街區開放空間（Street Open Space）寬度規劃具改善都市微氣候與空氣品質之潛力，可能有助於因應氣候變遷與空氣汙染等都市環境與社會議題。隨都市更新與建物重建持續推動，建物量體與綠色基盤（Green infrastructure）之規劃更具彈性。透過街區開放空間寬度規劃，可能改變街道空間內之遮蔭、輻射交換、通風與汙染物擴散等機制，進而影響都市熱環境、空氣品質及人體之舒適度與健康。
本研究選定台北市文山區木新路與興隆路交叉口周邊地區作為研究範圍，透過實地量測與ENVI-met模擬，分析街道空間元素與不同街區開放空間寬度規劃策略對微氣候與空氣品質之影響。本研究亦進一步分析街道中主要之遮蔭與屏障來源——建物與綠色基盤及兩者間交互作用於不同寬度規劃策略下之效果差異，以分析不同寬度規劃策略影響熱舒適度（Thermal comfort）與空氣品質之可能原因。
研究結果顯示，街區開放空間增寬具改善熱舒適度與空氣品質之潛力。建物退縮後新增之街區開放空間規劃為植栽空間時之改善效果較佳，但熱舒適度未必隨植栽空間持續增寬而提升。此外，於街區開放空間總寬度固定下，增加植栽空間較有助於提升熱舒適度，對空氣品質之影響則相對有限。因此，街區開放空間寬度規劃可作為都市氣候調適之參考，植栽空間與人行使用空間之規劃應考量不同寬度下之環境效益，而非僅以特定空間增寬作為規劃準則。

Street open space width planning may contribute to improved urban microclimate and air quality, making it a potential strategy for climate change adaptation and air pollution mitigation. Urban redevelopment provides opportunities to reconfigure building massing and green infrastructure. Such changes may alter shading, radiative exchange, ventilation, and pollutant dispersion, thereby influencing urban thermal environment, air quality, human comfort, and health.
The study area was located around the intersection of Muxin Road and Xinglong Road in Wenshan District, Taipei City. Field measurements and ENVI-met simulations were conducted to examine how street spatial elements and different street open space width configurations affected microclimate and air quality. The study further examined the individual and combined effects of buildings and green infrastructure under different open-space width configurations to better understand their influence on thermal comfort and air quality.
The results suggest that widening street open spaces may benefit both thermal comfort and air quality. Allocating additional street open space to planting spaces generally resulted in greater improvements, although thermal comfort did not necessarily increase with further expansion of planting spaces. Furthermore, under a fixed street open space width, expanding planting space was more effective in enhancing thermal comfort, whereas its influence on air quality remained limited. The results suggest that effective street open space design should consider the environmental performance of both planting and sidewalk spaces under different width configurations, rather than focusing solely on the expansion of a single spatial component.

中文參考文獻
內政部國土管理署，2021，都市人本交通道路規劃設計手冊(第二版)。
內政部營建署，2003，市區道路人行道設計手冊。
內政部營建署，2015，市區道路及附屬工程設計規範。
內政部營建署，2017，市區道路植栽設計參考手冊。
內政部營建署，2021，市區道路及附屬工程設計標準。
內政部，2024，市區道路及附屬工程設計規範。
蔡育新、徐嘉信、王絢、林家靖 （2021）。 因應氣候變遷之都市街區規劃設計策略與永續「共效益」—建物重建階段。都市與計劃， 48（1），頁 27-48。
蔡育新、徐嘉信、林家靖（2023）。「街區開放空間」之氣候變遷規劃綜效與共效益-建物重建對主次要道路之驅動。都市與計劃，50(2)，頁159-194。
英文參考文獻
Abhijith, K., Kumar, P., Gallagher, J., McNabola, A., Baldauf, R., Pilla, F., Broderick, B., Di Sabatino, S., & Pulvirenti, B. (2017). Air pollution abatement performances of green infrastructure in open road and built-up street canyon environments–A review. Atmospheric environment, 162, 71-86.
Aboelata, A. (2020). Vegetation in different street orientations of aspect ratio (H/W 1: 1) to mitigate UHI and reduce buildings’ energy in arid climate. Building and Environment, 172, 106712.
