跳到主要內容

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 鄧美樺
Pattarapapa Teerakunrak
論文名稱: 以跨文化內容創作為分析視角:非台灣創作者與台灣受眾互動之研究
Cross-Cultural Content Creation Analysis: Non-Taiwanese Creators Engaging Taiwanese Audiences
指導教授: 蔡葵希
Christine Linda Cook
口試委員: 余佳璋
Yu, Jia-Zhang
楊孟潔
Yang, Men-Gchieh
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 創新國際學院 - 全球傳播與創新科技碩士學位學程
Master’s Program in Global Communication and Innovation Technology
論文出版年: 2026
畢業學年度: 114
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 113
中文關鍵詞: 跨文化內容創作Instagram Reels非台灣籍創作者受眾互動爆紅影片台灣
外文關鍵詞: cross-cultural content creation, Instagram Reels, non-Taiwanese creators, audience engagement, breakthrough videos, Taiwan
相關次數: 點閱:22下載:8
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究以跨文化內容創作為分析視角,探討非台灣籍內容創作者如何透過 Instagram Reels 與台灣受眾建立互動,並在爆紅後維持穩定的參與度。既有數位內容與網紅研究多聚焦於平台機制或行銷成效,較少從創作者與內容層級系統性分析跨文化互動歷程,因此本研究試圖補足此一研究缺口。
    本研究採用混合研究方法(mixed-methods),結合質性內容分析與量化互動指標,分析五位以台灣為主題進行創作的非台灣籍 Instagram 創作者。研究將「爆紅影片」(breakthrough videos)界定為能引發觀看數與互動指標顯著上升的關鍵內容,並視其為創作者發展歷程中的實證轉折點。為衡量互動品質,本研究使用每千次觀看互動數(Engagement per 1,000 Views, EPV),系統性比較爆紅前、爆紅期與爆紅後三個階段的內容表現。
    質性分析結果顯示,高互動內容在結構設計、視覺形式、語言策略與互動技巧上呈現出可重複的模式,且這些模式與台灣受眾的文化期待與使用習慣高度契合。量化分析進一步驗證,爆紅影片與高互動影片在互動強度上顯著高於一般內容,顯示跨文化互動的成功並非來自單一爆紅事件,而是創作者在爆紅後持續調整並穩定其內容策略的結果。
    本研究期望透過對跨文化數位溝通與平台化內容創作的理解,提供在理論上的參考,說明非在地創作者如何在演算法導向的平台環境中回應文化差異與受眾期待;在實務上,亦提供具實證基礎的策略建議,協助非台灣籍內容創作者以更符合文化脈絡與平台特性的方式與台灣受眾建立有效連結。


    This study examines how non-Taiwanese content creators achieve and sustain engagement with Taiwanese audiences on Instagram Reels through cross-cultural content adaptation. While existing research on digital content creation has largely focused on platform affordances or influencer marketing outcomes, fewer studies have systematically analyzed cross-cultural engagement processes at the creator–content level. Using a mixed-methods design, this study integrates qualitative content analysis with quantitative engagement metrics to investigate five non-Taiwanese creators producing Taiwan-focused Instagram Reels content.
    Breakthrough videos—defined as posts that generate sudden increases in visibility and engagement—are analyzed as empirical turning points in creator trajectories. Engagement per 1,000 views (EPV) is employed to assess engagement intensity relative to reach, allowing comparison across pre-breakthrough, breakthrough, and post-breakthrough phases. Qualitative analysis identifies recurring content structures, visual conventions, language strategies, and engagement techniques that resonate with Taiwanese audiences, while statistical comparisons validate whether these patterns correspond to significant engagement differences.
    The findings demonstrate that cross-cultural engagement success is not driven by isolated viral events, but by creators’ strategic adaptation and stabilization of content practices following breakthrough moments. This study contributes to cross-cultural digital communication research by clarifying how non-local creators navigate culturally specific audience expectations on algorithmic platforms. Practically, it offers empirically grounded insights for content creators seeking to engage Taiwanese audiences through culturally attuned, platform-native strategies.

