女性政治決策參與乃性別平等與民主治理之重要內涵，亦為國際人權法長期關注之核心議題。政治決策權力之分配不僅影響國家政策方向與資源配置，亦關係女性觀點與需求能否被納入公共治理過程，雖然當代國際法已透過多項人權規範確認男女平等與參與公共事務之權利，惟全球女性在政治賦權、國會代表性、行政決策職位及國際代表權等方面，仍與男性存在一定落差。於此背景下，《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》（CEDAW）作為專門保障女性權利之核心國際公約，其對女性政治與公共生活參與之保障，具有重要規範意義。
本文以 CEDAW 對女性政治決策參與之保障為核心，並以冰島國家實踐作為比較分析對象。首先說明 CEDAW 之制定背景、核心概念，並探討《北京宣言與行動綱領》及《聯合國永續發展目標》等後續發展對相關規範之補充。
在國家實踐部分，本文分析冰島女性政治決策參與之歷史發展、國內法制及制度安排。冰島被視為高度實踐性別平等之國家，女性於國會、內閣及高階公共職位中具相當代表性，其透過性別平等法律及申訴監督機制，建立禁止歧視、實質平等及救濟之架構。本文研究發現，冰島在女性政治代表性及制度保障方面已高度回應 CEDAW 之要求，並透過薪資平等認證、男女共享育嬰假、性別比例等措施，降低女性進入決策體系之障礙。惟冰島在交叉歧視資料，以及移民女性、障礙女性及因性傾向、性別認同或性別特徵而面臨交叉歧視之女性之政治參與保障方面，仍有改善空間。
綜上，女性政治決策參與之保障不應僅以形式權利或席次比例判斷，而應檢視國家是否排除結構性障礙、保障女性於公共領域之實質影響力，並建構監督與救濟機制。冰島經驗顯示，國際規範與國內制度實踐具有相互促進之關係，可供他國參考。

Women’s participation in political decision-making is an important part of gender equality and democratic governance. Although international human rights law has long affirmed women’s equal right to participate in public affairs, women still face gaps in political empowerment, executive positions, and international representation. In this context, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) provides an important framework for protecting women’s participation in political and public life.
This thesis explores the protection of women’s participation in political decision-making under CEDAW and examines Iceland’s national practice in the context of such protection. It first discusses the background and core principles of CEDAW and then considers the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the Sustainable Development Goals as later developments that further clarify these norms.
Taking Iceland as a case study, this thesis analyzes its legal and institutional framework, including gender equality legislation, supervisory bodies, and complaint mechanisms. The findings show that Iceland has fulfilled many of the requirements under CEDAW to a considerable extent. Its practice is reflected not only in women’s high level of political representation, but also in institutional measures such as equal pay certification, shared parental leave, gender balance requirements in public bodies, and political party practices that promote women’s access to political decision-making.
This thesis concludes that women’s political participation should not be evaluated only by formal rights or numerical representation. It should also be assessed by whether states remove structural barriers, ensure women’s substantive influence, and establish effective remedies. In this regard, Iceland’s experience demonstrates how international norms may be translated into domestic legal and institutional measures and therefore serve as a useful reference for other states seeking to promote women’s participation in political decision-making.

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United Nations. (1976). Report of the World Conference of the International Women’s Year, World Conference of the International Women’s Year (1975: Conference Centre of the Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs).  https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n76/353/95/pdf/n7635395.pdf
United Nations General Assembly (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
United Nations. (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child
United Nations. (1995). Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women, https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/pdf/BDPfA%20E.pdf
United Nations. (2015). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/
United Nations. (2024). Sustainable Development Goals Report. Retrieved from https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2024/
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) & UN Women Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. (2024). Frequently asked questions: Navigating the Beijing+30 national-level review and survey process. https://www.unescap.org/kp/2024/faq-beijing30-review
United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women). (2025). Women’s rights in review 30 years after Beijing. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2025/03/womens-rights-in-review-30-years-after-beijing
United Nations General Assembly (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
United Nations General Assembly. (1972). Resolution 3010: International Women’s Year (A/RES/3010).
United Nations Office of Legal Affairs. (2008). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Procedural History. Audiovisual Library of International Law. https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/cedaw/cedaw_ph_e.pdf
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World Economic Forum. (2017). This is why Iceland ranks first for gender equality. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2017/11/why-iceland-ranks-first-gender-equality/
World Economic Forum (2023). Global Gender Gap Report 2023. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2023.pdf
World Economic Forum (2024). Global Gender Gap Report 2024. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2024.pdf
 （四）      國家官方文件
 Act on Equal Status and Equal Rights Irrespective of Gender, No. 150/2020 (Iceland).
Act on the Administration of Matters Concerning Equality, No. 151/2020 (Iceland).
Act on Maternity/Paternity and Parental Leave, No. 95/2000 (Iceland).
Act on Maternity/Paternity and Parental Leave, No. 144/2020 (Iceland).
Althingi. (1997). Act on the Ombudsman of the Icelandic Parliament Althingi (No. 85/1997). Government of Iceland.
Alþingi. (2018). Act on services for persons with disabilities (No. 38/2018).
Alþingi. (2018). Act on equal treatment irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (No. 85/2018).
Alþingi. (2018). Act on equal treatment in the labour market (No. 86/2018).
Alþingi. (2019). Act on gender autonomy (No. 80/2019).
