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| 研究生： |
王秀如 Wang, Hsiu-Ju |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱： |
由句法角色、語用功能、及社會限制來看插話造成的發言轉換現象 Turn-talking through interruption - syntactic, pragmatic, and social constraints |
| 指導教授： |
詹惠珍
Chan, Hui-Chen |
| 學位類別： |
碩士
Master |
| 系所名稱： |
外國語文學院 - 語言學研究所 Graduate Institute of Linguistics |
| 論文出版年： | 1998 |
| 畢業學年度： | 86 |
| 語文別： | 英文 |
| 論文頁數： | 109 |
| 中文關鍵詞： | 發言轉換 、句法角色 、語用功能 、社會限制 、插話 |
| 外文關鍵詞： | Turn-talking, Interruption, Syntactic, Pragmatic, Social constraints |
| 相關次數： | 點閱：256 下載：0 |
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在日常對話中，通常一次只有一個人說話，然而，卻常常發現有不只一個談話者同時說話的情形。這種違反常規的重疊現象(overlappings)可分為疊話(overlaps)跟插話(interruptions)。大部份的學者依據句法結構或音韻觀點來區分疊話跟插話，似仍有遺漏，故本篇論文嘗試依據插話的語意內容來區分這兩種重疊現象，又本文的重點是放在插話的研究，作者試從語法角色(grammatical roles)、順序(linear order)、語用功能、及社會因素來探討插話者如何成功的襲奪被插話者的說話權利。
本篇論文的語料採自十一個雙人面對面的日常對話，其中男生和男生的對話其三份，女生和女生的對話以及男女之間的對話各四份。此分類方式是基於觀察交談者之間性別的異同所帶來的權力(power)以及等同性(solidarity)是否會影響插話的頻率、位置、和語用功能的分配。在語料中將區分所有疊話和插話，同時標記語用功能，及插話者和被插話的性別以便於做統計分析。
本篇論文發現插話現象主要是受順序先後的影響，百分之八十的插話發生在前5到8個位置，且這些位置不受特殊語法角色的限制，此外，插話通常發生在詞組外而非在詞組內。至於插話的語用功能，以做澄清功能(clarification)為最多，反對功能(disagreement)次之，確認功能(confirmation)最少。而單就插話者的性別而言，女生所引發的插話頻率跟男生相近，這可能是由於女生的高教育背景，使女生有獨立思考的能力、較高的社會地位，與充分的發言權，再加上過於強調男女平權，使女生的插話頻率提高。而在考慮插話者與被插話者的性別方面，的確發現了權力的影響力，男生打岔女生的頻率確實高於女生打岔男生的頻率，但兩者差距不大，一方面可能是男生為要表現社會禮儀以示對女生的尊重，另一方面可能是漠視女生的知識能力而不與之爭辯，故其打岔的頻率不如預期的高。
在高教育背景的影響之下，女生開始要求男女平等，進而嘗試跳脫中國傳統性別角色的限制。於是，女生和男生的插話行為將因性別限制的解除而趨於一致。
Transition of turn in daily conversation is not always rule-governed. Violation of turn-taking rules may result in overlapping, which includes overlap and interruption. Differentiation of the two by syntactic and phonological criteria may sometimes fail. To remedy the problem, it is suggested that the communicative purpose of overlapping should be taken into consideration. That is, if the overlapping evokes cooperation, it should be counted as overlap; if it entails antagonism and competition, it should be judged as interruption. The focus of this study is to find out how syntactic structure, timing, pragmatic functions, and social constraints influence the emergence of interruption.
The data needed in this study were collected from eleven dyadic face to face daily conversations, including three male-male conversations, four female-female conversations, and four male-female conversations. In each conversation, interruptions are identified and categorized by their pragmatic functions and by the interrupter's and interruptee's gender.
