氣候變遷帶來的災難與負面影響日益受到重視，新聞媒體的角色尤其關鍵，報導框架如何影響閱聽眾對氣候議題關注及提升⾏動意圖早是氣候傳播領域的重要研究課題。過往研究多藉由科學傳播取徑，關注如何呈現客觀事實及倡議觀點的影響，亦有探討新聞框架的敘事對閱聽眾⼼理層面產生的作用（Nisbet et al., 2015)。然而，在國際天災與環境新聞中，道德訴求常被用以強化氣候議題的重要性，惟其對行動意圖可能之影響尚缺乏理論性探討，本研究即在了解新聞中常見基於不同道德基礎訴求是否會帶來不同的傳播效果。
本研究從道德基礎理論（Moral Foundations Theory）出發，聚焦於關懷與公平兩種道德框架，結合新聞地理來源之操弄，建構2（關懷／公平）×2（台灣／美國）的線上實驗設計，探討如何引發閱聽人的氣候焦慮與同理，進而影響閱聽人資訊行為。研究發現，在環境災難新聞中，相較於公平框架，關懷框架更能有效喚起閱聽人的氣候焦慮與同理。氣候焦慮提升閱聽人的資訊尋求行為與對氣候變遷議題的關切程度，但未進一步引發資訊迴避；而同理則同時提高資訊尋求與資訊迴避，並增強其對議題的關切。相對而言，新聞事件的國內、國外來源並未對閱聽人的氣候焦慮與同理產生影響。本研究結合道德基礎理論與解釋級別理論，為氣候傳播提供具實證基礎的敘事策略。

As the catastrophic impacts of climate change gain increasing attention, news media play a pivotal role in shaping public engagement and behavioral intentions. Climate communication research has largely focused on science-based framing, emphasizing objective facts and advocacy, while more recent studies have examined the psychological effects of narrative framing (Nisbet et al., 2015). However, although moral appeals are frequently used in international environmental news to convey the urgency of climate change, their theoretical implications for behavioral intentions remain underexplored. This study addresses this gap by investigating whether news narratives grounded in different moral foundations produce distinct communicative effects.

Grounded in Moral Foundations Theory, this study focuses on two specific moral frames—Care and Fairness—and manipulates the geographical source of the news. Employing a 2 (Care vs. Fairness) × 2 (Taiwan vs. U.S.) online experimental design, this study investigates how these variables elicit climate anxiety and empathy among audiences, and subsequently influence information seeking, information avoidance, and attitudes.

The results indicate that, in environmental disaster news, care-based frames are more effective than fairness-based frames in eliciting climate anxiety and empathy. Climate anxiety increases information seeking and concern about climate change without prompting avoidance. Empathy, by contrast, enhances both seeking and avoidance, while also strengthening issue concern. Framing news as domestic or international does not significantly affect anxiety or empathy. Integrating Moral Foundations and Construal Level Theory, this study offers empirically grounded narrative strategies for climate communication.

交通部中央氣象署（2023）。《2022 年北太平洋西部海域颱風之氣候分析》。交通部中央氣象署。https://www.cwa.gov.tw/Data/climate/Watch/ty/ty-monitor_2023-0.pdf
交通部中央氣象署（2024 年4 月 8 日）。〈極端氣候災防預警暨汛期防汛準備辦理情形〉專案報告（立法院交通委員會）。檢自聯合報《倡議家》網站：https://ubrand.udn.com/ubrand/story/123658/7874643
國家科學及技術委員會、環境部（2024）。《國家氣候變遷科學報告2024：現象、衝擊與調適》。https://tccip.ncdr.nat.gov.tw/ScientificReport2024/
施琮仁(2017)。〈以公眾認知為中心的氣候變遷風險溝通: 理論與實踐〉。Journal of Communication & Culture, 16.
徐美苓、楊意菁（2011）。〈臺灣全球暖化風險溝通的常民認知〉，《傳播與社會》，15：71-104。
徐美苓(2015)。〈影響新聞可信度與新聞素養效能因素之探討〉，《中華傳播學刊》，7：99-136。
徐美苓、施琮仁。(2015). 〈氣候變遷相關政策民意支持的多元面貌〉。《中華傳播學刊》，28：239-278.
