在少子化與幼兒教育公共化政策影響下，私立幼兒園在人力資源發展上面臨人才招募、專業發展及人力流動等挑戰。本研究採系統思考觀點，探討私立幼兒園人力資源發展之實際運作，辨識影響其發展之關鍵變項與回饋關係，據以分析結構性問題及因應策略。
本研究採質性個案研究，以系統思考、學習型組織、人力資源發展及策略性人力資源管理等文獻為理論基礎，建構私立幼兒園人力資源發展之因果環路圖，並歸納出人才發展增強環路（R1）、學習型組織增強環路（R2）及策略性人力資源管理增強環路（R3）。研究選取具相當組織規模之私立幼兒園作為個案，分別訪談園所創辦人、負責人及園長，將實務經驗與因果環路圖進行比對分析以驗證變項及其因果關係。
研究結果顯示，私立幼兒園人力資源發展並非由單一制度所構成，而是涵蓋人才招募與適配、新進教師導入與帶領、在職專業發展、共同學習與知識分享、學習移轉與教學應用、多元職涯與角色發展、主管支持與教師留任，以及組織知識與制度傳承等八項內涵。進一步分析發現，私立幼兒園主要面臨四項結構性問題，包括外部人力市場競爭加劇、人才培育與留任尚未形成完整循環、組織知識高度依賴關鍵人物，以及人力配置與組織永續的挑戰。針對上述問題，本研究歸納出教師培育投入、學習型組織制度、多元教師留任機制及多元專業角色發展等四項策略，並從政府及主管機關、私立幼兒園制度、園長與主管，以及教師專業與職涯發展等層面提出建議，作為私立幼兒園實務經營及相關政策規劃之參考。

Against the backdrop of declining birth rates and the expansion of public provision in early childhood education, private preschools face increasing challenges in human resource development (HRD), including talent recruitment, professional development, and workforce turnover. Adopting a systems thinking perspective, this study examines the actual practices of HRD in private preschools, identifies key variables and feedback relationships influencing HRD, and analyzes the underlying structural problems and corresponding strategies.
This study employed a qualitative case study approach. Drawing on the literature on systems thinking, learning organizations, human resource development, and strategic human resource management (SHRM), a causal loop diagram (CLD) of HRD in private preschools was developed. Three reinforcing loops were identified: the Talent Development Reinforcing Loop (R1), the Learning Organization Reinforcing Loop (R2), and the Strategic Human Resource Management Reinforcing Loop (R3). Private preschools of substantial organizational scale were selected as cases, and founders, operators, and principals were interviewed. Their practical experiences were compared with the causal loop diagram to validate the identified variables and causal relationships.
The findings indicate that HRD in private preschools does not consist of a single practice or system; rather, it encompasses eight interrelated dimensions: talent recruitment and person–organization fit, induction and mentoring for newly hired teachers, continuing professional development, collaborative learning and knowledge sharing, learning transfer and instructional application, diversified career and professional role development, supervisory support and teacher retention, and organizational knowledge and institutional continuity. Further analysis identified four major structural challenges: intensifying competition in the external labor market, incomplete feedback cycles between talent development and retention, excessive dependence of organizational knowledge on key individuals, and challenges related to workforce allocation and organizational sustainability. In response to these challenges, four strategies were identified: investment in teacher development, institutionalization of learning organization practices, diversified teacher retention mechanisms, and development of diverse professional roles. Based on these findings, recommendations are proposed at four levels—government and competent authorities, institutional systems within private preschools, preschool principals and administrators, and teachers’ professional and career development—to inform the management practices of private preschools and the formulation of relevant policies.

壹、中文文獻
內政部（2025）。《人口統計資料》。
方顯光、陳國嘉、呂梅櫻（2012）。幼兒教育產業競爭策略之研究。華人前瞻研究，8(1)，95-109。
行政院（2026）。《0–6歲國家一起養2.0：協助年輕一代敢婚、願生、樂養》。行政院。
李安曜（2022）。我國大學社會責任之政策與成效研究—系統動力學觀點〔博士論文，中原大學〕。https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu202201019
李嵩賢（2007）。人力資源發展：T&D的理論與應用。商鼎數位出版。
彼得．聖吉（2019）。第五項修練：學習型組織的藝術與實務〔郭進隆、齊若蘭譯〕。天下文化。（原著出版於 2006 年）
教育部統計處（2025）。《學前教育概況－主題式互動統計圖表》。教育統計動態視覺化平臺。
莊雪華、黃繼仁、江佳勳（2014）。從社會認知理論的觀點探討教師參與教師專業發展評鑑之因素。教育資料與研究，(115)，223-251。
陶在樸（2025）。超圖解系統思考：見樹又見林的實用決策分析模式。五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
陳玉娟（2007）。從關係品質觀點探討服務品質、學習成效對顧客忠誠度關聯性之分析—以幼稚園產業為例〔碩士論文，國立臺北大學〕。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0023-1001200814534300
陳淑蓉、闕雅文（2012）。竹苗地區幼稚園生家長之幼稚園選擇偏好研究。國際文化研究，8(1)，1-26。
傅朝文（2021）。《幼兒園體罰與不當管教相關問題研析》。立法院法制局。
楊素婷、陳殷哲（2018）。建構私立幼兒園服務品質指標之研究。經營管理學刊，15，1-23。
劉乙儀、張瑞村（2014）。臺灣幼兒園營造學習型組織之可行途徑。學校行政，(93)，36-55。
甄啓枝、王國華（2014）。幼兒家長選擇幼教機構之分析：以新北市為例。致理學報，34，343-376。
貳、英文文獻
Argyris, C., & Schön, D. A. (1978). Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. Addison-Wesley.
