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研究生： 梁思城
Martin Lavicka
論文名稱： 由歐洲人權公約第八條案例論個別人權和集體人權的關係
The Relationship between Individual and Collective Human Rights in Light of Cases Regarding Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights
指導教授： 陳純一
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 國際事務學院 - 外交學系
Department of Diplomacy
論文出版年： 2013
畢業學年度： 101
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 105
中文關鍵詞： 人權 、人權法 、歐洲人權公約 、歐洲人權法院 、個別人權 、集體人權
外文關鍵詞： human rights, human rights law, European Convention on Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights, individual human rights, collective human rights
相關次數： 點閱：173  下載：30 
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    • 此篇論文係以歐洲人權公約第八條隱私權為中心，繼而論述個人和集體人權間所存在之關係將牴觸歐洲人權公約之一致性。本研究分析是以歐洲人權法院針對同時抵觸歐洲人權公約第八條所涵蓋之個人與集體隱私權做出的判決為依據，希冀藉此尋找一可能的判決模式以解釋個人與集體人權對歐洲人權法院而言，孰優孰劣之關係。之所以著重於歐洲人權公約第八條是因其涵蓋範圍較廣，除了民族、性別、弱勢宗教自由權外，更涉及了反恐機制、以及環境保護等議題。這進而說明了個別人權與集體人權間的關係不僅可應用於截然不同的領域，亦可類推至其他人權機制。

    This thesis focuses on the relationship between individual and collective human rights in light of the Article 8: Right to respect for private and family life of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The main argument is that there is a specific relationship between these two groups of rights, which could possibly contest the consistency of the ECHR. This thesis looks for possible explanations and patterns, which would explain the decisive argument for either individual or collective human rights, to prevail at the European Court of Human Rights. The analysis is based on various judgments from the European Court of Human Rights, dealing with rights predominantly covered by the Article 8, where individual and collective human rights are contested. The focus on the Article 8 of the ECHR is mainly because it covers a broad spectrum of issues such as ethnic, sexual, and religion minority rights, anti-terrorism measurements, and environmental protection issues. This could illustrate that the specific relationship between individual and collective human rights can be identified in completely different issue areas and settings, and analogically in other human rights systems.

    Thesis declaration……………………………………………………………...………i
    Abstract....…..………………………………………………..………………………..ii
    Acknowledgments…...………………………………………………….…………….iii
    1 Introduction 1
    1.1 Motivation 1
    1.2 Identification of the Problem 3
    1.3 Research Questions 5
    1.4 Literature Review 6
    1.5 Methodology 8
    2 Article 8 Background 12
    2.1 Introduction 12
    2.2 Basic Understandings and Justification of Human Rights 13
    2.3 Basic Human Rights Documents 21
    2.4 European Convention of Human Rights – Characteristics and Structure 28
    2.5 European Court of Human Rights – Admissibility Criteria and Procedures 30
    2.6 Article 8 – The Right to Respect for Private and Family Life 33
    2.7 Individual and Collective Human Rights 37
    2.8 Conclusion to Chapter 2 38
    3 Case studies 40
    3.1 Article 8 Cases 40
    3.1.1 Chapman v. the United Kingdom 41
    3.1.2 Dudgeon v. the United Kingdom 43
    3.1.3 Gillan and Quinton v. the United Kingdom 46
    3.1.4 V.C. v. Slovakia 49
    3.1.5 Von Hannover v. Germany (no. 2) 52
    3.2 Other Relevant Cases 56
    3.2.1 K v. Germany 57
    3.2.2 Lautsi and Others v. Italy 59
    3.3 Similar Concerns in Other Covenants 63
    3.4 Conclusion to Chapter 3 66
    4 Conclusion 68
    4.1 Findings and Explanations 69
    4.2 Future of Human Rights Not Only in Europe 78
    5 References And Literature 81
    6 Appendices 86
    6.1 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocols No. 11 and 14 86
    6.2 Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 104