徐美苓(2017)。〈再生能源的公眾支持及使用意願: 環境信念, 行動及議題傳播模式初探〉。《中華傳播學刊》 (32)。
陳映均、李松濤（2017）。〈從媒介框架觀點探討環境新聞的報導特徵與議題設計策略〉。《新聞學研究》，133：1–52。
黃嬿（2009）。《台灣報紙全球與地方環境新聞分析─以全球暖化和「八八風災」新聞為例》。臺灣師範大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文。
楊意菁、徐美苓(2012)。〈環境風險的認知與溝通: 以全球暖化議題的情境公眾為例〉。《中華傳播學刊》，2：169-209。
楊意菁(2024)。〈從社交媒體訊息溝通策略以及正負面留言探討企業溝通環境議題對公眾認知的影響〉。《臺灣傳播學刊》，6：81-132。
臧國仁（1998）。〈新聞報導與真實建構：新聞框架理論的觀點〉，《傳播研究集刊》，3：1-102。
臧國仁（1999）。《新聞媒體與消息來源：媒介框架與真實建構之論述》。臺北市：三民。
蔡鴻鵬、許晃雄（2024）。〈HiRAM 推估不同暖化程度之颱風變化〉。《TCCIP 電子報》，第70期。
https://tccip.ncdr.nat.gov.tw/ScientificReport2024/
謝君蔚、徐美苓(2011)。〈媒體再現科技發展與風險的框架與演變: 以基因改造食品新聞為例〉。《中華傳播學刊》，143-179。
台灣媒體觀察教育基金會（2015）。〈媒觀新聞可信度中央社奪冠〉。台北：台灣媒體觀察教育基金會。
台灣媒體觀察教育基金會（2019）。《2019 台灣新聞媒體可信度研究》。台北：台灣媒體觀察教育基金會。

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2013). Full information estimation in the presence of incomplete data. In Advanced structural equation modeling (pp. 243-277). Psychology Press.
Arbuckle Jr, J. G., Morton, L. W., & Hobbs, J. (2015). Understanding farmer perspectives on climate change adaptation and mitigation: The roles of trust in sources of climate information, climate change beliefs, and perceived risk. Environment and Behavior, 47(2), 205-234.
Bamberg, S., & Möser, G. (2007). Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(1), 14-25.
Batson, C. D., Early, S., & Salvarani, G. (1997). Perspective taking: Imagining how another feels versus imaging how you would feel. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(7), 751-758.
Batson, C. D., Fultz, J., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1987). Distress and empathy: Two qualitatively distinct vicarious emotions with different motivational consequences. Journal of Personality, 55(1), 19-39.
Berenguer, J. (2010). The effect of empathy in environmental moral reasoning. Environment and Behavior, 42(1), 110-134.
Bergquist, M., Nilsson, A., & Schultz, P. W. (2019). Experiencing a severe weather event increases concern about climate change. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 220.
Berry, H. L., Bowen, K., & Kjellstrom, T. (2010). Climate change and mental health: a causal pathways framework. International Journal of Public Health, 55(2), 123-132.
Bigsby, E., Cappella, J. N., & Seitz, H. H. (2013). Efficiently and effectively evaluating public service announcements: Additional evidence for the utility of perceived effectiveness. Communication Monographs, 80(1), 1-23.
Bollen, K., & Lennox, R. (1991). Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 110(2), 305.
Breakwell, G. M. (2001). Mental models and social representations of hazards: the significance of identity processes. Journal of Risk Research, 4(4), 341-351.
Brügger, A., Morton, T. A., & Dessai, S. (2016). “Proximising” climate change reconsidered: A construal level theory perspective. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 46, 125-142.
Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Kao, C. F., & Rodriguez, R. (1986). Central and peripheral routes to persuasion: An individual difference perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(5), 1032.