Afiq, W., Azwadi, C. N., & Saqr, K. (2012). Effects of buildings aspect ratio, wind speed and wind direction on flow structure and pollutant dispersion in symmetric street canyons: a review. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 7(2), 158-165.
Ali-Toudert, F., & Mayer, H. (2006). Numerical study on the effects of aspect ratio and orientation of an urban street canyon on outdoor thermal comfort in hot and dry climate. Building and Environment, 41(2), 94-108.
Arnfield, A. J. (2003). Two decades of urban climate research: a review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island. International Journal of Climatology: A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 23(1), 1-26.
Balany, F., Ng, A. W., Muttil, N., Muthukumaran, S., & Wong, M. S. (2020). Green infrastructure as an urban heat island mitigation strategy—a review. Water, 12(12), 3577.
Berry, P. M., Brown, S., Chen, M., Kontogianni, A., Rowlands, O., Simpson, G., & Skourtos, M. (2015). Cross-sectoral interactions of adaptation and mitigation measures. Climatic change, 128, 381-393.
Biswal, B. K., Bolan, N., Zhu, Y.-G., & Balasubramanian, R. (2022). Nature-based Systems (NbS) for mitigation of stormwater and air pollution in urban areas: A review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 186, 106578.
Brink, E., Aalders, T., Ádám, D., Feller, R., Henselek, Y., Hoffmann, A., Ibe, K., Matthey-Doret, A., Meyer, M., & Negrut, N. L. (2016). Cascades of green: A review of ecosystem-based adaptation in urban areas. Global environmental change, 36, 111-123.
Bruse, M., & Fleer, H. (1998). Simulating surface–plant–air interactions inside urban environments with a three dimensional numerical model. Environmental modelling & software, 13(3-4), 373-384.
Chan, A. T., So, E. S., & Samad, S. C. (2001). Strategic guidelines for street canyon geometry to achieve sustainable street air quality. Atmospheric environment, 35(24), 4089-4098.
Chen, L., & Mak, C. M. (2021a). Integrated impacts of building height and upstream building on pedestrian comfort around ideal lift-up buildings in a weak wind environment. Building and Environment, 200, 107963.
Chen, L., & Mak, C. M. (2021b). Numerical evaluation of pedestrian-level wind comfort around “lift-up” buildings with various unconventional configurations. Building and Environment, 188, 107429.
Cárdenas-Jirón, L. A., Graw, K., Gangwisch, M., & Matzarakis, A. (2023). Influence of street configuration on human thermal comfort and benefits for climate-sensitive urban planning in Santiago de Chile. Urban Climate, 47, 101361.
Creutzig, F., Agoston, P., Minx, J. C., Canadell, J. G., Andrew, R. M., Quéré, C. L., Peters, G. P., Sharifi, A., Yamagata, Y., & Dhakal, S. (2016). Urban infrastructure choices structure climate solutions. Nature Climate Change, 6(12), 1054-1056.
Doherty, R. M., Heal, M. R., & O’Connor, F. M. (2017). Climate change impacts on human health over Europe through its effect on air quality. Environmental Health, 16(1), 33-44.
Fawzy, S., Osman, A. I., Doran, J., & Rooney, D. W. (2020). Strategies for mitigation of climate change: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 18, 2069-2094.
Gouldson, A., Colenbrander, S., Sudmant, A., Papargyropoulou, E., Kerr, N., McAnulla, F., & Hall, S. (2016). Cities and climate change mitigation: Economic opportunities and governance challenges in Asia. Cities, 54, 11-19.
Grafakos, S., Trigg, K., Landauer, M., Chelleri, L., & Dhakal, S. (2019). Analytical framework to evaluate the level of integration of climate adaptation and mitigation in cities. Climatic change, 154, 87-106.
Gurney, K. R., Romero-Lankao, P., Seto, K. C., Hutyra, L. R., Duren, R., Kennedy, C., Grimm, N. B., Ehleringer, J. R., Marcotullio, P., & Hughes, S. (2015). Climate change: Track urban emissions on a human scale. Nature, 525(7568), 179-181.
