2026年為菲律賓加入1951年《難民地位公約》45週年，菲律賓作為《難民地位公約》締約國，在區域內占有獨特地位，並建立了難民資格認定（Refugee Status Determination, RSD）的行政程序。然而，由於《難民地位公約》並未規定統一且具體的難民資格認定程序模式，締約國得依其裁量設計各自的制度機制，使包括菲律賓在內的各國於不同難民潮及不同法域下，發展出多元的實施機制。本文分析菲律賓成為《難民地位公約》締約國後，來自越南、伊朗、中南半島及東帝汶等地之難民抵達菲律賓之情形，並探討近年來自阿富汗及緬甸遷徙至菲律賓之難民處境。研究採用法釋義研究法（doctrinal legal research）及個案研究法（case study），並透過三項分析面向檢視菲律賓履行其難民保護義務之情形：第一，國際義務之規範性內國法化；第二，最低程序保障之適用；第三，相關責任之制度性分配。
本研究發現，菲律賓於加入《難民地位公約》後所面對之各波難民潮，始終傾向透過行政措施而非制定成文法的方式進行難民資格認定以決定保護範圍。早期歷史性難民潮主要透過具彈性且因應個案需求的臨時性機制予以處理；相較之下，本研究所探討之當代個案則面臨現代邊境管制措施，以及舉證責任分配與個別化審查標準不明確等問題。此外，本研究亦發現，由於各波難民潮期間主管機關職權屢經調整，難民保護責任之制度性分配呈現分散且缺乏一致性的情形。研究進一步指出，長期依賴零散且片段化的行政框架處理難民資格認定案件，已對菲律賓長期履行《難民地位公約》義務之能力帶來挑戰，且導致制度上的脆弱性。

The year 2026 marked the 45th year of the Philippines’ accession to the 1951 Refugee Convention. Since its accession, the Philippines has occupied a distinct position in the region as a treaty-participating State with an established administrative procedure for refugee status determination. However, the absence of a prescribed and uniformed procedural model for refugee status determination (RSD) in the Convention enabled States Parties such as the Philippines to have a discretion in designing its own institutional mechanisms which birthed a variation of implementation mechanisms across refugee waves and jurisdictions. In particular, it analyzed the historical arrivals of the Vietnamese boat peoples, Iranian, Indochinese and East Timorese populations, alongside contemporary humanitarian movements involving Afghan nationals and Rohingya Muslims. Employing a doctrinal approach and case study methods, the study explored the country’s adherence through three analytical pillars: normative incorporation of obligations, the application of minimum procedural safeguards and the institutional allocation of responsibilities.
The study revealed the Philippines’ consistent reliance on administrative measures than statutory incorporation to extend its RSD protection to the identified post-accession waves. Earlier historical waves have been accommodated through flexible and ad-hoc mechanisms while contemporary cases identified in the study have faced modern border protocols and ambiguities surrounding burden of proof and individualized assessments. Institutional allocation of responsibility is identified to be fragmented due to the shifting bureaucratic mandates across the post-accession waves and has identified that relying on fragmented administrative frameworks in handling RSD cases have created vulnerabilities with the country’s long-term compliance.

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