Cameron, C. D., & Payne, B. K. (2011). Escaping affect: how motivated emotion regulation creates insensitivity to mass suffering. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(1), 1.
Carmines, E. G., & McIver, J. P. (1981). Analyzing models with unobserved variables: Analysis of covariance structure. In G. W. Bohrnstedt and E. F. Borgatta (eds.), Social measurement: Current issues.
Case, D. O., Andrews, J. E., Johnson, J. D., & Allard, S. L. (2005). Avoiding versus seeking: the relationship of information seeking to avoidance, blunting, coping, dissonance, and related concepts. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 93(3), 353.
Chapman, D. A., & Peters, E. (2024). Examining the (non-linear) relationships between climate change anxiety, information seeking, and pro-environmental behavioral intentions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 99, 102440.
Chu, H., & Yang, J. Z. (2019). Emotion and the psychological distance of climate change. Science Communication, 41(6), 761-789.
Clayton, S. (2020). Climate anxiety: Psychological responses to climate change. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102263.
Clayton, S., & Karazsia, B. T. (2020). Development and validation of a measure of climate change anxiety. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 69, 101434.
Clayton, S., & Parnes, M. F. (2025). Anxiety and activism in response to climate change. Current Opinion in Psychology, 101996.
Clayton, S., Manning, C., Krygsman, K., & Speiser, M. (2017). Mental health and our changing climate: Impacts, implications, and guidance. American Psychological Association; ecoAmerica.
Cooper, J. M., & Hutchinson, D. S. (Eds.). (1997). Plato: complete works. Hackett Publishing.
Cunsolo, A., & Ellis, N. R. (2018). Ecological grief as a mental health response to climate change-related loss. Nature Climate Change, 8(4), 275-281.
Daeninck, C., Kioupi, V., & Vercammen, A. (2023). Climate anxiety, coping strategies and planning for the future in environmental degree students in the UK. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1126031.
Davis, M. H. (1980). Interpersonal reactivity index.
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113.
Day, M. V., Fiske, S. T., Downing, E. L., & Trail, T. E. (2014). Shifting liberal and conservative attitudes using moral foundations theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(12), 1559-1573.
Decety, J., & Cowell, J. M. (2014). The complex relation between morality and empathy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(7), 337-339.
Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience reviews, 3(2), 71-100.
Deehan, M., Renta, I., Yaary, S., Fillingham, J., Sarkar, S., Matlock, G., ... & Davis, S. (2024). 2023 NOAA Science Report
Demski, C., Capstick, S., Pidgeon, N., Sposato, R. G., & Spence, A. (2017). Experience of extreme weather affects climate change mitigation and adaptation responses. Climatic change, 140(2), 149-164.
Detert, J. R., Treviño, L. K., & Sweitzer, V. L. (2008). Moral disengagement in ethical decision making: a study of antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 374.
Dhar, R., & Kim, E. Y. (2007). Seeing the forest or the trees: Implications of construal level theory for consumer choice. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(2), 96-100.
Dickinson, J. L., Crain, R., Yalowitz, S., & Cherry, T. M. (2013). How framing climate change influences citizen scientists’ intentions to do something about it. The Journal of Environmental Education, 44(3), 145-15
Dickinson, J. L., McLeod, P., Bloomfield, R., & Allred, S. (2016). Which moral foundations predict willingness to make lifestyle changes to avert climate change in the USA?. PloS one, 11(10), e0163852.
Dillard, J. P., Weber, K. M., & Vail, R. G. (2007). The relationship between the perceived and actual effectiveness of persuasive messages: A meta-analysis with implications for formative campaign research. Journal of Communication, 57(4), 613-631.
Drews, S., & Van Den Bergh, J. C. (2016). Public views on economic growth, the environment and prosperity: Results of a questionnaire survey. Global Environmental Change, 39, 1-14.
Dunlap, R. E., & Jones, R. E. (2002). Environmental concern: Conceptual and measurement issues. In R. E. Dunlap & W. Michelson (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Sociology (pp. 482–524). Greenwood Press.