Harlan, S. L., & Ruddell, D. M. (2011). Climate change and health in cities: impacts of heat and air pollution and potential co-benefits from mitigation and adaptation. Current opinion in environmental sustainability, 3(3), 126-134.
Hassan, A. M., El Mokadem, A. A. F., Megahed, N. A., & Eleinen, O. M. A. (2020). Improving outdoor air quality based on building morphology: Numerical investigation. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 9(2), 319-334.
Huang, Y., Lei, C., Liu, C.-H., Perez, P., Forehead, H., Kong, S., & Zhou, J. L. (2021). A review of strategies for mitigating roadside air pollution in urban street canyons. Environmental Pollution, 280, 116971.
IPCC. (2014). Annex II: Glossary. In (pp. 117-130): IPCC Geneva, Switzerland.
Jacob, D. J., & Winner, D. A. (2009). Effect of climate change on air quality. Atmospheric environment, 43(1), 51-63.
Kandelan, S. N., Yeganeh, M., Peyman, S., Panchabikesan, K., & Eicker, U. (2022). Environmental study on greenery planning scenarios to improve the air quality in urban canyons. Sustainable cities and society, 83, 103993.
Koc, C. B., Osmond, P., & Peters, A. (2018). Evaluating the cooling effects of green infrastructure: A systematic review of methods, indicators and data sources. Solar Energy, 166, 486-508.
Lachapelle, J. A., Krayenhoff, E. S., Middel, A., Coseo, P., & Warland, J. (2023). Maximizing the pedestrian radiative cooling benefit per street tree. Landscape and Urban Planning, 230, 104608.
Landauer, M., Juhola, S., & Klein, J. (2019). The role of scale in integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation in cities. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 62(5), 741-765.
Lee, H., & Mayer, H. (2018). Maximum extent of human heat stress reduction on building areas due to urban greening. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 32, 154-167.
Lee, H., Mayer, H., & Chen, L. (2016). Contribution of trees and grasslands to the mitigation of human heat stress in a residential district of Freiburg, Southwest Germany. Landscape and Urban Planning, 148, 37-50.
Lee, H., Mayer, H., & Kuttler, W. (2020). Impact of the spacing between tree crowns on the mitigation of daytime heat stress for pedestrians inside EW urban street canyons under Central European conditions. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 48, 126558.
Li, Z., Zhang, H., Juan, Y.-H., Wen, C.-Y., & Yang, A.-S. (2022). Effects of building setback on thermal comfort and air quality in the street canyon. Building and Environment, 208, 108627.
Lin, B.-S., Cho, Y.-H., & Hsieh, C.-I. (2021). Study of the thermal environment of sidewalks within varied urban road structures. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 62, 127137.
Lin, B. B., Ossola, A., Alberti, M., Andersson, E., Bai, X., Dobbs, C., Elmqvist, T., Evans, K. L., Frantzeskaki, N., & Fuller, R. A. (2021). Integrating solutions to adapt cities for climate change. The Lancet Planetary Health, 5(7), e479-e486.
Lin, P., Gou, Z., Lau, S. S.-Y., & Qin, H. (2017). The impact of urban design descriptors on outdoor thermal environment: A literature review. Energies, 10(12), 2151.
Liu, Z., Cheng, W., Jim, C. Y., Morakinyo, T. E., Shi, Y., & Ng, E. (2021). Heat mitigation benefits of urban green and blue infrastructures: A systematic review of modeling techniques, validation and scenario simulation in ENVI-met V4. Building and Environment, 200, 107939.
Lobaccaro, G., & Acero, J. A. (2015). Comparative analysis of green actions to improve outdoor thermal comfort inside typical urban street canyons. Urban Climate, 14, 251-267.
Müller, N., Kuttler, W., & Barlag, A.-B. (2014). Counteracting urban climate change: adaptation measures and their effect on thermal comfort. Theoretical and applied climatology, 115, 243-257.
Maione, M., Fowler, D., Monks, P. S., Reis, S., Rudich, Y., Williams, M. L., & Fuzzi, S. (2016). Air quality and climate change: Designing new win-win policies for Europe. Environmental Science & Policy, 65, 48-57.
Melamed, M. L., Schmale, J., & von Schneidemesser, E. (2016). Sustainable policy—key considerations for air quality and climate change. Current opinion in environmental sustainability, 23, 85-91.
