四章 女皇統治時期的歷史影響…….. ………………………………………..56

第一節 施惠貴族及壓迫農奴 ………………………………………….………….56

第二節 女皇統治與浪費公帑………..……………………………………………..66

第三節 女皇統治與擴張領土……..………………………………………………..69

第四節 女皇統治時期西化政策的落實 …………………………………………..80

第五章 結論 …………………………………………………………….………….85

參考書目 ……………………………………………………………………………92

In 1725, succession problem arise upon the death of Peter the Great . The period from 1725 to the opening year of the nineteeth century was the age of palace revolution. In the absence of a definate law of succession, the decision as to whom was to occupy the throne came to rest upon casual gathering of high state and palace officials supported by the regiments of the guards. The years between 1725 and 1796 included the reigns of seven rulers, four female and three male. All the males are child or infant.

These four empresses bore very great political significance . Except Catherine the Great was empress first called “Emperor” after Peter’s death, another three empresses played important role in westernization of Russia.

This essay adopts three approach: “Historical approach”、”Institutional approach” and “The approach of structure-functional analysis ” , trying to differ females’ ruling from males’.

Chapter Ⅰis preface. ChapterⅡ states total evolution of succeeding system, which starts from times of Moscow to Paul Ⅰ,who enacted a new succeeding law which prescribes that only man could be inheritor. Therefore empresses’ ruling ended in history of Russia.

ChapterⅢanalyze traits of empresses’ ruling, which included palace coup、foreign meddlers、cultural achievement、indulged staff and so on . We can see from these special phenomenon that there are problems of illegality in Russian female ruling,. In real aspect, empresses did their best to promote cultural establishment, paving their way for 19th century.

In chapterⅣ, we probe into domestic politics and foreign affairs during empresses’ ruling. Westernization continued to spread to more people and broader areas of Russian life. In interior politics, they flattered the noble、persecuted peasant、wasted money and indulged lust, while foreign relations followed Peterine pattern, bringing Russian into an evercloser relationship with other European powers. Russia reached Baltic and Black seas in the west.

ChapterⅤ is conclusion, taking comments on empresses of 18th century for example to summary this research .

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