自序

在面臨升學壓力最沉重的高中時代，由於姑息氣氛瀰漫國際正義盪然，我國乃毅然宣佈退出聯合國，舉國熱血沸騰，那時年少的我，更是愛國狂熱激情久久難以平息，但為知「政治」為何物，乃毅然以政治系為投考大學的第一志願。

何其有幸但又何其不幸，考入政大外交研究所的第一年，中美斷交。舉國情緒再度高昂，「愛國」、「團結」之聲高喊入雲。但是，我告訴自己，必須冷靜，只有從學識中理性地思考，才可看出我們的外交何去何從。

過了半年，隨著菲律賓的宣佈設置經濟海域，使得很早以來我國漁民被捕、被虐、被殺的事件明朗化，舉國悲憤而進入感情化。政府的因應措施為擴大領海及設置經濟海域，但問題並未因此而解決。報章雜誌所討論者均泛泛而無法深入。我再度告訴自己，情緒化不能解決問題，「盲目地」使用武力更不能解決問題。菲國主張固然過份，但卻積極尋求國際法上的根據，如果我們不談國際法而動輒以「政治」手段（或武力）來壓倒它，那卽使雙方未談判，在氣勢上我們已經弱了一截。而且現在國際社會多元化，國際輿論的力量也較往昔為大，那邊有「理」，就同情那邊。卽使，中菲將來經由談判解決，那雙方所提出國際法根據之厚薄更決定了權益所爭之大小。

凡此種種在在均使我面臨一個抉擇。最後終於決定，由於國際關係（尤其中美關係）有太多人在關切、研究，故應專注在較少人探討的問題上，希望本論文能提供國家一些不同的觀點與看法，若能因此有所貢獻，實為最大滿足與收穫。但因個人能力有限，時間有限，本論文實未能達成當初期望之一、二，惶恐之餘，尚盼後繼者努力，再努力！

我必須向恩師王人傑教授致最大的謝意。王老師對海洋法研究造詣很深，上他的課使我獲益良多，當我第一次將本論文的構想提出來就獲得他的鼓勵，也更堅定了我的方向。在研究過程中，每次與王老師的討論均相當熱烈，從辯難之中予我啟示。

我也感謝傅崑成學長熱心相助，更親赴菲國巴丹群島帶回觀察心得及最新的寶貴資料．每每憶及傅學長贈其所著書「南海的主權與礦藏—歷史與法律」中贈語：「共同為國家努力」，不禁悚慚。

感謝舍妹玉倩精心校對，使得本論文的錯誤減至最低。

最後，我必須感謝我的父母親，養我、育我，使我今日得以報國，我愧無以為報，謹以此文獻給他們。

參考書目

一、中文部份（包括文件、書籍、期刊、雜誌、報紙）

1.王人傑：「專屬經濟區域制度之研究」（上、下）法律月刊第二、三期，頁三二—三九，五三—五七；「領海寬度之劃定。」問題與研究；「欣聞拓寬領海及設置經濟海域之宣佈」，自由青年六十八年十月，頁八—十；「從法律觀點論海洋資源的開發」海洋學報十五期，頁三—六。

2.中國南海諸群島文獻彙編。

3.丘宏達：「海洋法上的群島問題」，慶祝朱建民先生七十華誕論文集（台北：正中，民國六十五年）頁四○七—四二○。

4.「外交部聲明及公報彙編」。

5.朱子芬：「海洋法」，（台北：正中，民六十二年）。

6.俞寬賜：「論海洋的國家管轄範圍與我國經濟海域問題」，中山學術文化集刊，第廿三集，頁一—二○；「海洋法的發展與編纂」（上中下），東方雜誌復刊第九卷第十一、十二期（六十五年五月、六月）及第十卷第一期（六十五年七月》；「從國際法觀點研究大陸礁層」，中國學術著作獎助委員會六十四年出版；「海洋資源與海洋法」，中央月刊九卷十一期。

7.馬英九：「從國際法觀點論中菲漁業糾紛」，聯合報六十九年七月廿三日。

8.陳烈甫：「東南亞的華僑、華人與華裔」（台北：正中，六十八年）。

9.黃異：「日韓大陸礁層分界線及聯合開發設施」，法學叢刊第九十九期；「經濟區制度與中華民國經濟海域」，法學叢刊第九十七期。

10.傅崑成：「南海的主權與礦藏——歷史與法律」（台北：幼獅，七十年二月）；「巴丹群島——中菲重疊海域中的微小群島」、「巴丹群島—潮流洶湧文通閉塞的孤島」、「巴丹群島——台灣漁船的陷阱」、「巴丹群島——如何劃定中菲重疊海域的界線」，均見中國時報七十年二月廿四、廿五、廿七、廿八日三版。

