入睡過程(sleep onset process)可視為連續性生理與心理的轉變過程。在這過程中，主觀心理的面向包括對環境刺激(例如聲音)的察覺程度，與內在思緒及影像的出現與否，以及主觀上的睡眠深度。這些主觀心理向度的變化，會隨著不同入睡階段而產生各自的轉變，同時這些向度也可能受生理與心理狀態的影響而有所不同，而可能使得主、客觀睡眠狀態差異出現更為明顯的情形。因此，本研究透過給予受試者壓力情境，讓受試者產生過度激發的特徵，來試圖探討在壓力下對於入睡主觀知覺造成的影響。
本實驗之樣本為13名大學生與研究生，年齡18-30歲 (平均年齡22.2歲)。受試者在白天至睡眠實驗室小睡，依據多頻道睡眠檢查 (polysomnography , PSG)的記錄，分別在受試者出現慢速眼動 (slow eye movement , SEM)、階段一睡眠、階段二睡眠、以及進入睡眠階段二後五分鐘時，叫醒受試者四次，進行問卷訪談。問卷為自行編製的結構性問卷，內容詢問受試者在喚醒當時的各類知覺經驗、睡眠知覺(例如睡著與否的判定)、思考狀態等不同向度的主觀感受。每一位受試者皆會進行兩次測試，一次為控制情境，一次為壓力情境，順序採對抗平衡。然後比較在兩情境下，各面向心理狀態的差異。
由於受試者樣本較小的緣故，本研究以無母數統計，來分析比較四種入睡階段在兩種情境下主觀感受的差異程度。結果發現當入睡進入慢速眼動期，『聲音有無』在兩組會出現顯著差異；階段一時，『外在環境刺激的清晰度』、『聲音清晰度』、『感官與今天經驗關連度』實驗組高於控制組；在階段二時，『思考有無』實驗組高於控制組，在階段二過後五分鐘時，『感官與今天經驗關連度』，實驗組高於控制組。其餘指標則有接近顯著的傾向，進入慢速眼動期時『聲音清晰度』、『感官控制』，實驗組可能有高於控制組的傾向，接近顯著；在階段一時， 『入睡程度』，實驗組有高於控制組的傾向；在入睡腦波的階段二，『影像清晰度』及『情緒程度』，實驗組有高於控制組的傾向；當入睡進入階段二後五分鐘，『感官真實』，實驗組有高於控制組的傾向。
本研究發現壓力所造成對入睡主觀經驗的影響，會讓個體的知覺與現實生活有更多的連結相關，對外在環境會出現更多的警覺。另外對於睡眠知覺的判斷，也許則會有維持更清醒意識狀態的傾向，並可能出現更多的情緒及想法。在早期入睡心理歷程被認為與入睡腦波變化有著不同的進程，而在高激發或壓力狀態下的入睡心理狀態研究，雖然看到更為明顯的主客觀不一致現象，但僅侷限於主觀睡著率與入睡時間點的判斷，並未研究其他更多的心理面向。本研究發現入睡初期，對於外在有著更加的警覺度，對現實有更多的連結，可以解釋為何在壓力狀態下，受試者的睡眠知覺會出現更明顯的清醒狀態。研究結果除確認了腦波變化與心理感受有各自的進程，並顯示腦波變化並不能完全反映入睡時心理狀態的變化，而且入睡時的心理感受不穩定，極易受到個體狀態的影響。此結果可進一步為日後探討入睡心理歷程及相關異常現象作為基礎。

林一真(民89)。貝克焦慮量表(BAI：1993年版)中文版指導手冊。台北市：中國行為科學社。
陳心怡(民89)。貝克憂鬱量表第二版(BDI-II)中文版指導手冊。台北市：中國行為科學社。
韓慧雅、楊建銘、黃彥霖。(2007)。睡眠初始階段之經驗變化與睡著預測指標。政治大學心理學系。2007台灣睡眠醫學年會口頭宣讀海報。
Akerstedt, T. & Gillerg, M. (1990). Subjective and objective sleepiness in active individual. The International of Journal Neuroscience, 52,29-37.
Baker, FC., Maloney, S., Driver, HS.(1999). A comparison of subjective estimates of sleep with objective polysomnographic data in healthy men and women. Journal OF Psychosomatic Research, 47 (4): 335-341.
Blake, H., Gerard, R.W. & Kleitman, N. (1939). Factors influencing brain potentials during sleep. Journal of Neurophysiololgy, 2,48-60.
Bonnet, M.H. & Moore S.E. (1982).The threshold of sleep: perception of sleep as a function of time asleep and auditory threshold. Sleep, 5(3), 267-276.