    1 Introduction 1
    2 Theoretical background 4
    2.1 Content Creation and Social Media Formats 4
    2.2 Digital Media Figures in the Contemporary Online Landscape 6
    2.3 Cross-Cultural Content Creation and Taiwanese Digital Consumption 9
    2.4 Viral Content Dynamics and Cross-Cultural Engagement Success Factors 13
    3 Methodology 17
    3.1 Participants 19
    3.2 Procedure 19
    3.2.1 Account Selection 20
    3.2.2 Breakthrough Video Identification 20
    3.2.3 Analytical Phases of Content Development 21
    3.2.4 Pattern Identification 22
    3.2.5 Findings Synthesis and Practical Application 24
    3.3 Materials 25
    4 Results 27
    4.1 Sample Definition and Analytical Scope 27
    4.2 Engagement Timeline and Breakthrough Identification 28
    4.3 Engagement Performance Across Phases 33
    4.4 Engagement Concentration and Extreme Performance 35
    4.5 Validation of Engagement Shifts Using EPV Multipliers 38
    4.6 Qualitative Case Analyses: Content Strategies Behind Engagement Patterns 40
    4.6.1 Case Analysis:@suzyandaustin 41
    4.6.2 Case Analysis: @emmyhuangkexin 47
    4.6.3 Case Analysis: @andrercarrillo 55
    4.6.4 Case Analysis: @jaxlouisax 62
    4.6.5 Case Analysis: @jacob.ltd 70
    4.7 Cross-Case Consolidation of Recurring Content Patterns 78
    4.7.1 Clear Opening Frames 78
    4.7.2 Everyday Taiwan as Content Material 79
    4.7.3 Creator as the Narrative Anchor 79
    4.7.4 Language as Audience Alignment 79
    4.7.5 Serial and Format-Based Continuity 80
    4.7.6 Efficient Editing and Information Density 80
    4.7.7 Authenticity Through Process and Reaction 80
    4.7.8 Positive, Relational Tone 81
    5 Discussions 82
    5.1 Breakthrough Videos as Empirical Turning Points 82
    5.2 Content Adaptation and the “Embedded Outsider” Position 83
    5.3 Relational Storytelling and Everyday Taiwanese Contexts 86
    5.4 Content Characteristics Linked to High Engagement 87
    5.5 Audience Interaction as Relational Evidence 87
    5.6 Limitations 88
    5.7 Future Research Directions 88
    6 Conclusion 90
    References 92
    Appendix 111

    Abidin, C. (2016). “Aren’t these just young, rich women doing vain things online?”: Influencer selfies as subversive frivolity. Social Media + Society, 2(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116641342
    Abidin, C. (2016). Visibility labour: Engaging with influencers’ fashion brands and #OOTD advertorial campaigns on Instagram. Media International Australia, 161(1), 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X16665177
    Abidin, C. (2018). Internet celebrity: Understanding fame online. Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/9781787560765
    Abidin, C. (2021). Mapping Internet celebrity on TikTok: Exploring attention economies and visibility labours. Cultural Science Journal, 12(1), 77–103. https://doi.org/10.5334/csci.140
    Andre R. Carrillo [@andrercarrillo]. (n.d.). Instagram profile. Instagram. Available at https://www.instagram.com/andrercarrillo/
    Aronczyk, M. (2021). Review of the book Creator culture: An introduction to global social media entertainment, by S. Cunningham & D. Craig. Journal of Communication, 72(3), E53–E55. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqab036
    Arora, A., & Agarwal, A. (2019). Effectiveness of video marketing on social media. In P. K. Sinha & V. Sinha (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Digital Strategies for Organizational Success, 166–178. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9190-3_15
    Arriagada, A., & Ibáñez, F. (2020). “You need at least one picture daily, if not, you’re dead”: Content creators and platform evolution in the social media ecology. Social Media + Society, 6(3), 2056305120944624. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120944624
    Ashley, C., & Tuten, T. (2015). Creative strategies in social media marketing: An exploratory study of branded social content and consumer engagement. Psychology & Marketing, 32(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20761
    Bayer, J. B., Ellison, N. B., Schoenebeck, S. Y., & Falk, E. B. (2016). Sharing the small moments: Ephemeral social interaction on Snapchat. Information, Communication & Society, 19(7), 956–977. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1084349
    Baym, N. K. (2015). Connect with your audience! The relational labor of connection. The Communication Review, 18(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2015.996401
    Berger, J., & Milkman, K. L. (2012). What makes online content viral? Journal of Marketing Research, 49(2), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.10.0353
    Bishop, S. (2019). Managing visibility on YouTube through algorithmic gossip. Information, Communication & Society, 22(11), 1650–1666. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573914
    Boerman, S. C., Willemsen, L. M., & Van Der Aa, E. P. (2017). “This post is sponsored”: Effects of sponsorship disclosure on persuasion knowledge and electronic word of mouth in the context of Facebook. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 38, 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2016.12.002
    Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
    Brumberger, E. (2011). Visual literacy and the digital native: An examination of the millennial learner. Journal of Visual Literacy, 30(1), 19–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/23796529.2011.11674683
    Burgess, J., & Green, J. (2018). YouTube: Online video and participatory culture (2nd ed.). Polity Press.