Dunlap, R. E., Van Liere, K. D., Mertig, A. G., & Jones, R. E. (2000). New trends in measuring environmental attitudes: measuring endorsement of the new ecological paradigm: a revised NEP scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 425-442.
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The Psychology of Attitudes. Harcourt brace Jovanovich college publishers.
Emler, N. (2003). Morality and political orientations: An analysis of their relationship. European Review of Social Psychology, 13(1), 259-291.
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58.
Falk, A., Andre, P., Boneva, T., & Chopra, F. (2021). Fighting climate change: The role of norms, preferences, and moral values (No. 9175). CESifo working paper.
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2022. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable. FAO.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191.
Feinberg, M., & Willer, R. (2013). The moral roots of environmental attitudes. Psychological Science, 24(1), 56-62.
Feinberg, M., & Willer, R. (2019). Moral reframing: A technique for effective and persuasive communication across political divides. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 13(12), e12501.
Feldman, L., & Hart, P. S. (2018). Is there any hope? How climate change news imagery and text influence audience emotions and support for climate mitigation policies. Risk Analysis, 38(3), 585-602.
Feldman, L., Hart, P. S., & Milosevic, T. (2017). Polarizing news? Representations of threat and efficacy in leading US newspapers’ coverage of climate change. Public Understanding of Science, 26(4), 481-497.
Fielding, K. S., McDonald, R., & Louis, W. R. (2008). Theory of planned behaviour, identity and intentions to engage in environmental activism. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(4), 318-326.
Fiske, A. P. (1991). Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations: Communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching, market pricing. Free Press.
Folkman, S. (1984). Personal control and stress and coping processes: a theoretical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 839.
Gago, T., Sargisson, R. J., & Milfont, T. L. (2024). A meta-analysis on the relationship between climate anxiety and wellbeing. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 94, 102230
Gamble, R. S., Henry, J. D., & Vanman, E. J. (2023). Empathy moderates the relationship between cognitive load and prosocial behaviour. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 824.
Gamson, W. A., & Modigliani, A. (1989). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach. American Journal of Sociology, 95(1), 1-37.
Gitlin, T. (2003). The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the new left. Univ of California Press.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press.
Golman, R., Hagmann, D., & Loewenstein, G. (2017). Information avoidance. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(1), 96-135.
Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029.
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2013). Moral foundations theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 47, pp. 55-130). Academic Press.
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2013). Moral foundations theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 47, pp. 55-130). Academic Press.
Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S., & Ditto, P. H. (2011). Mapping the moral domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 366.
Griffin, R. J., Dunwoody, S., & Neuwirth, K. (1999). Proposed model of the relationship of risk information seeking and processing to the development of preventive behaviors. Environmental Research, 80(2), S230-S245.
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814.
Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. Vintage.
Haidt, J., & Graham, J. (2007). When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize. Social Justice Research, 20(1), 98-116.
Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2004). Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus, 133(4), 55-66.
Hair, J. F., Tatham, R. L., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Haller, C. (2024). Using Empathy to Shift Climate Change Attitudes.. Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Undergraduate Honors Theses Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/csesuht/41
Hart, P. S., & Feldman, L. (2016). The impact of climate change–related imagery and text on public opinion and behavior change. Science Communication, 38(4), 415-441.
Heise, U. K. (2008). Sense of place and sense of planet: The environmental imagination of the global. Oxford University Press.
Hickman, C. (2020). We need to (find a way to) talk about… Eco-anxiety. Journal of Social Work Practice, 34(4), 411-424.
Hickman, C., Marks, E., Pihkala, P., Clayton, S., Lewandowski, R. E., Mayall, E. E., ... & Van Susteren, L. (2021). Climate anxiety in children and young people and their beliefs about government responses to climate change: a global survey. The Lancet Planetary Health, 5(12), e863-e873.
Hoffman, M. L. (1981). Is altruism part of human nature?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(1), 121.
Hong, J., & Jeon, C. Y. (2025). Linking Perceptions, Emotions, and Actions: How Psychological Distance, Media Framing, and Guilt About Climate Crisis Promote Communication and Pro-Environmental Behavior. Sustainability, 17(6), 2409.