Bonnet, M.H. (1990). The perception of sleep onset in insomniacs and normal sleepers. In R.R. Bootzin, J.F. Kihlstrom, & D.L.Schacter (Eds.), Sleep and cognition (pp. 148-158). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Bonnet, M.H. & Arand, D.L. (1995). 24-hour metabolic rate in insomniacs and matched normal sleepers. Sleep, 18, 581-588.
Bonnet, M.H. & Arand, D.L. (1997). Hyperarousal and insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 1, 97-108.
Bosinelli, M. (1991). Recent research trends in sleep onset mentation. In Ellman, S.J.& Antrobus, J.S. (Eds.), The Mind in Sleep: Psychology and Psychophysiology (2nd ed., pp.137-142). New York:Weily.
Buysse, D.J., Reynolds C.F., Monk T.H., Berman S.R. & Kupfer D.J. ( 1989). The pittsburgh sleep quality index :a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28, 193-213.
Chervin, RD. & Guilleminault, C. (1996).Overestimation of sleep latency by patients with suspected hypersomnolence. SLEEP, 19 (2): 94-100.
Davis, H., Davis, P. A., Loomis, A. L., Harvey, E. N., & Hobart, G. (1937). Changes in human brain potentials during the onset of sleep. Science, 86, 448 - 450.
Davis, H., Davis, P. A., Loomis, A. L., Harvey, E. N., & Hobart, G. (1938). Human brain potentials during the onset of sleep. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1, 24-38.
Drake, C., Richardson,G., Roehrs,T., Scofield,H. & Roth,T. (2004). Vulnerability to stress-related sleep disturbance and hyperarousal. Sleep, 27(2), 285-291
Dement, W.C. & Kelitman, N. ( 1957). The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity: an objective method for the study of dreaming. Journal of Experiment Psychololgy, 53, 339-346.
Edinger, J.D., & Fins, A. I.(1995). The distribution and clinical significance of sleeptime misperceptions among insomniacs. Sleep, 18,232-239.
Flanign, W.F. (1972). Behavioral states and electroencephalograms of reptiles. In Chase MH(ed.). The Sleeping Brain. Los Angeles: UCLA Brain Information Service/Brain Research Institute.
Foulkes, D., & Vogel, G. (1965). Mental activity at sleep onset. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 70, 231-243.
Foulkes, D. & Schmidt, M. (1983). Temporal sequence and unit composition in dream reports from different stages of sleep. Sleep, 6, 265-280.
Gibson, E., Perry, F., Redington, D., & Kamiya, J. (1982). Discrimination of sleep onset stages: behavioral responses and verbal reports. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 55(3 Pt 2), 1023-1037.
Gross, R.T. & Borkovec, T.D. (1982). The effects of a cognitive intrusion manipulation on the sleep onset latency of good sleepers. Behaviour Therapy, 13, 112-116.
Hall, M., Vasko R., Buysse, D., Ombao, H. Chen, Q., Cashmere J.D., Kupfer, D., & Thayer J.F. (2004). Acute stress affects heart rate variability during sleep. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 56-62.
Harvey, A.D. (2002). A cognitive model of insomnia. Behaviour Research and Therapy , 40, 869-893.
Hauri, P.J.& Wisbey ,J.( 1992). Wrist actigraphy in insomnia. Sleep,15,293-301.
Hayashi ,M.& Katoh ,K.& Hori ,T. (1999).Hypnagogic imagery and EEG activity. Perceptual Motor Skills, 88, 676-678.
Hiroshige ,Y.& Miyata ,Y.( 1990). Slow eye movements and transitional periods of EEG sleep stages during Day time sleep. Shinrigaku Kenkyu,60,378-385(Japanese; English abstract).
Hoddes ,E. , Zarcone ,V.P. , Smythe ,H. , Phillips ,R.& Dement ,W.C.( 1973) Quantification of Sleepiness: a new approach. Psychophysiology, 10,431-436.
Hori ,T.( 1985).Spatiotemporal changes of EEG activity during waking-sleeping transition period. The International Journal of Neuroscience, Jul,27(1-2),101-14.
Hori, T, Hayashi, M & Morikawa, T. (1994). Topographic EEG changes and the hypnagogic experience. In:Ogilive RD, Harsh JR (eds). Sleep Onset: Normal and Abnormal Processes. Washington: American Psychological Association.
Lamarche ,C.H.& Ogilvie ,R.D.( 1997).Electrophysiological changes during the leep onset period of psychophysiological insomniacs, psychiatric insomniacs, and normal sleepers. Sleep, 20(9),724-33.
Loomis, A.L.& Harvey, E.& Hobart, G.A.( 1937). Cerebral states during sleep, as studied by human brain protentials. Journal of Experiment Psychololgy ,21,127-144.