    Campbell, C., & Farrell, J. R. (2020). More than meets the eye: The functional components underlying influencer marketing. Business Horizons, 63(4), 469–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.03.003
    Casaló, L. V., Flavián, C., & Ibáñez-Sánchez, S. (2018). Influencers on Instagram: Antecedents and consequences of opinion leadership. Journal of Business Research, 117, 510–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.07.005
    Chang, W. C. (2015). Social networking, privacy concern, and self-presentation: The case of Taiwanese Facebook users. Telematics and Informatics, 32(1), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2014.07.001
    Chang, Y. (2020). Social media engagement with international brands in Taiwan: Consumer behavior and cultural influences. Asian Journal of Communication, 30(3-4), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2020.1713862
    Chen, C. P. (2019). Growing social media popularity of net idols and their commercial value. Information, Communication & Society, 22(10), 1439–1456. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1486873
    Chen, G. M. (2012). The impact of new media on intercultural communication in a global context. China Media Research, 8(2), 1–10.
    Chen, Y. W. (2021). Social media and political expression in Taiwan: Platform choice and civic engagement. Asian Journal of Communication, 31(2), 124–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2020.1860411
    Chiu, Y. L. (2020). Education-related uses of social media and learning performance in Taiwan. Computers & Education, 157, 103957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103957
    Chou, H.-T. G., & Lee, H.-Y. (2021). Investigating Taiwan Instagram users' behaviors for social media/networks and purchase behavioral analysis. Procedia Computer Science, 183, 915–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.03.034
    Chu, S. C., & Choi, S. M. (2011). Electronic word-of-mouth in social networking sites: A cross-cultural study of the United States and China. Journal of Global Marketing, 24(3), 263–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911762.2011.592461
    Chu, S.-C., & Kim, Y. (2011). Determinants of consumer engagement in electronic word-of-mouth in social networking sites. International Journal of Advertising, 30(1), 47–75. https://doi.org/10.2501/IJA-30-1-047-075
    Cotter, K. (2019). Playing the visibility game: How digital influencers and algorithms negotiate influence on Instagram. New Media & Society, 21(4), 895–913. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818815684
    Craig, D., & Cunningham, S. (2019). Social media entertainment: The new intersection of Hollywood and Silicon Valley. NYU Press.
    Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
    Cunningham, S., & Craig, D. (2017). Being “really real” on YouTube: Authenticity, community and brand culture in social media entertainment. Media International Australia, 164(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X17709098
    Cunningham, S., & Craig, D. (2019). Social media entertainment: The new intersection of Hollywood and Silicon Valley. NYU Press.
    DataReportal. (2024). Digital 2024: Taiwan. Available at https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-taiwan
    De Veirman, M., Cauberghe, V., & Hudders, L. (2017). Marketing through Instagram influencers: The impact of number of followers and product divergence on brand attitude. International Journal of Advertising, 36(5), 798–828. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2017.1348035
    De Vries, L., Gensler, S., & Leeflang, P. S. H. (2012). Popularity of brand posts on brand fan pages: An investigation of the effects of social media marketing. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 26(2), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2012.01.003
    Di, Y., Liu, X., Li, J., & Han, L. (2022). Cross-cultural communication on social media: Review from the perspective of cultural psychology and neuroscience. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 858900. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.858900
    Djafarova, E., & Rushworth, C. (2017). Exploring the credibility of online celebrities' Instagram profiles in influencing the purchase decisions of young female users. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.009
    Duffy, B. E. (2017). (Not) getting paid to do what you love: Gender, social media, and aspirational work. Yale University Press.