Arnold, R. D., & Wade, J. P. (2015). A definition of systems thinking: A systems approach. Procedia Computer Science, 44, 669-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.03.050
Bertalanffy, L. von. (1968). General system theory: Foundations, development, applications. George Braziller.
Bøe, M., & Hognestad, K. (2017). Directing and facilitating distributed pedagogical leadership: Best practices in early childhood education. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 20(2), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2015.1059488
Brunsek, A., Perlman, M., McMullen, E., Falenchuk, O., Fletcher, B., Nocita, G., Kamkar, N., & Shah, P. S. (2020). A meta-analysis and systematic review of the associations between professional development of early childhood educators and children's outcomes. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 53, 217-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.03.003
Cherrington, S. (2017). Professional learning and development in early childhood education: A shifting landscape of policies and practice. New Zealand Annual Review of Education, 22, 53-65. https://doi.org/10.26686/nzaroe.v22i0.4148
DeCenzo, D. A., Robbins, S. P., & Verhulst, S. L. (2013). Fundamentals of human resource management (10th ed.). Wiley.
Forrester, J. W. (1968). Principles of systems. Wright-Allen Press.
Garavan, T. N., Carbery, R., & Rock, A. (2012). Mapping talent development: Definition, scope and architecture. European Journal of Training and Development, 36(1), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090591211192601
Garvin, D. A. (1993). Building a learning organization. Harvard Business Review, 71(4), 78-91.
Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Balkin, D. B., & Cardy, R. L. (2012). Managing human resources (7th ed.). Pearson.
Goodman, M. (2002). The iceberg model. Innovation Associates Organizational Learning.
Leung, S. K. Y. (2014). Evaluating the free early childhood education policies in Taiwan with the 3A2S framework. International Journal of Chinese Education, 3(2), 268-289. https://doi.org/10.1163/22125868-12340040
McLagan, P. A. (1989). The models for HRD practice. Training and Development Journal, 43, 49-59
McLagan, P. A., & Bedrick, D. (1983). Models for excellence: The results of the ASTD training and development competency study. Training and Development Journal, 37(6), 10-20.
Meadows, D. H. (2008). Thinking in systems: A primer. Chelsea Green Publishing.
Monat, J. P., & Gannon, T. F. (2015). What is systems thinking? A review of selected literature plus recommendations. American Journal of Systems Science, 4(1), 11-26.
Nadler, L. (1970). Developing human resources. Gulf Publishing.
Nguyen, D., Harris, A., & Ng, D. (2020). A review of the empirical research on teacher leadership (2003–2017): Evidence, patterns and implications. Journal of Educational Administration, 58(1), 60-80. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-02-2018-0023
Opfer, V. D., & Pedder, D. (2011). Conceptualizing teacher professional learning. Review of Educational Research, 81(3), 376-407. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654311413609
Otoo, F. N. K., & Rather, N. A. (2024). Human resource development practices and employee engagement: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Rajagiri Management Journal, 18(3), 202-232. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAMJ-09-2023-0267
Perumal, M. (2019). A system dynamics model of the talent pipeline for strategic responsiveness at DUT [Doctoral dissertation]. Durban University of Technology.
Richmond, B. (2001). An introduction to systems thinking. High Performance Systems.
Runhaar, P. (2017). How can schools and teachers benefit from human resource management? Conceptualising HRM from content and process perspectives. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 45(4), 639-656. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143215623786
Ryan, S., & Hornbeck, A. (2004). Mentoring for quality improvement: A case study of a mentor teacher in the reform process. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 19(1), 79-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568540409595056
Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. Currency Doubleday.
Sterman, J. D. (2000). Business dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. McGraw-Hill.
Tran, H., & Kelley, C. (2024). Strategic human resources management in schools: Talent-centered education leadership. Taylor & Francis.
Werner, J. M., & DeSimone, R. L. (2012). Human resource development (6th ed.). South-Western Cengage Learning.
Wright, P. M., & McMahan, G. C. (1992). Theoretical perspectives for strategic human resource management. Journal of Management, 18(2), 295-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639201800205