MacLean,A.W. , Arnedt ,T. , Biedermann,H. , Knowles, J.B.( 1992). Behavioural responding as a measure of sleep quality. Sleep Research,21, 105.
Magnusson ,G.( 1944). Studies on the Respiration during sleep. London, Lewis & Co.
Mercer, J.D., Bootzin, R.R., & Lack, L.C. (2002). Insomniacs’perception of wake instead of sleep. Sleep, 25, 559-566.
Morell, L.K.( 1966). EEG frequency and reaction time – a sequential analysis. Neuropsychological,4, 41-48.
Nicassio,P.M. ,Mendlowitz,D.R. ,Fussell,J.J. ,&Petras,L. (1985). The phenomenology of the pre-sleep state:the development of the pre-sleep arousal scale.Behaviour Research and Therapy,23(3),263-271.
Ogilvie,R.D.& Wilkinson, R.T. (1984).The detection of sleep onset: behavioral and physiological convergence. Psychophysiology,21,510-520.
Ogilvie ,R.D. , McDonagh ,D.M. , Stone ,S.N. & Wilkinson ,R.T.( 1988). Eye movements and the detection of sleep onset. Psychophysiology,25,81-91.
Ogilvie ,R.D., Wilkinson ,R.T.& Allison ,S. (1989) The detection of sleep onset: behavioural ,physiological and subjective convergence. Sleep, 12,458-474.
Ogilvie, R.D. (2001). The process of falling asleep. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 5(3). 247-270.
Perlis,M.L. ,Giles,D.E. ,Mendelson,W.B. ,Bootzin,R.R. & Wyatt,J.K.(1997).Psychophysiological insomnia：the behavioural model and a neurocognitive perspective. Journal of Sleep Research ,6,179-188.
Perlis,M.L. ,Merica,H. ,Smith,M.T. & Giles,D.E.(2001a) Beta EEG activity and insomnia. Sleep Meddicine Reviews,5,365-376
Perlis,M.L., Smith,M.T.,Orff,H.,Andrews,P. & Giles,D.E. (2001b) Beta/Gamma EEG activity in Patients with Primary and Secondary Insomnia and Good Sleeper Controls. Sleep, 24,110-117.
Pivik ,R.T.& Bubsy ,K. (1996). Heart rate associated with sleep onset in preadolescents. Journal of Sleep Research, 5, 33-36.
Rechtschaffen, A, & Foulkes, D.(1965).Effect of visual stimuli on dream content. Perceptual and Motor Skill,20, 1149-1169.
Rechtschaffen, A,& Kales, A,eds.(1968) A Manual of standardized Terminology: Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. Los angeles , Calif:UCLA Brain Information Service/Brain Research Institute.
Rowley, J. T., Stickgold, R., & Hobson, J. A. (1998). Eyelid movements and mental activity at sleep onset. Consciousness and Cognition, 7(1), 67-84.
Schacter,D.L.(1976). The hypnagogic state: A critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 83(3), 452-481.
Smith, S. & Trinder, J.(2000).The effect of arousals during sleep onset on estimates of sleep onset latency. Journal of Sleep Research. 9 (2): p.129-135 .
Tamaki ,M.& Nittono ,H.& Hayashi ,M. &Hori ,T. ( 2005). Examination of the first-night effect during the sleep-onset period. Sleep, 1, 28(2), 195-202.
Tanaka ,H. , Hayashi, M.& Hori, T.( 1998).Topographic mapping of electroencephalography coherence in hypnagogic state.Psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 52(2), 147-8.
Tanaka ,H. , Hayashi, M.& Hori, T.( 1997) .Topographical characteristics and principal component structure of the hypnagogic EEG. Sleep, 20(7),523-34.
Tanaka, H. , Hayashi, M.& Hori, T.( 1999). Topographic mapping of EEG spectral power and coherence in delta activity during the transition from wakefulness to sleep. Psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 53(2),155-7.
Tang,N.K.Y & Harvey,A.G.(2004) Effects of Cognitive Arousal and Physiological Arousal on Sleep Perception. Sleep,27,69-77
Vanable, PA., Aikens, JE.,Tadimeti, L., Caruana-Montaldo, B., Mendelson, WB. (2000). Sleep latency and duration estimates among sleep disorder patients: Variability as a function of sleep disorder diagnosis, sleep history, and psychological characteristics. Sleep, 23 (1): 71-79.
Vogel, G.,Foulkes, D.& Trosman, H.(1966). Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset.Archives of General Psychiatry,14,238-248.
Vogel, G.,Barrowclough, B.,& Giesler,D.(1972).Limited discriminability of REM and sleep onset reports and its psychiatric implications. Archives of General Psychiatry,26,449-455.
Vogel, G. (1991). Sleep-onset mentation. The Mind in Sleep. 125-142.