Mirzaei, P. A., & Haghighat, F. (2010). Approaches to study urban heat island–abilities and limitations. Building and Environment, 45(10), 2192-2201.
Morakinyo, T. E., Kong, L., Lau, K. K.-L., Yuan, C., & Ng, E. (2017). A study on the impact of shadow-cast and tree species on in-canyon and neighborhood's thermal comfort. Building and Environment, 115, 1-17.
Morakinyo, T. E., & Lam, Y. F. (2016). Simulation study on the impact of tree-configuration, planting pattern and wind condition on street-canyon's micro-climate and thermal comfort. Building and Environment, 103, 262-275.
Morakinyo, T. E., Lau, K. K.-L., Ren, C., & Ng, E. (2018). Performance of Hong Kong's common trees species for outdoor temperature regulation, thermal comfort and energy saving. Building and Environment, 137, 157-170.
Morakinyo, T. E., Ouyang, W., Lau, K. K.-L., Ren, C., & Ng, E. (2020). Right tree, right place (urban canyon): Tree species selection approach for optimum urban heat mitigation-development and evaluation. Science of the Total Environment, 719, 137461.
Motie, M. B., Yeganeh, M., & Bemanian, M. (2023). Assessment of greenery in urban canyons to enhance thermal comfort & air quality in an integrated seasonal model. Applied Geography, 151, 102861.
Muniz-Gäal, L. P., Pezzuto, C. C., de Carvalho, M. F. H., & Mota, L. T. M. (2020). Urban geometry and the microclimate of street canyons in tropical climate. Building and Environment, 169, 106547.
Nesshöver, C., Assmuth, T., Irvine, K. N., Rusch, G. M., Waylen, K. A., Delbaere, B., Haase, D., Jones-Walters, L., Keune, H., & Kovacs, E. (2017). The science, policy and practice of nature-based solutions: An interdisciplinary perspective. Science of the Total Environment, 579, 1215-1227.
Ng, E., Chen, L., Wang, Y., & Yuan, C. (2012). A study on the cooling effects of greening in a high-density city: An experience from Hong Kong. Building and Environment, 47, 256-271.
Ng, W.-Y., & Chau, C.-K. (2014). A modeling investigation of the impact of street and building configurations on personal air pollutant exposure in isolated deep urban canyons. Science of the Total Environment, 468, 429-448.
Oke, T. R. (1988). Street design and urban canopy layer climate. Energy and buildings, 11(1-3), 103-113.
Perini, K., & Magliocco, A. (2014). Effects of vegetation, urban density, building height, and atmospheric conditions on local temperatures and thermal comfort. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13(3), 495-506.
Petralli, M., Massetti, L., Brandani, G., & Orlandini, S. (2014). Urban planning indicators: useful tools to measure the effect of urbanization and vegetation on summer air temperatures. International Journal of Climatology, 34(4), 1236-1244.
Piselli, C., Castaldo, V., Pigliautile, I., Pisello, A., & Cotana, F. (2018). Outdoor comfort conditions in urban areas: On citizens’ perspective about microclimate mitigation of urban transit areas. Sustainable cities and society, 39, 16-36.
Poreh, M. (1996). Investigation of heat islands using small scale models. Atmospheric environment, 30(3), 467-474.
Rakowska, A., Wong, K. C., Townsend, T., Chan, K. L., Westerdahl, D., Ng, S., Močnik, G., Drinovec, L., & Ning, Z. (2014). Impact of traffic volume and composition on the air quality and pedestrian exposure in urban street canyon. Atmospheric environment, 98, 260-270.
Reiminger, N., Vazquez, J., Blond, N., Dufresne, M., & Wertel, J. (2020). CFD evaluation of mean pollutant concentration variations in step-down street canyons. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 196, 104032.
Rui, L., Buccolieri, R., Gao, Z., Gatto, E., & Ding, W. (2019). Study of the effect of green quantity and structure on thermal comfort and air quality in an urban-like residential district by ENVI-met modelling. Building simulation,
Santamouris, M. (2007). Heat island research in Europe: the state of the art. Advances in building energy research, 1(1), 123-150.