11.張文蔚：「華人社會與東南亞諸國政治發展」（台北：商務，六十一年）。

12.張崑雄：「論本省經濟海域內海洋生物資源的維護與開發」，海洋學報十五期。

13.雷崧生：「國際法院成案」，（台北：正中，五十九年）。

14.歐陽祺：「從海洋生物資源觀點論經濟海域開發」，海洋學報十五期。

15.鄭資約：「南海諸島地理誌略」（上海：商務，三十七年）。

16.蘇義雄：「大陸礁層之研究」，法商學報第八期，頁三三九—三六七；「大陸礁層的劃界」，中興法學第十六期，頁三十五—四十七。

II English Data

(I) Document and Statutes

1. The Agreement of Philippines and North Borneo Boundaries,Jan.2,1930 between the Great Britain and the United States.

2. AngIo-Norweginn Fisheries Case

3. Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee,Report of the Thirteenth Session, Jan .1972,Legos,.

4. The Case of Minquiers and Ecrehos(France V. the U. K. )

5. J. Evensen, Certain Legal Aspects Concerning the Delimitation of the Territorial Waters os Archipelagoes”,U. N. Doc. A/CONF.13/18.

6. Grosbadarma Case .K/ B. Scott,The Hague Court Reports.

7. The Harvard Draft on the Law of Territorial Sea of 1929;and Harvard Researsh in Territorial Waters.

8. The Island of Palmas Case, Arbitral Award, April 4,1928.

9. The League of Nations Doc.

10. The North Sea Continental Shelf Case, ICJ Reports.

11. Philippines:Drafton Historic Waters;A/AC.138/SC.II/L. 46. 6, Aug.1973. and .../L. 47/Rev.1 ;10.Aug.1973.;The Fisheres Act(1932);The Philippine Independence Act of 1934.;and The Philippine Note to the U. N. 1955. in U. N. Doc. A/2934. ; Philippines Presidential Decrees No. 1596 (1978.6. 11.); and Decree No. 1599.; Philippine: Proposal in U. N. Conf. on the Law of the Sea,1958; Philippine,Fiji,Mauritius and Indonesia’Proposal and the Statement of Principles ; Republic Act No.3046 of 17 June 1961, and No.5446 of 1968;New Constition of 1973.1.17.;Philippine Yearbook 1979(Manila;National Economic and Development Authority and National Census and Statistics Office );.

12. Physical-Socio-Economic Profile of the Province of Batanes.

13. Tolentino, A. M. Workpaper for Manila Conference on the Law of the World, Philippine International Convention Center, Aug.21-26,1977)

14. Treaty of Peace(Treaty of Paris) of 1898, and Treaty of Wasgington of 1900, between the U. S. and Spain.

15. U.N. :The Charter of the U. N.; Convention on thr High Sea 1958; Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone;The Convention of Continental Shelf,1958; The first and second U. N. Conf. on the Law of the Sea, Official Records; Yearbook of I. L.

Commission(1962);Informal Compromise negotiating Text ;Vienna Convention on the of Treaties.

16. The United kingdom Proposal ”Rights and Obligations of Archipelagic States” ,U. N. Document A/AC.138/sc.II/L. 44.

17. U. S. District Court, Hawaii 1964. ;the Presidential Proclamation No. 2667.

(II)Books

1. Andrassy, Juraj , International Law and the Resources of the Sea,(N. Y. and London: Columbia U.Press,1970)

2. Bouchez, L. J. and Kaijen,L. The Future of the Law of the Sea(Hague:Martinus Nijhoff, 1973)

3. Bouchez, L. J. , The Regime of Bays in IL in Knight , H. G. The Law of the Sea :C . ses, Documents, and Reading, (Louisiana:Claitor´s Law Books and Publishing Division 1978)

4. Brown, E. D., ”Maritime Zones:A Survey of Claims” in New Derections in the Law of the Sea, Vol.3, ed.by Robin Churchill etc., (N. Y.: Oceana Publications INC. 1973)

5. Brownlie,Ian,Principles of Public IL (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1973) ; and “Recommendations on the Limits of Continental Shelf and Related Matters, A Commentary”, The Law of the Sea:National Policy Recommendations ed.by Lewis M. Alexander, (U. of Rhode island 1970)

6. Colomvos, C. J,. The International Law of the Sea,4th ed.(London: Longmans, Green and Co Ltd, 1959)

7. Cutshall, Aoden,. The Philippines: Nation of Islands (N. Y. :Ovan Nostrant Co. INc.,)

8. Glahn,Gerhard Von,. Law among Nations (N. Y.:MacMillan Publishing 1976)

9. Hodgson ,Robert D. and Smith, R. W. .“Boundaries of Economic Zone”, in Law of the Sea : Conference Outcomes and Problems of Implementation, ed. by Miles Edwart and Gamboe, Johe King.