Alþingi. (2020). Lög um breytingu á lögum um stöðu, stjórn og starfshætti þjóðkirkjunnar, nr. 78/1997, og fleiri lögum (viðbótarsamningur íslenska ríkisins og þjóðkirkjunnar), nr. 95/2020 [Act on Amendments to the Act on the Status, Government and Working Practices of the National Church, No. 78/1997, and Other Acts (Supplementary Agreement Between the Icelandic State and the National Church), No. 95/2020]. Stjórnartíðindi
Alþingi. (2021). Lög um þjóðkirkjuna, nr. 77/2021 [Act on the National Church, No. 77/2021]. Stjórnartíðindi.
Althingi. (n.d.). The Icelandic Parliament. https://www.althingi.is/english/about-the-parliament/
Alþingi. (n.d.). Women in Parliament. Alþingi. https://www.althingi.is/english/about-the-parliament/women-in-parliament-/
Alþingis Ombudsman. (2008, June 4). Case No. 5151/2007: Public employees; appointment to positions of envoys in the foreign service; reasoning; gender equality.
Althingi Ombudsman (Iceland). (2024). Annual report 2023.
Equality Complaints Committee. (2023, July 14). Decision in case no. 7/2022. Government of Iceland.
Global Affairs Canada. (2017). Canada’s feminist international assistance policy. https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/priorities-priorites/policy-politique.aspx?lang=eng
Government of Canada. (2023). Canada’s 2023 voluntary national review: A continued journey for implementing the 2030 agenda and the sustainable development goals. Government of Canada.
Government of Canada. (n.d.). Methodology – Sustainable Development Goals Data Hub. https://sdgcif-data-canada-oddcic-donnee.github.io/methodology/
Government of Iceland. (1944/2013). The Constitution of the Republic of Iceland No. 33, 17 June 1944 (with amendments).
Government of Iceland. (2020). Act on Equal Status and Equal Rights Irrespective of Gender, No. 150/2020
Government of Iceland. (2020). Act on the Administration of Matters Concerning Equality (Act No. 151/2020).
Government of Iceland. (2024). Voluntary pledges and commitments pursuant to General Assembly resolution 60/251: Candidature of Iceland to the Human Rights Council for the term 2025–2027.
Government of Iceland. (2025). Reply by Iceland to the reporting form on the implementation of the recommendations of the Committee of the Parties adopted on 6 December 2022 (IC-CP/Inf(2025)16). Council of Europe.
Government of Iceland. (2026). LGBTI+ Action Programme for the period of 2026–2029. Ministry of Justice.
Government Offices of Sweden. (2015). Statement of foreign policy 2015. https://www.government.se/speeches/2015/02/statement-of-foreign-policy-2015
Government Offices of Sweden. (2018). Handbook: Sweden’s feminist foreign policy. https://www.government.se/reports/2018/08/handbook-swedens-feminist-foreign-policy/
Gudbjörnsdóttir, G. (2012). Comments Paper – Iceland. Presented at the Exchange of Good Practices on Gender Equality in Education, European Commission, Portugal, 18–19 October 2012.
Hellum, A., Ikdahl, I., Blaker Strand, V., & Svensson, E. M. (2024). Nordic equality and Anti-Discrimination laws in the throes of change: Legal developments in sweden, finland, norway, and Iceland. Taylor & Francis.
Héraðsdómur Reykjavíkur. (2021). Íslenska ríkið gegn Hafdísi Helgu Ólafsdóttur (Case No. E-5061/2020).
Statistics Iceland. (2024). Candidates and elected members to the Alþingi by sex and age 2003–2024. https://www.statice.is
Statistics Iceland. (2025). Population by origin 1 January 2025.
https://www.statice.is/publications/news-archive/inhabitants/population-by-origin-1-january-2025/
Kærunefnd jafnréttismála. (2020, May 27). Mál nr. 6/2020: A gegn mennta- og menningarmálaráðherra [Úrskurður]. Stjórnarráð Íslands.
Kærunefnd jafnréttismála. (2023). Ársskýrsla kærunefndar jafnréttismála 2022 [Annual report of the Equality Complaints Committee 2022]. Stjórnarráð Íslands.
Kærunefnd jafnréttismála. (2024). Ársskýrsla kærunefndar jafnréttismála 2023 [Annual report of the Equality Complaints Committee 2023]. Stjórnarráð Íslands.
Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. (2025). France’s international strategy for a feminist foreign policy (2025–2030). https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/feminist-diplomacy/france-s-international-strategy-for-a-feminist-foreign-policy-2025-2030/
Ministry for Foreign Affairs. (2025). Iceland’s national action plan on women, peace and security 2025–2030 . Government of Iceland.
Ministry of Health of  Ukraine. (1993). Order No. 256 on Approval of the List of Heavy Work and Work in Harmful or Dangerous Working Conditions Prohibited for Women. Registered with the Ministry of Justice No. 51/260.
Ministry of Health of Ukraine. (2017, October 13). Order No. 1254 on the Revocation of Order No. 256. Registered with the Ministry of Justice on December 14, 2017.
Supreme Court of Iceland. (2006, November 16). Hrd. 2006:4891 nr. 195/2006 (Sendiráðsprestur í London).
Thorgeirsdóttir, H. (2020). Country report: Gender equality: Iceland 2020: How are EU rules transposed into national law? Iceland. European network of legal experts in gender equality and non-discrimination; European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers.
 （五）      其他
 Anti-Discrimination Centre Memorial. (n.d.). #AllJobs4AllWomen campaign., from https://adcmemorial.org/en/all-jobs4all-women/
Hogeback, J. (2018). 6 of the First Women to Become Heads of State. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/list/6-of-the-first-women-heads-of-state
Icelandic Parliamentary Ombudsman. (n.d.). Information in English. https://www.umbodsmadur.is/en
University of Iceland. (2023). Legacy and international impact of the 1975 Icelandic Women’s Day Off. https://english.hi.is/research/legacy-and-international-impact-1975-icelandic-womens-day