The results of this study indicates that timing is more influential to the occurrence of interruption than the grammatical roles of the syntactic sites in which interruptions take place. It is found that about 80% of interruption occurs in the first eight positions in sentences with transitive verbs and the first five positions in sentences with intransitive verbs. In these positions, grammatical roles of all kinds may appear. In addition, interruptions are found to occur more frequently on syntactic junctures than within syntactic constituents.
As to pragmatic functions of interruptions, there is a priority order among three of the pragmatic functions that interruptions serve, with interruption for clarification overrides interruption for disagreement, which suppresses interruption for confirmation.
As for the social constraints on interruption, first, females, unexpectedly, interrupt their interlocutors as frequently as males do. Promotion of social-economic status through education and emergence of self-confidence are offered to explain why women initiate many interruptions. On the other hand, superficial courtesy and man chauvinism are provided to explain why men interrupt less often than expected. Next, when both the interrupter's and the interruptee's genders are taken into consideration, the influence of power is revealed only in cross gender conversation, with males' interrupting females more than their being interrupted by females. On the surface, both men and women interrupt their interlocutors. However, underlyingly, men interrupt to show power to control, while women interrupt to show power to resist control. It seems that men, in Chinese society, are still the dominating sex.
It is predicted that the power difference between men and women will be alleviated in the future. At that time, the two sexes will share the same patterns of interruptions.
Acknowledge-----iv
Chinese Abstract-----viii
English Abstract-----ix
Transcription Convention-----xi
List of Tables-----xii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 The Problem-----1
1.2 Variables of Three Dimensions-----2
1.2.1 Interruptions vs. Overlap-----2
1.2.2 The Syntactic Sites of the Occurrence of Interruption-----3
1.2.2.1 Syntactic Structures of Sentences-----3
1.2.2.2 Description of Syntactic Sites-----4
1.2.2.2.1 Five Syntactic Constituents-----4
1.2.2.2.2 Syntactic Junctures-----6
1.2.3 Pragmatic functions-----7
1.2.3.1 Disagreement-----7
1.2.3.2 Clarification-----8
1.2.3.3 Confirmation-----8
1.2.3.4 Defense-----9
1.2.3.5 Correction-----9
1.2.3.6 Inquiry-----10
1.2.3.7 Topic-shifting-----10
1.2.4 Social Factors-----11
1.3 Hypotheses-----12
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Interruption vs. Overlap-----15
2.1.1 Organization of Turn-taking-----15
2.1.1.1 Definition of Turn-----15
2.1.1.2 Turn-exchange Process-----16
2.1.2 Differentiation of Interruption and Overlap-----16
2.1.3 Successful Interruption vs. Unsuccessful Interruption-----20
2.2 Pragmatic Functions of Interruption-----20
2.3 Power and Solidarity-----22
2.3.1 Power and Solidarity in Interruption-----22
2.3.2 Gender Difference in Interruption-----24
Chapter 3 Methodology
3.1 Variables-----27
3.1.1 Linguistic Variable-----27
3.1.2 Pragmatic Functions-----28
3.1.3 Social Factors-----28
3.2 Data collection-----28
3.2.1 Data for Quantitative Analysis-----29
3.2.1.1 Number and Types of Conversation-----29
3.2.1.2 Topics-----29
3.2.1.3 Setting-----30
3.2.1.4 Recording-----30
3.2.1.5 Sampling-----30
3.2.1.6 Data Transcription-----32
3.2.2 Data for Qualitative Analysis-----33
3.3 Data analysis-----33
Chapter 4 Data Analysis: Interruptions by Structures and Pragmatic Function 4. The Result of Data Analysis-----35
4.1 The Distribution of Interruption in Syntactic Sites and Timing-----36
4.1.1 The Distribution of Interruption in Syntactic Sites and Timing in Syntactic Structure with Transitive Verb-----37
4.1.2 The Distribution of Interruption in Syntactic Sites and Timing in Syntactic Structure with Intransitive Verb-----44
4.2 Distribution of Interruption by Pragmatic Functions-----47
4.2.1 The Frequency of Interruption by Different Pragmatic Functions-----47