Howell, J. L., & Shepperd, J. A. (2012). Reducing information avoidance through affirmation. Psychological Science, 23(2), 141-145.
Hume, D. (2000). A treatise of human nature. Oxford University Press.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2021). Summary for policymakers. In V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, & B. Zhou (Eds.), Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 3–32). Cambridge University Press.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983). Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness (No. 6). Harvard University Press.
Jones, C., Hine, D. W., & Marks, A. D. (2017). The future is now: Reducing psychological distance to increase public engagement with climate change. Risk Analysis, 37(2), 331-341.
Jöreskog, K. G. (1970). A general method for analysis of covariance structures. Biometrika, 57, 239-251.
Kahlor, L. (2010). PRISM: A planned risk information seeking model. Health Communication, 25(4), 345-356.
Kahlor, L., Dunwoody, S., Griffin, R. J., & Neuwirth, K. (2006). Seeking and processing information about impersonal risk. Science Communication, 28(2), 163-194.
Kant, I. (1964). Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: translated by HJ Paton. Harper & Row.
Keller, E., Marsh, J. E., Richardson, B. H., & Ball, L. J. (2022). A systematic review of the psychological distance of climate change: Towards the development of an evidence-based construct. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 81, 101822.
Kidwell, B., Farmer, A., & Hardesty, D. M. (2013). Getting liberals and conservatives to go green: Political ideology and congruent appeals. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(2), 350-367.
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.
Kohlberg, L. (1994). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In The first half of the chapter is a revision of a paper prepared for the Social Science Research Council, Committee on Socialization and Social Structure, Conference on Moral Development, Arden House, Nov 1963.. Garland Publishing.
Kossin, J. P., Knapp, K. R., Olander, T. L., & Velden, C. S. (2020). Global increase in major tropical cyclone exceedance probability over the past four decades. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(22), 11975-11980.
Lakoff, G. (2016). Moral politics: How liberals and conservatives think. University of Chicago Press.
Landmann, H., & Hess, U. (2017). What elicits third-party anger? The effects of moral violation and others’ outcome on anger and compassion. Cognition and Emotion, 31(6), 1097-1111.
Landmann, H., & Hess, U. (2018). Testing moral foundation theory: Are specific moral emotions elicited by specific moral transgressions?. Journal of Moral Education, 47(1), 34-47.
Ledgerwood, A., Trope, Y., & Chaiken, S. (2010). Flexibility now, consistency later: psychological distance and construal shape evaluative responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(1), 32.
Lee, A. Y., & Aaker, J. L. (2004). Bringing the frame into focus: the influence of regulatory fit on processing fluency and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 205.
Lee, T. M., Markowitz, E. M., Howe, P. D., Ko, C. Y., & Leiserowitz, A. A. (2015). Predictors of public climate change awareness and risk perception around the world. Nature Climate Change, 5(11), 1014-1020.
Legg, S. (2021). IPCC, 2021: Climate change 2021-the physical science basis. Interaction, 49(4), 44-45.
Leiserowitz, A. (2006). Climate change risk perception and policy preferences: The role of affect, imagery, and values. Climatic Change, 77(1), 45-72.
Leiserowitz, A., Roser-Renouf, C., Marlon, J., & Maibach, E. (2021). Global Warming’s Six Americas: a review and recommendations for climate change communication. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 42, 97-103.
Lewandowski, R. E., Clayton, S. D., Olbrich, L., Sakshaug, J. W., Wray, B., Schwartz, S. E., ... & Van Susteren, L. (2024). Climate emotions, thoughts, and plans among US adolescents and young adults: a cross-sectional descriptive survey and analysis by political party identification and self-reported exposure to severe weather events. The Lancet Planetary Health, 8(11), e879-e893.
Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (1998). The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions: A test of temporal construal theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 5.
Liberman, N., Trope, Y., & Stephan, E. (2007). Psychological distance. Social psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, 2(2), 353-383.
