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| 研究生： |
柯悠吟 Kedra, Julia |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱： |
波蘭媒體對戰爭的描繪 Portrayals of Wars in Polish Media |
| 指導教授： |
葉嘉炘
Yeh, Chia-Hsin |
| 口試委員: |
劉叡穎
Liu, Ruey-Ying 蔡葵希 Cook, Christine |
| 學位類別： |
碩士
Master |
| 系所名稱： |
傳播學院 - 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS) International Master's Program in International Communication Studies(IMICS) |
| 論文出版年： | 2025 |
| 畢業學年度： | 113 |
| 語文別： | 英文 |
| 論文頁數： | 195 |
| 中文關鍵詞： | 媒體再現 、集體認同 、新聞 、波蘭媒體 、烏俄衝突 、巴以衝突 、批判性話語分析 |
| 外文關鍵詞： | media portrayals, collective identity, news, Polish media, Ukraine-Russia, Palestine-Israel, Critical Discourse Analysis |
| 相關次數： | 點閱：133 下載：4 |
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本論文探討波蘭三家媒體——TVP.info、TVN24 與 OKO.press——如何透過五種核心話語策略建構對烏克蘭－俄羅斯與巴勒斯坦－以色列衝突的敘事。這五種策略包括：行為者再現、語態、評價性語言、預設，以及人稱代詞的使用。研究運用費爾克勞的批判話語分析法，分析了24篇依據五個衝突報導核心主題（人道危機、國際參與、公共輿論與和平談判）所選的新聞文章，旨在揭示語言如何反映編輯立場並形塑國家認同。
研究發現，行為者再現、預設與語態是最具意識形態意涵的語言策略。行為者再現主要聚焦於一致性地將烏克蘭描繪為英雄或受害者，並同時譴責俄羅斯。巴勒斯坦的呈現則因媒體而異，尤其在 TVP.info 與 TVN24 中常出現去個人化與謹慎措辭，相較於烏俄衝突，其行為者再現的語氣明顯更弱。預設在三家媒體中皆被穩定運用，用以隱藏意識形態假設，而語態則用於策略性地賦予或隱藏行為責任。OKO.press 則與其他兩家媒體有所不同，展現出高強度語言、主動語態與道德框架，並應用於兩場衝突之中，這與該媒體的組織特性相符。人稱代詞雖非常用策略，但在情感張力高的烏俄報導中，常用於表達認同或疏離。
這些語言模式不僅僅是風格上的選擇，更參與了波蘭集體身份的建構，使其在全球權力架構中被定位為忠誠的北約／歐盟盟友（TVP.info）、謹慎的自由民主國家（TVN24），或一個以國際人道主義規範為基礎的道德行動者（OKO.press）。因此，這樣的身份建構呈現出新聞媒體高度的極化現象。
本論文總結指出，波蘭媒體並非中立地報導國際衝突，而是積極參與於國家敘事的建構。它們不只是報導地緣政治衝突，而是在話語中定位波蘭在衝突中的角色，形塑出關於「我們是誰」與「我們與誰站在一起」的多重敘事。
This thesis investigates how Polish media outlets – TVP.info, TVN24, and OKO.press – construct narratives around the Ukraine-Russia and Palestine-Israel conflicts using five core discursive strategies: actor representation, voice attribution, evaluative language, presupposition, and pronoun use. Applying Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis across 24 articles (chosen on the basis of four themes crucial to conflict reporting: humanitarian crisis, international involvement, public opinion and peace talk), the study reveals how these strategies reflect editorial ideology and shape national identity.