    Duffy, B. E. (2020). Algorithmic precarity in cultural work. Communication and the Public, 5(3-4), 103–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047320959855
    Duffy, B. E., & Hund, E. (2015). “Having it all” on social media: Entrepreneurial femininity and self-branding among fashion bloggers. Social Media + Society, 1(2), 2056305115604337. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115604337
    Duffy, B. E., & Pooley, J. D. (2019). Idols of promotion: The triumph of self-branding in an age of precarity. Journal of Communication, 69(1), 26–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy063
    Emmy Huang Kexin [@emmyhuangkexin]. (n.d.). Instagram profile. Instagram. Available at https://www.instagram.com/emmyhuangkexin/
    Freberg, K., Graham, K., McGaughey, K., & Freberg, L. A. (2011). Who are the social media influencers? A study of public perceptions of personality. Public Relations Review, 37(1), 90–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.11.001
    Fung, A. (2019). Global game industries and cultural policy. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24702-1
    Gudykunst, W. B. (2017). Bridging differences: Effective intergroup communication (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
    Haenlein, M., Anadol, E., Farnsworth, T., Hugo, H., Hunichen, J., & Welte, D. (2020). Navigating the new era of influencer marketing: How to be successful on Instagram, TikTok, & co. California Management Review, 63(1), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125620958166
    Hall, E. T. (2018). Beyond culture. Anchor Books. (Original work published 1976)
    Hamilton, W. A., Garretson, O., & Kerne, A. (2014). Streaming on Twitch: Fostering participatory communities of play within live mixed media. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1315–1324. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557048
    Hand, M. (2017). Visuality in social media: Researching images, circulations and practices. In L. Sloan & A. Quan-Haase (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of social media research methods (pp. 215–231). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473983847.n13
    Highfield, T. (2016). Social media and everyday politics. Polity Press.
    Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
    Holtzhausen, D., & Zerfass, A. (Eds.). (2015). The Routledge handbook of strategic communication. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203094440
    Hou, M. (2021). Social media celebrity and the institutionalization of YouTube. Convergence, 27(3), 534–553. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856518809098
    House, J. (2015). Translation quality assessment: Past and present. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315693285
    Hsiao, C. H. (2018). Social media use and cross-cultural adaptation among international students in Taiwan. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 63, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.11.002
    Hsiao, H. H. M. (2007). Coexistence and synthesis: Cultural globalization and localization in contemporary Taiwan. In P. Berger & S. P. Huntington (Eds.). Many globalizations: Cultural diversity in the contemporary world (pp. 48–67). Oxford University Press.
    Hsiao, H. H. M. (2013). The rise of civil society in Taiwan. China Perspectives, 2013(3), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.6251
    Hu, Y., Min, Q., Han, S., & Liu, Z. (2020). Understanding followers’ stickiness to digital influencers: The effect of psychological responses. International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102169
    Hudders, L., De Jans, S., & De Veirman, M. (2021). The commercialization of social media stars: A literature review and conceptual framework on the strategic use of social media influencers. International Journal of Advertising, 40(3), 327–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2020.1836925
    Hwang, K. K. (2012). Foundations of Chinese psychology: Confucian social relations. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1439-1
    Instagram. (2021, June 8). Shedding more light on how Instagram works. Available at https://about.instagram.com/blog/announcements/shedding-more-light-on-how-instagram-works
    Jackson, L. A., & Wang, J. L. (2013). Cultural differences in social networking site use: A comparative study of China and the United States. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 910–921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.024
    Jacob Ltd [@jacob.ltd]. (n.d.). Instagram. Available at https://www.instagram.com/jacob.ltd/
    Jax Louisa [@jaxlouisax]. (n.d.). Instagram. Available at https://www.instagram.com/jaxlouisax/
    Jenkins, H., Ford, S., & Green, J. (2013). Spreadable media: Creating value and meaning in a networked culture. NYU Press.
    Jung, S., & Hirata, Y. (2018). K-pop idols, net idols, and transnational cultural flows. In J. Otmazgin & I. Lyan (Eds.), Hallyu 2.0: The Korean Wave in the age of social media (pp. 69–87). University of Michigan Press.
    Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
    Katz, Y., & Shifman, L. (2017). Making sense? The structure and meanings of digital memetic nonsense. Information, Communication & Society, 20(6), 825–842. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1189770
    Kaye, D. B. V., Zeng, J., & Wikström, P. (2022). TikTok: Creativity and culture in short video. Polity Press.
    Khamis, S., Ang, L., & Welling, R. (2017). Self-branding, ‘micro-celebrity’ and the rise of social media influencers. Celebrity Studies, 8(2), 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2016.1218292
    Kim, C., & Yang, S. U. (2017). Like, comment, and share on Facebook: How each behavior differs from the other. Public Relations Review, 43(2), 441–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.02.006
    Klug, D., Qin, Y., Evans, M., & Kaufman, G. (2021). Trick and please: A mixed-method study on user assumptions about the TikTok algorithm. Proceedings of the 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021, 84–92. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3447535.3462512
    Kofoed, J., & Larsen, M. C. (2016). A snap of intimacy: Photo-sharing practices among young people on social media. First Monday, 21(11). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i11.6905
    Korzenny, F., & Korzenny, B. A. (2012). Hispanic marketing: Connecting with the new Latino consumer (3rd ed.). Routledge.
    Kress, G. (2010). Multimodality: A social semiotic approach to contemporary communication. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203970034
    Kuo, H. (2022). Motivations, difficulties, and coping strategies in the process of becoming a YouTuber in Taiwan (Doctoral dissertation, National Chengchi University). ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
    Leaver, T., Highfield, T., & Abidin, C. (2020). Instagram: Visual social media cultures. Polity Press.
    Leonardi, P. M., & Vaast, E. (2017). Social media and their affordances for organizing: A review and agenda for research. Academy of Management Annals, 11(1), 150–188. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0144
    Li, X., & Feng, J. (2022). Nation branding through the lens of soccer fandom on social media: Comparative framing analysis of Russian and Chinese soccer fans’ posts on the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 18(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-020-00199-8
    Li, Y., Guan, M., Hammond, P., & Berrey, L. E. (2021). Communicating COVID-19 information on TikTok: A content analysis of TikTok videos from official accounts featured in the COVID-19 information hub. Health Education Research, 36(3), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyab010
    Li, Y., Wohn, D. Y., Shuang, Q., & Chen, V. H. H. (2021). An empirical study of live streamers’ motivations and social capital on the internet. Information Technology & People, 35(7), 2083–2105. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-06-2020-0391
    Liao, S., Widowati, R., & Cheng, C.-J. (2022). Investigating Taiwan Instagram users’ behaviors for social media and social commerce development. Entertainment Computing, 40, 100461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2021.100461
    Lin, C. A., Kim, T., & Kim, H. (2021). Understanding international tourists’ well-being perception: An application of the celebrity attachment theory. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 19(4), 489–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2020.1775623
    Lin, H. F., & Wang, Y. S. (2020). Predicting consumer intention to use mobile commerce in Taiwan: Using a unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2 model with godliness values. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 32(7), 1545–1567. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-10-2019-0613
    Lin, J. S., & Chiang, Y. H. (2021). Social media engagement and well-being among international students: The moderating role of cultural intelligence. Journal of International Students, 11(2), 304–323. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11i2.1878
    Lou, C., & Yuan, S. (2019). Influencer marketing: How message value and credibility affect consumer trust of branded content on social media. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 19(1), 58–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2018.1533501
    Marwick, A. E. (2013). Status update: Celebrity, publicity, and branding in the social media age. Yale University Press.
    Men, L. R., & Tsai, W. H. S. (2013). Beyond liking or following: Understanding public engagement on social networking sites in China. Public Relations Review, 39(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.09.013
    Men, L. R., & Tsai, W. H. S. (2014). Perceptual, attitudinal, and behavioral outcomes of organization–public engagement on corporate social networking sites. Journal of Public Relations Research, 26(5), 417–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2014.951047
    Montag, C., Yang, H., & Elhai, J. D. (2021). On the psychology of TikTok use: A first glimpse from empirical findings. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 641673. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.641673
    Murray, D. C. (2013). Notes to self: The visual culture of selfies in the age of social media. Consumption Markets & Culture, 18(6), 490–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253866.2015.1052967
    Nahon, K., & Hemsley, J. (2013). Going viral. Polity Press.
