本研究旨在超越傳統媒介以人文為主之取徑，探索按讚社交按鈕浮現之物質結構，並進一步釐清，在此過程中物質和社會結構相生相長之關係。
本研究第一部分首先說明按讚社交按鈕之物質結構，主要分為兩部分。一為其前結構，由社區記憶（CM）、電腦化電子佈告欄（CBBS）、社交新聞網站（Digg）等構成。二為按讚社交按鈕浮現當下的物質條件，主要包括「動態消息」、「邊際排名演算法」、「你可能認識的人」等技術裝置。以上種種物質架構，進一步使當代的特定社交形式成為可能。如CM、CBBS促成了「指令式社交」，Digg促成了「程式性社交」，而Facebook使「技術數學性社交」成為主流。物質結構進入人文世界，成為社會實踐的一環，社交按鈕因此成為物質和社會之間的中介者，彰顯了社會和物質結構互動的過程。
本研究第二部分，進一步以劍橋分析事件為例，闡述物質和社會結構如何相互作用。具體而言，臉書提供Graph API技術介面，以擷取社交按鈕之數據。此一技術創造了特定之文化脈絡，而文化脈絡也反過來改變API。
整體而言，本研究發現，按讚社交按鈕是由交織的網絡中浮現；彰顯了硬體、程式與社會共同演化的關係，而且是一循迴出現的過程。

一、書目
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Winthrop-Young, G. (2006a). Cultural studies and German media theory. In G. Hall & C. Birchall (Eds), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 88-104). Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh.
Winthrop-Young, G., & Gane, N. (2006b). Friedrich Kittler: An introduction. Theory, Culture & Society, 23(7-8), 5-16.
Young, L. C. (2015). Cultural techniques and logistical Media: Tuning German and Anglo-American media studies. M/C Journal, 18(2). Retrieved September 3, 2018, from
https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.961
Zielinski, S. (2008). Deep time of the media: Toward an archaeology of hearing and seeing by technical means. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Zielinski, S., & Wagnermaier, S. (2007). Variantology 1: On deep time relations of arts, sciences and technologies. Köln: Walther Konig.
二、西文報紙
Hofmann, J. (1988, July 30). Answering the need for time on the telephone. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 20, 2019, from
https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-07-30-li-6718-story.html
Isaac, M. (2021, October, 28). Facebook renames itself Meta. The New York Times. Retrieved Novmber 10, 2021, from
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/28/technology/facebook-meta-name-change.html?referringSource=articleShare
Isaac, M. (2021, October 29). Facebook wrestles with the features it used to define social networking. The New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2021, from
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/25/technology/facebook-like-share-buttons.html?referringSource=articleShare
Johnson, S. (2016, November, 3). Want to know what virtual reality might become?
Look to the past. The New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2018, from
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/06/magazine/want-to-know-what-virtual-reality-might-become-look-to-the-past.html
Metz, C. (2019, December 23). Randy Suess, computer bulletin board inventor, dies at 74. The New York Times. Retrieved March 14, 2021, from
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/20/technology/randy-suess-dead.html
Salisbury, D. F. (1984, August 29). Community Memory Project: A step toward ‘electronic village’. The Christian Science Monitor, Retrieved July 1, 2019, from
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Wiener, A. (2021, March 31). Clubhouse Feels Like a Party But is it a good one? The New Yorker. Retrieved July 8, 2021, from
https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-silicon-valley/in-the-clubhouse
三、資料庫
United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved May 1, 2020, from
https://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/index.html
Google Patents. Retrieved May 1, 2020, from
https://patents.google.com/
Byte Magazine. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from
https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine?tab=about
四、網站
Computer History Museum. Retrieved May 8, 2020, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102734462
Digg.com. Retrieved January 6, 2019, from
https://digg.com
GitHub. Retrieved April 1, 2020, from
https://gist.github.com/dylanmckay/2b191a10068bd87d0fffba242db44b52
Library of Congress
https://www.loc.gov
WaybackMachine- Internet Archive. Retrieved May 1, 2020, from
https://archive.org/web/
五、影音
Plutte, J. (Producer), & Gardner, A. (Director). (2011). Lee Felsenstein: The first community memory. [Motion Picture]. United States: Computer History Museum. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/the-web/20/377/2328
Media.ccc.de. (2015). Lee Felsenstein: Opening the door to cyberspace. Retrieved. [Youtube]. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4sow2W0m2LM
Meta Developers (2013). Getting Started with the Graph API. Retrieved June11,
2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WteK95AppF4
Scott, J. (Producer). (2005). BBS: The Documentary. Interner Archive. Retrieved April 8, 2021, from