Findings show that actor representation, presupposition, and voice attribution were the most ideologically significant tools. Actor representations focused on framing Ukraine as consistently heroic or victimized across all outlets, while simultanously condemning Russia. Portrayals of Palestine varied, often characterized by depersonalization and cautious framing, particularly in TVP.info and TVN24, who offered much lower register for actor representations compared to Ukraine-Russia conflict. Presuppositions stood out significantly, as they were used consistently across outlets to disguise any ideological assumptions, while voice attribution strategically assigned or concealed agency. OKO.press diverged from TVP.info and TVN24 with high-intensity language, active constructions, and moral framing applied to both conflicts, which goes along with the institutional characteristics of the outlet. The study found that pronoun use is not a popular strategy, however, when used, it marked solidarity or detachment, especially in emotionally loaded Ukraine coverage.
These linguistic patterns are not merely stylistic; they construct Poland's collective identity in relation to broader global powers – positioning it as a loyal NATO/EU ally (TVP.info), a cautious liberal democracy (TVN24), or an ethical actor grounded in international humanitarian norms (OKO.press). Therefore, suggesting that said identity can be highly polarized. The thesis concludes that Polish media do not neutrally report international conflicts but actively engage in the construction of national narratives. Polish media do not simply report on geopolitical conflicts – they participate in discursively positioning Poland within them, constructing competing visions of who “we” are, and who “we” stand with.
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background Information 3
1.1.1 Media Slant in the U.S. 3
1.1.2 Media Slant in Poland 5
1.2 Portrayals of the Conflicts in Western Media 6
1.2.1 Israel-Palestine Conflict Portrayals 6
1.2.2 Ukraine-Russia Conflict Portrayals 7
1.3 Problem Statement 8
1.3.1 Identity Politics 10
1.3.2 The Changing Media Landscape in Poland 11
1.4 Research Objectives 13
2 Literature Review 15
2.1 The Israel-Palestine Conflict 15
2.1.1 Historical Background 15
2.1.2 Current Context 17
2.2 The Ukraine-Russia Conflict 17
2.2.1 Historical Background 17
2.2.2 Current Context 18
2.3 Poland’s Relationship with Each Actor 19
2.3.1 Poland and Ukraine 20
2.3.2 Poland and Russia 20
2.3.3 Poland and Palestine 21
2.3.4 Poland and Israel 21
2.3.5 Collective Identity Impact on the Relationship with War Actors 21
2.4 Social Identity Theory and Social Actor Representation 23
2.4.1 SIT Relevance to War and Conflict 24
2.4.2 Polish Context 25
2.4.3 Media Representation in the Context of SIT and SAT 26
2.5 Media Discourse, News Production and Representation 28
2.5.1 Media Discourse 28
2.5.2 News Production 30
2.5.3 Actor Representation 30
2.6 Critical Discourse Analysis 31
2.6.1 Media, Language, Ideology, and Power 33
2.6.2 Themes Applied in CDA 35
3 Methodology 38
3.1 Data Collection and Sampling 38
3.2 Analytic Framework and Fairclough’s CDA Approach 40
4 Results 44
4.1 Textual Analysis/Micro-structure (Fairclough’s Description) for TVP.info – Palestine–Israel conflict. 44
4.1.1 Article 1 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: Humanitarian Crisis – TVP.info 44
4.1.2 Article 2 on Palestine and Israel: International Involvement– TVP.info 46
4.1.3 Article 3 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: Public Opinion– TVP.info 48
4.1.4 Article 4 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: Peace Talk– TVP.info 50
4.2 Textual Analysis/Micro-structure (Fairclough’s Description) for TVP.info – Ukraine–Russia conflict 52