Lorenzoni, I., & Pidgeon, N. F. (2006). Public views on climate change: European and USA perspectives. Climatic Change, 77(1), 73-95.
Lu, H., & Schuldt, J. P. (2016). Compassion for climate change victims and support for mitigation policy. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45, 192-200.
Maibach, E. W., Roser-Renouf, C., & Leiserowitz, A. (2008). Communication and marketing as climate change–intervention assets: A public health perspective. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(5), 488-500.
Markowitz, E. M., & Shariff, A. F. (2012). Climate change and moral judgement. Nature Climate Change, 2(4), 243-247.
Mazutis, D., & Eckardt, A. (2017). Sleepwalking into catastrophe: Cognitive biases and corporate climate change inertia. California Management Review, 59(3), 74-108.
McGinn, M. (2019). 2019’s biggest pop-culture trend was climate anxiety. Grist magazine.
McKeon, R. (Ed.). (2009). The basic works of Aristotle. Modern Library.
Miller, S. M. (1979). Controllability and human stress: Method, evidence and theory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17(4), 287-304.
Miller, S. M. (1979). Coping with impending stress: Psychophysiological and cognitive correlates of choice. Psychophysiology, 16(6), 572-581.
Morelli, S. A., Rameson, L. T., & Lieberman, M. D. (2014). The neural components of empathy: predicting daily prosocial behavior. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(1), 39-47.
Moser, S. C. (2010). Communicating climate change: history, challenges, process and future directions. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(1), 31-53.
Moser, S. C. (2016). Reflections on climate change communication research and practice in the second decade of the 21st century: what more is there to say?. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 7(3), 345-369
Myers, T. A., Maibach, E. W., Roser-Renouf, C., Akerlof, K., & Leiserowitz, A. A. (2013). The relationship between personal experience and belief in the reality of global warming. Nature Climate Change, 3(4), 343-347.
Nabi, R. L., Walter, N., Oshidary, N., Endacott, C. G., Love-Nichols, J., Lew, Z. J., & Aune, A. (2020). Can emotions capture the elusive gain-loss framing effect? A meta-analysis. Communication Research, 47(8), 1107-1130.
Neuman, W. R., Just, M. R., & Crigler, A. N. (1992). Common knowledge: News and the construction of political meaning. University of Chicago Press.
Nisbet, E. C., Cooper, K. E., & Ellithorpe, M. (2015). Ignorance or bias? Evaluating the ideological and informational drivers of communication gaps about climate change. Public Understanding of Science, 24(3), 285-301.
Nisbet, E. C., Cooper, K. E., & Garrett, R. K. (2015). The partisan brain: How dissonant science messages lead conservatives and liberals to (dis) trust science. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 658(1), 36-66.
Nisbet, M. C. (2009). Communicating climate change: Why frames matter for public engagement. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 51(2), 12-23.
Nisbet, M. C., & Myers, T. (2007). The polls—trends: Twenty years of public opinion about global warming. Public Opinion Quarterly, 71(3), 444-470.
Nisbet, M. C., & Newman, T. P. (2015). Framing, the media, and environmental communication. In The Routledge handbook of environment and communication (pp. 345-358). Routledge.
O'neill, L. A., Golenbock, D., & Bowie, A. G. (2013). The history of Toll-like receptors—redefining innate immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology, 13(6), 453-460.
O'neill, S., & Nicholson-Cole, S. (2009). “Fear won't do it” promoting positive engagement with climate change through visual and iconic representations. Science Communication, 30(3), 355-379.
O’Neill, S., Williams, H. T., Kurz, T., Wiersma, B., & Boykoff, M. (2015). Dominant frames in legacy and social media coverage of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Nature Climate Change, 5(4), 380-385.
Ogunbode, C. A., Böhm, G., Capstick, S. B., Demski, C., Spence, A., & Tausch, N. (2019). The resilience paradox: flooding experience, coping and climate change mitigation intentions. Climate Policy, 19(6), 703-715.