     Conventions and Covenants
    The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950. http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm (accessed Nov. 30, 2012).
    The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 1979. http://www.bayefsky.com/treaties/cedaw.php (accessed Nov. 30, 2012).
    The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1966. http://www.bayefsky.com/treaties/ccpr.php (accessed Nov. 30, 2012).
    The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 1966. http://66.36.242.93/treaties/cescr.php (accessed Dec. 1, 2012).
    The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 1948. http://www.un.org/en/ documents/udhr (accessed Nov. 30, 2012).
     Articles and Publications
    Anagnostou, Dia, and Evangelia Psychogiopoulou. The European Court of Human Rights and the Rights of Marginalised Individuals and Minorities in National Context. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010.
    Brems, Eva. Human Rights: Universality and Diversity. International Studies in Human Rights. The Hague; Boston: Kluwer Law International, 2001.
    Callaway, Rhonda L., and Julie Harrelson-Stephens. Exploring International Human Rights: Essential Readings. Critical Connections. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007.
    Dijk, P. van, G. J. H. van Hoof, and A. W. Heringa. Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights. 3rd ed. The Hague; Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1998.
    Donnelly, Jack. International Human Rights. Dilemmas in World Politics. 3rd ed. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2007.
    Donnelly, Jack. Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.
    Donnelly, Jack. “The Relative Universality of Human Rights,” Human Rights Quarterly 29, 2007.
    Forowicz, Magdalena. "The Reception of International Law in the European Court of Human Rights." doctoral, Universität Zürich, 2010.
    Human Rights Law 2010-2011. New York: Routledge, 2010.
    James, Stephen. Universal Human Rights. New York, LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC, 2007.
    Landman, Todd. Human Rights. Sage Library of International Relations. 4 vols Los Angeles: SAGE, 2010.
    Landman, Todd. Studying Human Rights. New York, NY: Routledge, 2006.
    Letsas, George. A Theory of Interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights. Oxford UK ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
    Loucaides, Loukis G. The European Convention on Human Rights, Collected Essays. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007.
    Macken, Claire. Counter-terrorism and the Detention of Suspected Terrorists. New York: Routledge, 2011.
    Mazower, Mark. “The Strange Triumph of Human Rights, 1930-1950,” The Historical Journal, 47, No. 2. 2004.
    Moeckli, Daniel, Sangeeta Shah, Sandesh Sivakumaran, and D. J. Harris. International Human Rights Law. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
    Mowbray, Alastair. The Development of Positive Obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights by the European Court of Human Rights. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2004.
    Nickel, James W. Making Sense of Human Rights. 2nd ed. Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell Pub. 2007.
    Nussbaum, Martha C. Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. Cambridge. The Cambridge University Press, 2000.
    Rehman, Javaid. International Human Rights Law: A Practical Approach. 2nd ed. Harlow, England; N.Y.: Pearson Longman, 2009.
    Rehman, Javaid. The Weaknesses in the International Protection of Minority Rights. The Hague; Boston: Kluwer Law International, 2000.
    Reid, Karen. A Practitioner's Guide to the European Convention on Human Rights. 4th edition. ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2011.
    Steiner, Henry J., Philip Alston, and Ryan Goodman. International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals: Text and Materials / Henry J. Steiner, Philip Alston, Ryan Goodman. 3rd ed. Oxford UK; New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
    Weissbrodt, David S., and Connie de la Vega. International Human Rights Law: An Introduction. Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.
    Weissbrodt, David S. International Human Rights : Law, Policy, and Process. 4th ed. New Providence, NJ: LexisNexis Matthew Bender, 2009.
    Weissbrodt, David S., and Mary Rumsey. Vulnerable and Marginalised Groups and Human Rights. Human Rights Law. Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2011.
    White, Robin C. A., Clare Ovey, and Francis Geoffrey Jacobs. Jacobs, White and Ovey: The European Convention on Human Rights. 5th ed. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
     Cases
    Case of Szijjarto v. Hungary, A/61/38 (2006).
    Case of Airey v. Ireland, Application No. 6289/73 (1979).
    Case of Axel Springer v. Germany, Application No. 39954/08 (2012).
    Case of Botta v. Italy, Application No. 21439/93 (1998).
    Case of Buckley v. the United Kingdom, Application No. 20348/92 (1996).
    Case of Chapman v. The United Kingdom, Application No. 27238/95 (2001).
    Case of Dudgeon v. the United Kingdom, Application No. 7525/76 (1981).
    Case of Elsholz v. Germany, Application No. 25735/94 (2000).
    Case of Gillan and Quinton v. the United Kingdom, Application No. 4158/05 (2010).
    Case of Gillow v. the United Kingdom, Application No. 9063/80 (1987).
    Case of K v. Germany, Application No. 61827/09 (2012).
    Case of Lautsi and Others v. Italy, Application No. 30814/06 (2011).
    Case of Marckx v. Belgium, Application No. 6833/74 (1979).
    Case of Silver and Others v. the United Kingdom, Application no. 5947/72; 6205/73; 7052/75; 7061/75; 7107/75; 7113/75; 7136/75 (1983).
    Case of Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom, Application No. 6538/74 (1979).
    Case of V.C. v. Slovakia, Application No. 18968/07 (2011).
    Case of Von Hannover v. Germany (no. 2) [GC] - 40660/08 (2012).
    Case of Lovelace v. Canada, Communication No. R.6/24*/ (1981).
    Press Release issued by the Registrar of the Court No. 45. ECHR. February 2, 2012.
    Press Release issued by the Registrar of the Court No 177. ECHR. March 2, 2010.

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