4.2.1 Article 1 on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Humanitarian Crisis– TVP.info 52
4.2.2 Article 2 on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: International Involvement – TVP.info 55
4.2.3 Article 3 on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Public Opinion – TVP.info 57
4.2.4 Article 4 on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Peace talk – TVP.info 59
4.3 Textual Analysis/Micro-structure (Fairclough’s Description) for TVN24 – Palestine–Israel conflict 61
4.3.1 Article 1 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: Humanitarian Crisis – TVN24 61
4.3.2 Article 2 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: International Involvement – TVN24 63
4.3.3 Article 3 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: Public opinion – TVN24 65
4.3.4 Article 4 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: Peace Talk– TVN.24 68
4.4 Textual Analysis/Micro-structure (Fairclough’s Description) for TVN24 – Ukraine-Russia conflict 70
4.4.1 Article 1 on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Humanitarian Crisis– TVN.24 70
4.4.2 Article 2 on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: International Involvement – TVN.24 73
4.4.3 Article 3 on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Public Opinion– TVN.24 75
4.4.4 Article 4 on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Peace Talk– TVN.24 77
4.5 Textual Analysis/Micro-structure (Fairclough’s Description) for OKO.press – Palestine-Israel conflict 80
4.5.1 Article 1 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: Humanitarian Crisis– OKO.press 80
4.5.2 Article 2 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: International Involvement – OKO.press 82
4.5.3 Article 3 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: Public Opinion – OKO.press 84
4.5.4 Article 4 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: Peace Talk – OKO.press 86
4.6 Textual analysis/micro-structure (Fairclough’s Description) for OKO.press – Ukraine-Russia conflict 88
4.6.1 Article 1 on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Humanitarian Crisis– OKO.press 88
4.6.2 Article 2 on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: International Involvement– OKO.press 91
4.6.3 Article 3 on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Public Opinion – OKO.press 94
4.6.4 Article 4 on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Peace Talk– OKO.press 96
5 Discussion 99
5.1 Micro-level Implications – Summary 99
5.2 Meso-level Analysis 103
5.2.1 Newsroom Practice and Ethics 103
5.2.2 Portrayals of the Two Wars – Media Slant 104
5.3 Macro–level Implications 107
5.3.1 Ideology Reflected in Language Use and Attitude – Implications for Collective Identity 107
5.3.2 Identity Politics – Global Perspective 108
6 Conclusion 110
6.1 Research Question 1 on Linguistic and Discursive Strategies Used to Portray Wars in Poland’s News Media 110
6.2 Research Question 2 on Identity Politics of Slanted Media in Poland 111
6.3 Theoretical Implications 113
6.4 Research Limitations 114
References 115
Appendix A 135
Appendix B 137
Appendix C 138
1.1 Article 1 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: Humanitarian Crisis – TVP.info 138
1.1.1 Case 1 138
1.1.2 Case 2 138
1.1.3 Case 3 139
1.1.4 Case 4 139
1.1.5 Case 5 140
1.1.6 Case 6 140
1.2 Article 2 on Palestine-Israel conflict: International Involvement – TVP.info 141
1.2.1 Case 7 141
1.2.2 Case 8 141
1.2.3 Case 9 142
1.2.4 Case 10 142
1.2.5 Case 11 143
1.3 Article 3 on Palestine-Israel conflict: Public Opinion– TVP.info 144
1.3.1 Case 12 144
1.3.2 Case 13 144
1.3.3 Case 14 144
1.4 Article 4 on Palestine-Israel conflict: Peace Talk– TVP.info 145
1.4.1 Case 15 145
1.4.2 Case 16 145
1.4.3 Case 17 146
1.4.4 Case 18 146
2 Textual analysis/micro-structure (Fairclough’s Description) for TVP.info – Ukraine-Russia conflict. 147