Ogunbode, C. A., Demski, C., Capstick, S. B., & Sposato, R. G. (2019). Attribution matters: Revisiting the link between extreme weather experience and climate change mitigation responses. Global Environmental Change, 54, 31-39.
Ogunbode, C. A., Doran, R., & Böhm, G. (2020). Individual and local flooding experiences are differentially associated with subjective attribution and climate change concern. Climatic Change, 162(4), 2243-2255.
Ogunbode, C. A., Doran, R., Hanss, D., Ojala, M., Salmela-Aro, K., van den Broek, K. L., ... & Karasu, M. (2022). Climate anxiety, wellbeing and pro-environmental action: correlates of negative emotional responses to climate change in 32 countries. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 84, 101887.
Ojala, M. (2012). Hope and climate change: The importance of hope for environmental engagement among young people. Environmental Education Research, 18(5), 625-642.
Ojala, M. (2012). How do children cope with global climate change? Coping strategies, engagement, and well-being. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(3), 225-233.
Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication, 10(1), 55-75.
Pfattheicher, S., Nockur, L., Böhm, R., Sassenrath, C., & Petersen, M. B. (2020). The emotional path to action: Empathy promotes physical distancing and wearing of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Science, 31(11), 1363-1373.
Pielke Jr, R. A. (2004). What is climate change?. Energy & Environment, 15(3), 515-520.
Pihkala, P. (2019). Climate anxiety. MIELI Mental Health Finland. https://mieli.fi/en/reports/climate-anxiety/
Pihkala, P. (2020). Anxiety and the ecological crisis: An analysis of eco-anxiety and climate anxiety. Sustainability, 12(19), 7836.
Pihkala, P. (2022). Toward a taxonomy of climate emotions. Frontiers in climate, 3, 738154.
Portela, D. M. P. (2012). Contributo das técnicas de análise fatorial para o estudo do programa “ocupação científica de jovens nas férias” (Master's thesis, Universidade Aberta (Portugal)).
Price, V., Tewksbury, D., & Powers, E. (1997). Switching trains of thought: The impact of news frames on readers' cognitive responses. Communication Research, 24(5), 481-506.
Rai, T. S., & Fiske, A. P. (2011). Moral psychology is relationship regulation: moral motives for unity, hierarchy, equality, and proportionality. Psychological review, 118(1), 57.
Schiano Lomoriello, A., Meconi, F., Rinaldi, I., & Sessa, P. (2018). Out of sight out of mind: Perceived physical distance between the observer and someone in pain shapes observer’s neural empathic reactions. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1824.
Schmidt, A., Ivanova, A., & Schäfer, M. S. (2013). Media attention for climate change around the world: A comparative analysis of newspaper coverage in 27 countries. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1233-1248.
Schuitema, G., & Lacchia, A. (2025). From anxiety to coping: Understanding psychological distance and coping skills for climate change and COVID-19 in 10–12-year-old children. PloS one, 20(2), e0317725.
Schuldt, J. P., Rickard, L. N., & Yang, Z. J. (2018). Does reduced psychological distance increase climate engagement? On the limits of localizing climate change. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 55, 147-153.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1-65). Academic Press.
Segovia, K. Y., & Bailenson, J. N. (2009). Virtually true: Children's acquisition of false memories in virtual reality. Media Psychology, 12(4), 371-393.
Shen, L. (2010). On a scale of state empathy during message processing. Western Journal of Communication, 74(5), 504-524.
Shiloh, S., Ben-Sinai, R., & Keinan, G. (1999). Effects of controllability, predictability, and information-seeking style on interest in predictive genetic testing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(10), 1187-1195.
Shweder, R. A., Mahapatra, M., & Miller, J. G. (1987). Culture and moral development. The emergence of morality in young children, 1-83.
Singer, T., & Lamm, C. (2009). The social neuroscience of empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156(1), 81-96.
Sisco, M. R. (2021). The effects of weather experiences on climate change attitudes and behaviors. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 52, 111-117.
Skitka, L. J., Bauman, C. W., & Sargis, E. G. (2005). Moral conviction: Another contributor to attitude strength or something more?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(6), 895.