    NapoleonCat. (2024). Social media users in Taiwan – December 2024. Available at https://napoleoncat.com/stats/social-media-users-in-taiwan
    Neuliep, J. W. (2017). Intercultural communication: A contextual approach (7th ed.). SAGE Publications.
    Ng, W. K., Chen, C. L., & Huang, Y. H. (2024). Revitalization of cultural heritage in the digital era: A case study in Taiwan. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 30(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2022.2058674
    Okazaki, S., & Taylor, C. R. (2013). Social media and international advertising: Theoretical challenges and future directions. International Marketing Review, 30(1), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651331311298573
    Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
    Phua, J., Jin, S. V., & Kim, J. J. (2017). Gratifications of using Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, or Snapchat to follow brands: The moderating effect of social comparison, trust, tie strength, and network homophily on brand identification, brand engagement, brand commitment, and membership intention. Telematics and Informatics, 34(1), 412–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.06.004
    Pittman, M., & Reich, B. (2016). Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.084
    Postigo, H. (2016). The socio-technical architecture of digital labor: Converting play into YouTube money. New Media & Society, 18(2), 332–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814541527
    Qiu, L., Ramsay, J., & Yang, F. (2022). Cultural differences in social media use for work and learning. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 22(1), 89–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/14705958211070028
    Rose, G. (2016). Visual methodologies: An introduction to researching with visual materials (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
    Sheldon, P., & Bryant, K. (2016). Instagram: Motives for its use and relationship to narcissism and contextual age. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.059
    Shifman, L. (2014). Memes in digital culture. MIT Press.
    Sittichai, R., & Suchart, N. (2021). Influencer marketing in Thailand: Typologies and effectiveness on consumer purchasing intentions. ABAC Journal, 41(2), 126–145.
    Sjöblom, M., & Hamari, J. (2017). Why do people watch others play video games? An empirical study on the motivations of Twitch users. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 985–996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.10.019
    Suzy and Austin [@suzyandaustin]. (n.d.). Instagram profile. Instagram. Available at https://www.instagram.com/suzyandaustin/
    Thomas, D. R. (2006). A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214005283748
    Tiggemann, M., Anderberg, I., & Brown, Z. (2020). #Loveyourbody: The effect of body positive Instagram captions on women's body image. Body Image, 33, 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.02.015
    Tran, K. V., & Uehara, T. (2023). The influence of key opinion leaders on consumers’ green fashion purchase intentions. Frontiers in Communication, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2023.1296174
    Treem, J. W., & Leonardi, P. M. (2013). Social media use in organizations: Exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association. Annals of the International Communication Association, 36(1), 143–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2013.11679130
    Tsai, W. H. S., & Menon, R. G. (2021). Consumer engagement with brands on social media: An international comparison. International Journal of Advertising, 40(2), 177–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2020.1799146
    Tuten, T. L., & Solomon, M. R. (2017). Social media marketing (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
    University of Dhaka. (2024). Exploring the significance of social media reels and short videos. Journal of Management, 34(1), 69–88. Available at https://managementdu.ac.bd/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/JOURNAL-OF-MANAGEMENT-69-88.pdf
    Vallas, S. P., & Schor, J. B. (2020). What do platforms do? Understanding the gig economy. Annual Review of Sociology, 46, 273–294. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054857
    Wohn, D. Y., Freeman, G., & McLaughlin, C. (2018). Explaining viewers’ emotional, instrumental, and financial support provision for live streamers. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Paper No. 474, 1 - 13. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174048
    Wu, C. H. (2016). Culture and consumer behavior in Taiwan: Perspectives on digital advertising and symbolic meaning. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 28(4), 635–648. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-10-2015-0156
    Wu, W., Bui, T. A., & Dao, T. C. (2022). The influence of cross-cultural stable and dynamic competencies on expatriate adaptation and outcomes: The case of Taiwan. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 14(4), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-01-2021-0020
    Yu, C. H. (2021). Social media usage patterns and their impact on Taiwanese youth identity. Asian Journal of Communication, 31(5), 410–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2021.1931627
    Zhang, J. (2022). How short-form video apps affect popular culture. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 118, 233–241. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2022.01.02.23
    Zhang, K. Z. K., & Benyoucef, M. (2016). Consumer behavior in social commerce: A literature review. Decision Support Systems, 86, 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2016.04.001

    QR CODE
    :::