2.1 Article 1 on Ukraine-Russia conflict: Humanitarian Crisis – TVP.info 147
2.1.1 Case 19 147
2.1.2 Case 20 147
2.1.3 Case 21 148
2.1.4 Case 22 149
2.2 Article 2 on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: International Response – TVP.info 149
2.2.1 Case 23 149
2.2.2 Case 24 150
2.2.3 Case 25 150
2.3 Article 3 on Ukraine-Russia conflict: Public Opinion – TVP.info 151
2.3.1 Case 26 151
2.3.2 Case 27 151
2.3.3 Case 28 152
2.3.4 Case 29 152
2.4 Article 4 on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Peace Talk – TVP.info 153
2.4.1 Case 30 153
2.4.2 Case 31 153
2.4.3 Case 32 154
3 Textual analysis/micro-structure (Fairclough’s Description) for TVN24 – Palestine–Israel conflict 154
3.1 Article 1 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: Humanitarian Crisis – TVN24 154
3.1.1 Case 33 154
3.1.2 Case 34 155
3.1.3 Case 35 155
3.2 Article 2 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: International Involvement – TVN24 156
3.2.1 Case 36 156
3.2.2 Case 37 156
3.2.3 Case 38 157
3.2.4 Case 39 157
3.3 Article 3 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: Public Opinion – TVN24 158
3.3.1 Case 40 158
3.3.2 Case 41 159
3.3.3 Case 42 159
3.3.4 Case 43 160
3.3.5 Case 44 160
3.3.6 Case 45 161
3.3.7 Case 46 162
3.3.8 Case 47 162
3.3.9 Case 48 163
3.4 Article 4 on Palestine-Israel Conflict: Peace Talk – TVN24 163
3.4.1 Case 49 163
3.4.2 Case 50 164
4 Textual analysis/micro-structure (Fairclough’s Description) for TVN24 – Ukraine-Russia conflict 165
4.1 Article on Ukraine–Russia conflict: Humanitarian Crisis – TVN24 165
4.1.1 Case 51 165
4.1.2 Case 52 166
4.1.3 Case 53 166
4.1.4 Case 54 167
4.2 Article on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: International Involvement – TVN24 168
4.2.1 Case 55 168
4.2.2 Case 56 168
4.2.3 Case 57 169
4.2.4 Case 58 169
4.3 Article on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Public Opinion – TVN24 170
4.3.1 Case 59 170
4.3.2 Case 60 170
4.3.3 Case 61 171
4.4 Article on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Peace Talk – TVN24 171
4.4.1 Case 62 171
4.4.2 Case 63 172
4.4.3 Case 64 173
4.4.4 Case 65 173
5 Textual Analysis/Micro-structure (Fairclough’s Description) for OKO.press – Palestine-Israel conflict 174
5.1 Article on Palestine-Israel Conflict: Humanitarian Crisis – OKO.press 174
5.1.1 Case 66 174
5.1.2 Case 67 174
5.1.3 Case 68 175
5.1.4 Case 69 175
5.1.5 Case 70 176
5.2 Article on Palestine-Israel Conflict: International Involvement – OKO.press 177
5.2.1 Case 71 177
5.2.2 Case 72 177
5.2.3 Case 73 178
5.3 Article on Palestine-Israel Conflict:Public Opinion – OKO.press 178
5.3.1 Case 74 178
5.3.2 Case 75 179
5.3.3 Case 76 180
5.4 Article on Palestine-Israel Conflict: Peace Talk – OKO.press 180
5.4.1 Case 77 180
5.4.2 Case 78 181
5.4.3 Case 79 181
6 Textual analysis/micro-structure (Fairclough’s Description) for OKO.press – Ukraine-Russia conflict 182
6.1 Article on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Humanitarian Crisis – OKO.press 182
6.1.1 Case 80 182
6.1.2 Case 81 183
6.1.3 Case 82 183
6.1.4 Case 83 184
6.2 Article on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: International Involvement – OKO.press 184
6.2.1 Case 84 184
6.2.2 Case 85 185
6.2.3 Case 86 185
6.2.4 Case 87 186
6.2.5 Case 88 187
6.2.6 Case 89 187
6.3 Article on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Public Opinion – OKO.press 188
6.3.1 Case 90 188
6.3.2 Case 91 188
6.3.3 Case 92 188
6.3.4 Case 93 189
6.3.5 Case 94 190
6.3.6 Case 95 190
6.4 Article on Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Peace Talk – OKO.press 191
6.4.1 Case 96 191
6.4.2 Case 97 191
6.4.3 Case 98 192
6.4.4 Case 99 192
6.4.5 Case 100 193
6.4.6 Case 101 193
6.4.7 Case 102 194
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