10. Jenningsm R. Y. “The Santiago Conference and the Future”, in New Direction in the Law of the Sea, op. cit.

11. Knight, H. G. op.cit.,

12. Lightfoot, Keith,. The Philippines (N.Y. :Praeger publishers 1973)

13. McDougal Myres S. and Burke, W. T. The Public order of the Oceans, Contemporary IL of the Sea, New Haven and London: Yale U.1965)

14. Miles and Gamble, opcit.,

15. New Direction in the Law of the Sea,opcit.

16. O’Connell,D. P. Interbational Law, (London:Stevens,1970)

17. Oda, Shigera ”The Law of the Sea in Our Time-I New Developments, (Netherland:A. W. Sijthoff International Publishing Co.1977) ; and in Our Time-II; and The I L of the Ocean Development.

18. Parry,Clive The Sources and Evidences of IL,(Manchester U.Press 1965)

19. Prescott, J. R. V. The Political Geography of the oceans, (Vancouver, David and Charles Lrd., 1975)

20. Rao, P. Sreenivasa The Public Order of the Ocean Resources:A Critique of the Contemparary Law of the Sea , (London: the MIT Press 1975)

21. Schwarzenberger, George International Law (London:Stevens and Sona Ltd. 1977 )

22. Shalowitz Aaron L. Shore and Sea Boundaries (U. S. Fovernment Printing Office, 1962)

23. Starke , J., G. An Introduction to IL , (London:Butterworth,1967)

24. Whiteman, Degest of IL. Young, Richard “the Persian Gulf”,in New Direction in the Law of the Sea.

(III) Periodical Literature

1. Amerasinghe, C. F. “The Problem of Archipelagoes in the IL of the Sea ,“In International and Comparative Law Quarterly ,Vol.23, July 1974, pp548-9.

2. Amin, S. H. ‘”Customary Rules of Delimitation of the Continental Shelf: The Gulf States Practice,” in Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce Vol.11, NO.4, July. 1980. pp509-27.

3. Arreglado, Juan M. “The National Territory of the Phioippones”,in Philippine Yearbook of Internation Law, 1974, pp93-113. (PYBIL).

4. Azzoni,R. A. Glicerio “From Territorial Waters to the Exclusive Economic Zone-Control and Brotection of National waters”, in NATOs Fifteen Nations 1979 pp61-105.

5. Birnie, Patricia “The Delimitation of the North Sea Continental Shelf”, (paper presented at chatham House,North Sea Study Group,Roysl Institute of International Affairs 1974)pp1-30.

6. Blecher, M. D . “Equitable Delimitation of Continental Shelf”, in The American Journal of IL , Vol.73, Jan.1979.PP60-89.

7. Charney, Jonathan I. “Law of the Sea: Breaking the Deadlock”, Foreign Affair s Vol 55,No.3,Apr..1977,pp598-629.

8. Colson, David A. “The United Kingdom-France Continental Shelf Arbitration”. in AJIL ,Vol.72,Jan 1978, pp96-105.

9. Coquia,Jorge R. “Philippine Territory under the New Constitutuon (Archipelago Prineiples)” PYBIL, 1974,pp80-89.;”Development of the Archipelago. Doctrine in the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Report of the Philippine Branch Committee on the Law of the Sea”, 59th Confererence of the IL Association,August 17-23,1980,Belgrade,Yugoslavia,pp 1-31.; “Development and Significance of the 200-miles Exclusive Economic Zone”, in

Philippine Law Journal,Vol.54,No.3, Sec,1979,pp440-8. ;“The Territorial Jurisdiction of the Philippines”I Journal of the lntegrated Bar of the Philippines(1973)

10. Dar, Rocjard “The Law of the Sea: Rethinking U. S. Interests”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.45,No.2, Jan 1978 .pp373-395.

11. Dellapenna ”The Philippones Territorial Water Claim in IL”, (1970)5. Journal of Law and Economic Development, quoted from Amerasinghe,loc.cit.

12. Ely, Northcut “Seabed Boundaries and Coastal States:The Effect to be given Islets as Special Circumstances”, International Lawyer ,Vol.6,No.2, pp210-240.

13. Emmerson,Donald K. “The Case for a Maritime Perspective on Southeast Asia”, Journal of Southeast Asia. Studies,Vol.11 ,No.1 ,March 1980 PP130-45.

14. Evangelista, Q. P. “The Regime of Archipelagic Waters”, The U. S. Naval War, College Bulletin,April ,1961.

15. Evemsen. Jens “The Anglo-Norwegan Fisheries Case and It’s Legal Consequence “AJIL, 1952, pp602-630.

16. Florentino P. Feliciano “Comments on Territorial Waters of Archipelagos”,(1962) Philippine Journal of IL quoted from Amerasinghe,loc.cit.;Feliciano, Hisashiko ,Okasaki, D Aiers, Carl B. Koein---”Comments on Territorial Waters of Archipelagos” Philippine IL Journal (1962),PP.157-171.

