本文以1985年至2025年蘇聯與俄羅斯對北韓外交政策的演變為研究對象，探討戈巴契夫、葉爾欽與普欽三位領導人執政時期外交政策轉變的影響因素。本文採用新古典現實主義作為主要研究途徑，結合安全化理論，並運用過程追蹤作為研究方法，從國際體系因素、國內政權因素及決策者認知因素三個層次進行分析，以釐清不同時期蘇聯與俄羅斯對北韓外交政策調整的原因，並探討外交政策如何隨著國際局勢、國內政治變遷及決策者認知的轉變而調整。
本文的研究結果顯示，戈巴契夫時期因冷戰末期兩極體系鬆動、蘇聯共產黨的改革及戈巴契夫「新思維」外交理念的影響，使蘇聯逐步降低北韓在其外交戰略中的重要性，並轉向以國家利益為核心的務實外交；葉爾欽時期則受到單極體系、俄羅斯民主轉型及葉爾欽親西方認知的影響，初期大幅傾向西方，後期因北約東擴與歐洲安全秩序重組，有限度恢復與北韓的接觸；普欽時期則因多極體系發展、西方壓力持續升高、俄羅斯威權化及普欽安全化論述的形成，逐步提升北韓的戰略價值，並促使俄羅斯逐步由韓半島等距外交轉向與北韓建立全面戰略夥伴關係。

This study examines the evolution of Soviet and Russian foreign policy toward North Korea from 1985 to 2025, exploring the key factors behind policy shifts under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin, and Vladimir Putin. Anchored in neoclassical realism, the research integrates securitization theory and utilizes process tracing to analyze policy dynamics across three analytical levels: the international system, domestic regime, and leaders' perceptions. Through this framework, the study accounts for the policy recalibrations across different periods, demonstrating how foreign policy adapted to shifting international systemic structures, domestic political transitions, and evolving leaders' perceptions.
The findings reveal that during the Gorbachev era, the weakening of the bipolar system at the end of the Cold War, the internal reforms of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and Gorbachev’s "new thinking" foreign policy progressively reduced North Korea’s strategic importance, shifting Soviet diplomacy toward a pragmatic, national-interest-driven approach. Under Yeltsin, the emergence of a unipolar world, Russia’s democratic transition, and Yeltsin’s initial pro-Western orientation drew Russia closer to the West; however, NATO’s eastward expansion and the restructuring of the European security architecture later impelled Russia to resume limited engagement with North Korea. In the Putin era, the move toward a multipolar system, escalating Western pressure, Russia’s authoritarian turn, and Putin’s securitization discourse collectively elevated North Korea's strategic imperative, prompting Russia to shift from its traditional policy of equidistance on the Korean Peninsula toward a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership with North Korea.

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三、 俄文部分
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BBC News Русская служба. 2023. “«Вместе в борьбе против империализма». Как прошла встреча Ким Чен Ына с Путиным. ” https://www.bbc.com/russian/articles/cpdmpy772dpo. (Accessed on October 22, 2025).