Smith, A. (2006). Cognitive empathy and emotional empathy in human behavior and evolution. The Psychological Record, 56(1), 3-21.
Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 7(3-4), 233-269.
Smith, N., & Leiserowitz, A. (2014). The role of emotion in global warming policy support and opposition. Risk Analysis, 34(5), 937-948.
Spence, A., Poortinga, W., & Pidgeon, N. (2012). The psychological distance of climate change. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 32(6), 957-972.
Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., & Guagnano, G. A. (1995). The new ecological paradigm in social-psychological context. Environment and Behavior, 27(6), 723-743.
Stewart, A. E., Chapman, H. E., & Davis, J. B. (2023). Anxiety and worry about six categories of climate change impacts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(1), 23.
Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30, 341-366.
Sweeny, K., Melnyk, D., Miller, W., & Shepperd, J. A. (2010). Information avoidance: Who, what, when, and why. Review of General Psychology, 14(4), 340-353.
Swim, J. K., & Bloodhart, B. (2015). Portraying the perils to polar bears: The role of empathic and objective perspective-taking toward animals in climate change communication. Environmental Communication, 9(4), 446-468.
Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral Emotions and Moral Behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345-372.
Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2000). Temporal construal and time-dependent changes in preference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 876.
Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2003). Temporal construal. Psychological Review, 110(3), 403.
Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440.
Turcotte-Tremblay, A. M., Fortier, G., Bélanger, R. E., Bacque Dion, C., Gansaonré, R. J., Leatherdale, S. T., & Haddad, S. (2024). Adolescents’ impairment due to climate anxiety is associated with self-efficacy and behavioral engagement: a cross-sectional analysis in Quebec (Canada). BMC Public Health, 24(1), 3009.
Turiel, E. (1983). The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention. Cambridge University Press.
Ullman, J. B. (2001). Structural equation modeling. In B. G. Tabachnick and L. S. Fidell (2001), Using Multivariate Statistics (4th ed.): 653-771. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (n.d.). What is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change? https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-convention/what-is-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change
Van der Linden, S. (2015). The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: Towards a comprehensive model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 112-124.
Van der Linden, S., Maibach, E., & Leiserowitz, A. (2015). Improving public engagement with climate change: Five “best practice” insights from psychological science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(6), 758-763.
Van Valkengoed, A. M., Steg, L., & De Jonge, P. (2023). Climate anxiety: A research agenda inspired by emotion research. Emotion Review, 15(4), 258-262.
Van Valkengoed, A. M., Steg, L., & Perlaviciute, G. (2023). The psychological distance of climate change is overestimated. One Earth, 6(4), 362-391.
Voelkel, J. G., & Feinberg, M. (2018). Morally reframed arguments can affect support for political candidates. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(8), 917-924.
Wang, S., Hurlstone, M. J., Leviston, Z., Walker, I., & Lawrence, C. (2019). Climate change from a distance: An analysis of construal level and psychological distance from climate change. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 230.
Whitmarsh, L. (2011). Scepticism and uncertainty about climate change: Dimensions, determinants and change over time. Global Environmental Change, 21(2), 690-700.
Whitmarsh, L., & Capstick, S. (2018). Perceptions of climate change. In Psychology and climate change (pp. 13-33). Academic Press.
Wolsko, C., Ariceaga, H., & Seiden, J. (2016). Red, white, and blue enough to be green: Effects of moral framing on climate change attitudes and conservation behaviors. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 65, 7-19.
World Health Organization. (2022). Mental health and climate change: Policy brief.
World Health Organization. (2023). Operational framework for building climate-resilient and low-carbon health systems.
Yang, Z. J., & Kahlor, L. (2013). What, me worry? The role of affect in information seeking and avoidance. Science Communication, 35(2), 189-212.
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of Consumer Research, 341-352.
Zanna, M. P. (Ed.). (1999). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Elsevier.
Zhao, H., Fu, S., & Chen, X. (2020). Promoting users’ intention to share online health articles on social media: The role of confirmation bias. Information Processing & Management, 57(6), 102354.