17. Gutteridge, J. A. C. “The 1958 Geneva Convention on Continental Shelf”, British Yearbook of IL ,Vol.35,1959,pp.102-123.

18. Hodgson,R. D. “Islands: Normal and Special Circumatances “,(Research Study, Bureau of Intelligency and Research, U. S. Department of Satate,1973) in Knight,op.cit.;Hodgson and Smith,Robert W. “The Informal Single Negotiating Text(Committee II):A Geographic perspective , Ocean Development and IL Journal,Vol.3, No.3,1976,PP230-231.

19. Ingles, Jose: D. “The Archipelagic Theory”,PYBIL , 1974, PP.23-7. “

20. Jessun Philip C. “The Palmas Island Arbitration” , AJIL. Vol.22,Mo.4,Oct 1928 PP730-50.

21. Karl, Conald E. “Islands and the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf:A Framework for Analysis”, in AJIL, Vol.71, Oct 1977,pp.642-73.

22. Lumb, E. D. “Australia and the Law of the Sea : Recent, Developments”, in International and Comparative Law Qrarterly , Vol.29. Jan 1980, PP.151-165

23. MacGibbon, I. G. “Customary IL and Acquiescence”,BYBIL 1951, pp.102-130.

24. McDouga and Burke,”Crisis in The Law of the Sea:Community Perspectives versus National Egoism”,Yale Law Journal(1958) 751.

25. Manansala,Mario C. “The Philippines and the Third Law of the Sea Conference: Sciantific and Technical Impact”, PYBIL, 1974,p.136-43.

26. Mendoza, Estclio P. “Statement Delivered before Sub-Committee II on

August 20,1973” PYBIL, ,1974, pp39-45.;”The Baselines of the Philippin Archipelago” Philippine Law Journal Vol.46, 1971,p.620-38.

27. Merrills, J. G. “Images and Models in the World Court:The Individual Opinions in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases”, The Modern Law Review Vol.41,Nov. 1978,pp.640-1.

28. O’Connell, D. P. “Mid-Ocean Archipelagos in IL “, BYBIL,1974, Vol.45,pp.1-77.

29. Oda, S. “Proposal for Revising the Convention of the Continental Shelf”, Columbia Journal Law, Vol.7,No,1,1968,p.24;”Boundary of the Continental Shelf”,The Japanese Annual of IL , Vol.12,1968,p281.;” International Law of the Resources of the Sea”, Recrueil de cours Vol.127,1969, pp.451-2.

30. Oxman,Bernard H. “The Third United Nations Conferemce the Law of the Sea:The 1976N. Y. Session”, A J I L ,1977; ”The 1977 N. Y. Sessions“AJIL,1978 pp.65-6.; ”The U. N. Conf. on the Law of the Sea:The Eighth Session (1979)” AJIL,Vo1.74,1980,p.1-47.

31. Padwa, David J. “Submarine Boundaries” ICLQ ,Vol.9, Oct.1960,pp630-53.

32. Park, Choon-Ho “Oil under TRoubled Waters : The North East Asia Seabed Controversy” Harvard IL Journal, Vol, 14,No.2, Spring 1973., p.242.

33. Phillips, J. C. “The Economic Resources Zone-Progress for the Developing Coastal States”, Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, Vol.11,No.3, April 1980,pp.349-65.

34. Reyes,Roger Z. “The Continental Shelf” Philippine Law Journal, Vol 49,p500

35. Richardson,Elliot L. “Power, Mobility and the Law of the Sea”, Foreign Affairs, 1979,pp.903-19.

36. Ridao,Leon O. “The Philippine Claims to Internal Waters and Territorial Sea:An APPraisal” PYBIL, 1974, p.57-79.

37. Ronquillo,Inocencio A. “The Impact of the Law of the Sea on Philippine isheries”, PYBIL, 1974, p.144-56.

38. Stevenson, J. R. and Oxman B. H. “the Third U. N. Conf. on the Law of the Sea:the 1975 Geneva Session” AJIL ,Vol.69,Oct 1975,pp.760-97.

39. Tolentino, A. M. “Principles Relating to Archipelagic States” PYBIL,1974 p30; ”The Archipelagic Concept-II”, The Philippine Law Journal,Vol.2 No.3, Sep. 1974, p.130-50; ”Remarks on the Estabishment of an International Regime for the Seabed and the Ocean Floor,and the Suvsoil there of beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction” PYBIL , 1974 ,pp114-134. “O n Historic Waters and Archipelagos”PYBIL, 1974,pp.31-38.;”The Philippine Territorial Sea” PYIL Vol.3,1974, pp46-54.;”Definition of Territorial Sea”,PYBIL, 1974,pp.45-65.