https://archive.org/details/BBS.The.Documentary
六、Community Memory社區記憶文件
Computer History Museum (2005). Community Memory interface design (1988-1991) (Catalog Number:102734462). Publisher: Community Memory Project.Retrieved May 8, 2020, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102734462
Computer History Museum (2005). Overviews and promotional material (1988-1991) (Catalog Number:102734414). Publisher: Community Memory Project.Retrieved May 10, 2020, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102734414
Computer History Museum (2005). Newsletters (1974-1991) (Catalog Number: 102734421). Publisher: Community Memory Project; Resource One. Retrieved May 12, 2020, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102734421
Computer History Museum (2005). Newsletters and periodicals (1973-1993) (Catalog Number:102734503). Publisher: Community Memory Project. Retrieved May 12, 2020, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102734503
Computer History Museum (2005). Community Memory Project poster, "Speak Up!" (Catalog Number:102633332). Publisher: Community Memory Project.Retrieved May 12, 2020, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102633332
Computer History Museum (2005). Community Memory terminal being used at Berkeley laundromat (1990) (Catalog Number: 102774056). Photographer: Maciuszko, Kathleen. Retrieved May 15, 2020, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102774056
Computer History Museum (2005). Community Memory terminal sites (1983-1991) (Catalog Number: 102734455). Credit: Lee Felsenstein.Retrieved May 15, 2020, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102734455
Computer History Museum (2005). People using computers at Community Memory center (1988-1990) (Catalog Number: 102774057). Credit: Lee Felsenstein.Retrieved May 15, 2020, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102774057
Computer History Museum (2005). Discussion board printouts from Leopold's Records terminal (1974-1975) (Catalog Number: 102734428). Publisher: Community Memory Project.Retrieved May 16, 2020, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102734428
Computer History Museum (2005). Homebrew computer club newsletter(Volume 2, Issue 14)(1977) (Object ID: 500004358). Publisher: Homebrew Computer Club. Retrieved May 16, 2020, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/personal-computers/17/296/1131
Computer History Museum (2005). First issue of the homebrew computer club newsletter (1975) (Object ID: 500004360). Publisher: Homebrew Computer Club. Retrieved May 17, 2020, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/personal-computers/17/312/1138
Computer History Museum (2005). Homebrew computer club newsletter(Volume 2, Issue 14) (1977) (Object ID: 500004359). Publisher: Homebrew Computer Club. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/personal-computers/17/312/1137
Computer History Museum (2005). The homebrew computer club meeting (1978) (Object ID: 102702618). Publisher: Homebrew Computer Club. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/personal-computers/17/312/1139
Computer History Museum (2011). Lee Felsenstein, Resource One (1972) (Catalog Number:102702628). Credtit: Gift of Lee Felsenstein. Retrieved March 8, 2021, from
https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102702628
七、社群媒體
Facebook (2011). EdgeRank Magic revealed in F8 Conference. Retrieved May 27, 2018, from
https://m.facebook.com/EdgeRankAlgorithm/posts/?_rdr
Zuckerberg, M. (2018, March 21). I want to share an update on the Cambridge Analytica situation. [Facebook status update]. Retrieved April 17, 2021, from
https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10104712037900071?pnref=story
Zuckerberg, M. (2012, February 1). Founder’s Letter. [Facebook status update]. Retrieved January 14, 2020, from
https://www.facebook.com/notes/261129471966151/
八、專利文件
Bullock, W., Xu, L., & Zhou, L. (2019). Predicting household demographics based on image data (Patent: US10277714B2). Retrieved May 1, 2021, from USPTO
https://is.gd/u5zzyw
Rubinstein, Y. D., Doshi, A., Ebberson, R. K., & Gleason, C. (2014). Associating an indication of user emotional reaction with content items presented by a social networking system (Patent: US8918339B2). Retrieved February 16, 2019, from Google Patents
https://patents.google.com/patent/US8918339
Subbian, K. (2018). Offline Trajectories (Patent: US20180352383A1). Retrieved January 9, 2021, from USPTO