Sharifi, A. (2020). Trade-offs and conflicts between urban climate change mitigation and adaptation measures: A literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276, 122813.
Sharifi, A. (2021). Co-benefits and synergies between urban climate change mitigation and adaptation measures: A literature review. Science of the Total Environment, 750, 141642.
Skelhorn, C., Lindley, S., & Levermore, G. (2014). The impact of vegetation types on air and surface temperatures in a temperate city: A fine scale assessment in Manchester, UK. Landscape and Urban Planning, 121, 129-140.
Sowińska-Świerkosz, B., & García, J. (2022). What are Nature-based solutions (NBS)? Setting core ideas for concept clarification. Nature-Based Solutions, 2, 100009.
Taleghani, M., Kleerekoper, L., Tenpierik, M., & Van Den Dobbelsteen, A. (2015). Outdoor thermal comfort within five different urban forms in the Netherlands. Building and Environment, 83, 65-78.
Taleghani, M., Sailor, D., & Ban-Weiss, G. A. (2016). Micrometeorological simulations to predict the impacts of heat mitigation strategies on pedestrian thermal comfort in a Los Angeles neighborhood. Environmental Research Letters, 11(2), 024003.
Tan, Z., Wang, A., Morakinyo, T. E., Yung, E. H., & Chan, E. H. (2022). Assessing the mitigation performance of building setback from street and the combination with roadside tree planting. Building and Environment, 212, 108814.
Tsoka, S. (2017). Investigating the relationship between urban spaces morphology and local microclimate: A study for Thessaloniki. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 38, 674-681.
Tsoka, S., Tsikaloudaki, A., & Theodosiou, T. (2018). Analyzing the ENVI-met microclimate model’s performance and assessing cool materials and urban vegetation applications–A review. Sustainable cities and society, 43, 55-76.
Tsoka, S., Tsikaloudaki, K., & Theodosiou, T. (2017). Urban space’s morphology and microclimatic analysis: A study for a typical urban district in the Mediterranean city of Thessaloniki, Greece. Energy and buildings, 156, 96-108.
Tsoka, S., Tsikaloudaki, K., Theodosiou, T., & Bikas, D. (2020). Urban warming and cities’ microclimates: investigation methods and mitigation strategies—a review. Energies, 13(6), 1414.
Von Schneidemesser, E., Monks, P. S., Allan, J. D., Bruhwiler, L., Forster, P., Fowler, D., Lauer, A., Morgan, W. T., Paasonen, P., & Righi, M. (2015). Chemistry and the linkages between air quality and climate change. Chemical reviews, 115(10), 3856-3897.
Voogt, J. A., & Oke, T. R. (2003). Thermal remote sensing of urban climates. Remote sensing of environment, 86(3), 370-384.
Voordeckers, D., Lauriks, T., Denys, S., Billen, P., Tytgat, T., & Van Acker, M. (2021). Guidelines for passive control of traffic-related air pollution in street canyons: An overview for urban planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 207, 103980.
Wamsler, C. (2014). Cities, disaster risk and adaptation. Routledge.
Yuan, C., & Ng, E. (2012). Building porosity for better urban ventilation in high-density cities–A computational parametric study. Building and Environment, 50, 176-189.
Yuan, J., Emura, K., & Farnham, C. (2017). Is urban albedo or urban green covering more effective for urban microclimate improvement?: A simulation for Osaka. Sustainable cities and society, 32, 78-86.
Zawawi, M. H., Saleha, A., Salwa, A., Hassan, N., Zahari, N. M., Ramli, M. Z., & Muda, Z. C. (2018). A review: Fundamentals of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). AIP conference proceedings,
Zhao, Q., Yu, P., Mahendran, R., Huang, W., Gao, Y., Yang, Z., Ye, T., Wen, B., Wu, Y., & Li, S. (2022). Global climate change and human health: Pathways and possible solutions. Eco-Environment & Health, 1(2), 53-62.
Zwierzchowska, I., Fagiewicz, K., Poniży, L., Lupa, P., & Mizgajski, A. (2019). Introducing nature-based solutions into urban policy–facts and gaps. Case study of Poznań. Land use policy, 85, 161-175.