4.2.2 Distribution of Interruption for Different Pragmatic Functions in Syntactic Sites and Timing-----52
Chapter 5 Data Analysis: Interruptions by Power and Solidarity
5.1 Distribution of Interruption by Interrupter's Gender-----59
5.1.1 Frequency of Interruption by Interrupter's Gender-----60
5.1.2 Distribution of Interruption is Syntactic Sites and Timing by Interrupter's Gender-----63
5.1.3 Distribution of Interruption for Different Pragmatic Functions by Interrupters' gender-----65
5.1.4 Distribution of Interruption for Different Pragmatic Functions by Syntactic Sites, Timing, and Interrupter's Gender-----67
5.2 Distribution of Interruption by Interrupter's and Interruptee's Gender-----74
5.2.1 Distribution of Interruption in Syntactic Sites and Timing by Interrupter's and Interruptee's Gender-----78
5.2.2 Distribution of Interruption for Different Pragmatic Functions by Interrupter's and Interruptee's Gender-----82
5.3 Comparison between Distribution of Interruption by Interrupter's Gender Only and That by Both Interrupter's and Interruptee's Gender-----92
Chapter 6 Conclusion
6.1 General Patterns-----95
6.1.1 Interruption in Syntactic Sites and Timing-----95
6.1.2 Interruption and Pragmatic Functions-----97
6.1.3 Interruption and Interlocutors' Gender-----99
6.2 Conclusion-----104
Bibliography-----107
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Definition of overlap and interruption-----17
Table 2 Matrix of conversation by interlocutors' gender-----29
Table 3 Social attributes of the subjects-----31
Table 4 Categorization of overlapping-----36
Table 5 Distribution of interruption, by syntactic sites in sentences with transitive verbs-----38
Table 6 Distribution of interruption by syntactic constituents and syntactic junctures in sentences with transitive verbs-----38
Table 7 Distribution of interruption by linear positions in sentences with transitive verbs-----38
Table 8 Distribution of interruption by syntactic sites in sentences with intransitive verbs-----44
Table 9 Distribution of interruption by syntactic constituents and syntactic junctures in sentences with intransitive verbs-----44
Table 10 Distribution of interruption by linear positions in sentences with intransitive verbs-----45
Table 11 Distribution of interruption by pragmatic functions-----48
Table 12 Distribution of interruption by syntactic sites and pragmatic functions-----53
Table 13 Distribution of interruption by syntactic constituents, syntactic junctures, and pragmatic functions-----53
Table 14 Distribution of interruption by linear positions and pragmatic functions-----54
Table 15 Distribution, of interruption by gender-----60
Table 16 Distribution of interruption by syntactic sites and gender-----63
Table 17 Distribution of interruption by syntactic constituents, syntactic junctures, and gender-----64
Table 18 Distribution of interruption by linear positions and gender-----64
Table 19 Time span of interruption by gender-----64
Table 20 Distribution of interruption by pragmatic functions and gender-----66
Table 21 Distribution of mterruption by syntactic sites, pragmatic functions, and gender-----71
Table 22 Distribution of interruption by syntactic constituents, syntactic junctures, pragmatic functions, and gender-----71
Table 23 Distribution of interruption by linear positions, pragmatic functions, and gender-----73
Table 24 Time span of interruption by pragmatic functions and gender-----73
Table 25 Distribution of interruption by interrupter's and interruptee's gender-----75
Table 26 Distribution of interruption by syntactic sites, and interrupter's and interruptee's gender-----78
Table 27 Distribution of interruption by syntactic constituents, syntactic junctures, and interrupter's and interruptee's gender-----79
Table 28 Distribution of interruption by linear positions, and interrupter's and interruptee's gender-----81
Table 29 Time span of interruption by interrupter's and interruptee's gender-----81
Table 30 Distribution of interruption by pragmatic functions and interrupter's and interruptee's gender-----82
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