中國與巴西於1974年8月15日建交，但冷戰時期東西方壁壘分明，中國在拉美活動多少受到美國的壓制，活動空間有限。1991年冷戰結束後，國際環境轉變促使中國外交思維由意識形態轉向務實外交，為滿足自身經濟發展所需之原物料及尋求提升自我國際地位，中國開始深化與拉美外交關係。中國與巴西藉由高層頻密互訪建立互信，兩國於1993年11月23日建立戰略夥伴關係，且巴西為中國首個建立戰略夥伴關係國家，但此後至2002年期間，中巴雙邊關係以持續成長之經貿關係互動為主，其他層面合作有限。
巴西總統魯拉（Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva）2003年執政以後，雙邊貿易額快速成長，兩國關係進入全面、快速發展階段，並在聯合國、世界貿易組織、20國集團（G20）、金磚國家（BRICS）、基礎四國（BASIC）等國際組織和多邊機制中密切合作，就國際金融體系改革、氣候變化、發展中大國合作等重大國際問題保持溝通與協調。2009年5月兩國簽訂《進一步加強中巴戰略夥伴關係的聯合公報》，並據以制訂《2010年至2014年共同行動計畫》，反映兩國各領域合作深度與廣度，以及加強戰略合作之意願，2009年起中國亦取代美國成為巴西最大的貿易夥伴，兩國關係隨後於2012年6月21日提升為全面戰略夥伴關係。
隨著2012年中國第十八次全國代表大會以後，中國實施經濟結構轉型調整、經濟增速放緩，對大宗原料商品需求、價格雙雙下滑，巴西經濟低迷引發貿易保護主義抬頭，兩國過度單一的貿易結構使貿易摩擦、中國威脅論等矛盾因素浮現。巴西極右派總統波索納洛（Jair Bolsonaro）於2019年至2022年執政期間，巴西與中國外交關係降溫，阻礙兩國全面戰略夥伴關係繼續深化。
本文回顧21世紀以來中國與巴西兩國之間外交政策方針與實際作為，包含戰略合作夥伴關係、南南合作、金磚國家機制等，以及領導人更迭對外交政策產生之影響，透由「決策系統研究途徑」作為論證分析的主要方法，並使用文獻分析法、歷史比較法探究中國與巴西領導人對外交政策的決策過程，瞭解兩國經濟力量變化對制定外交政策之轉變，試圖釐清中國與巴西戰略夥伴關係之意涵及兩國關係發展方向。

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