https://reurl.cc/n5be88
Sullivan, B. M., Karthikeyan, G., Liu, Z., Massa, W. L. P., & Gupta, M. (2020). Socioeconomic group classification based on user features (Patent: US10607154B2). Retrieved May 27, 2021, from Google patents
https://reurl.cc/82AdMX
Zuckerberg, M., Bosworth, A., Cox, C., Sanghvi., R., & Cahill, M. (2012). Communicating a newsfeed of media content based on a member's interactions in a social network environment (Patent: US8171128B2). Retrieved March 14, 2019, from Google Patents
https://patents.google.com/patent/US8171128B2/en
Zuckerberg, M., Sanghvi, R., Bosworth, A., Cox, C., Sittig, A., Hughes, C., Geminder, K., Corson, D. (2010). Dynamically providing a news feed about a user of a social network (Patent: US7669123B2). Retrieved July 5, 2019, from Google Patents
https://patents.google.com/patent/US7669123B2/en
九、臉書文件
Backstorm, L. (2013). News Feed FYI: A window into news deed. Retrieved Jun 11, 2019, from
https://www.facebook.com/business/news/News-Feed-FYI-A-Window-Into-News-Feed
Hamilton, B. (2010). Bootcamp: Growing culture at Facebook. Retrieved January 14, 2020, from
https://engineering.fb.com/2010/01/19/culture/bootcamp-growing-culture-at-facebook/
Hoofien, N. (2017). Accelerating growth through Facebook’s rotational engineering program. Retrieved January 14, 2020, from
https://engineering.fb.com/2017/06/30/culture/accelerating-growth-through-facebook-s-rotational-engineering-program/
Ho, C. C. (2013). Introducing new Like and Share buttons. Retrieved January 10, 2019, from
https://developers.facebook.com/blog/post/2013/11/06/introducing-new-like-and-share-buttons/
Zhu, M. (2021). Introducing Facebook Graph API v12.0 and Marketing API v12.0. Retrieved October, 8, 2021, from
https://developers.facebook.com/blog/post/2021/09/14/introducing-facebook-graph-api-v12-marketing-api-v12/
Facebook. (2007). Facebook Unveils Platform for Developers of Social Applications. Retrieved March 14, 2021, from
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Facebook. (2008). People you may know. Retrieved June 6, 2018
https://m.facebook.com/nt/screen/?params=%7B%22note_id%22%3A807185490115990%7D&path=%2Fnotes%2Fnote%2F&refsrc=deprecated&_rdr
Facebook （無年份）。《Facebook如何提供「你可能認識的朋友」建議選項》。取自
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Facebook （2020）。《網頁專用的按讚鈕》。取自
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Facebook （2020）。《Facebook 開放平台使用條款》。取自
https://developers.facebook.com/terms/。上網日期：2021年3月17日。
Facebook （2021）。《開發人員政策》。取自
https://developers.facebook.com/devpolicy/?locale=zh_TW。上網日期：2021年9月28日。
Facebook （無年份）。《應用程式開發》。取自
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Facebook （無年份）。《應用程式審查》。取自
https://developers.facebook.com/docs/app-review。上網日期：2021年3月18日。
Facebook （無年份）。《開發人員須遵守隱私設定與同意》。取自
https://developers.facebook.com/docs/privacy。上網日期：2021年3月19日。
Facebook （無年份）。《開發人員互助論壇》。取自
https://developers.facebook.com/community/。上網日期：2021年3月20日。
Facebook （無年份）。《開發人員社群守則》。取自
https://developers.facebook.com/community/guidelines/。上網日期：2021年3月21日。
Facebook （無年份）。《平台故障報告》。取自
https://developers.facebook.com/support/bugs/。上網日期：2021年4月17日。
Facebook （無年份）。《平台資料事件回報》。取自
https://developers.facebook.com/incident/report/。上網日期：2021年4月17日。
Facebook （無年份）。《資料政策》。取自
https://www.facebook.com/privacy/explanation/。上網日期：2021年4月17日。
Facebook （無年份）。《開發人員支援》。取自
https://developers.facebook.com/support/。上網日期：2021年4月18日。
Facebook （無年份）。《圖形API總覽》。取自
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Facebook （無年份）。《API變更紀錄》。取自
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Facebook （無年份）。《Graph API條款》。取自
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Facebook （無年份）。《臉書的cookie政策》。取自
https://www.facebook.com/policies/cookies。上網日期：2021年4月21日。
Facebook （無年份）。《取得cookie許可資源》。取自
https://developers.facebook.com/docs/privacy。上網日期：2021年4月22日。
Facebook （無年份）。《開發人員平台計畫中心》。取自
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Facebook （無年份）。《創意家社群》。取自
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Facebook （無年份）。《存取權杖》。取自
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Facebook （無年份）。《線上網路研討會最新消息》。取自
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Facebook （無年份）。《Gaining tech knowledge within the community》。取自
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Facebook （無年份）。《A tech enthusiast empowers women to learn programming skills》。取自
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Facebook （無年份）。《Innovating with Facebook Developer Circles and Facebook Online Hackathons》。取自
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