菲律賓是東盟重要創始成員國之一，也是中國的戰略夥伴。 對菲律賓來說，中國是近鄰和重要的經濟夥伴。 然而，儘管有著深刻的連結，中菲關係幾十年來一直不穩定。 其中一個原因是雙方對南海地區的爭奪─ 兩人在爭議地區發生了爭執。 這項研究旨透過研究菲律賓媒體發佈的英文新聞標題來分析中菲關係的起伏，找出2000年至2013年中國的形象是否出現了負面變化。 本文的結論是，到2013年，中國在菲律賓的形象已經變得負面。

The Philippines is one of the important founding members of ASEAN and also a strategic partner of China. For the Philippines, China is a close neighbor and an important economic partner. However, despite the mutual significance, Sino-Philippine relations have been unstable for decades. One of the reasons for it is the mutual contention for the region of South China Sea. The two have entered into scuffles over the disputed region. Analyzing the ups and downs in Sino-Philippines relations, this research aims to find out whether the image of China has taken a negative turn from 2000 to 2013 by studying English news headlines published by Philippine media houses. This thesis concludes that the image of China in the Philippines has become negative by the year 2013.

A F K Organski, & Jacek Kugler. (1981). The war ledger. University of Chicago Press.
A. F. K. Organski. (1958). World Politics. The University of Michigan.
Alegre, P. V. (2017). The Philippine Role in ASEAN’s Uncertain Future. Asia Pacific Pathways to Progress Foundation Inc. https://appfi.ph/resources/commentaries/1120-thephilippine-role-in-asean-s-uncertain-future
ASEAN Briefing. (2017). The Philippines’ Economic and Political Relations With China. ASEAN Business News. https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/philippines-economicpolitical-relations-China/
Bailliet, C. M. (2019). Research Handbook on International Law and Peace. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Baker, C. (2004). China-Philippines Relations: Cautious Cooperation. Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 1–8. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA627494.pdf
Baviera, A. (2021). Philippines-China Relations in the 20th Century: History Versus Strategy (2000). Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia, 27(1), 9–31. https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ_57_1_2021/04_Philippines_China_Relations_20th_Century_History_Strategy.pdf
Broomfield, E. V. (2003). Perceptions of Danger: The China threat theory. Journal of Contemporary China, 12(35), 265–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067056022000054605
Cabuenas, J. V. (2016). Bangko Sentral takes in Chinese renminbi as international reserves. GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/586232/bangko-sentral-takes-inchinese-renminbi-as-international-reserves/story/
Camus, M. R. (2017). Ayala, Jack Ma firm launches purchase-by-scan system. Inquirer.net. https://business.inquirer.net/239270/breaking-business-ayala-globe-telecom-antfinancial-services-groups-alibaba-jack-ma-cashless-qr-codes-gcash-alipay-gloriettaernest-cu
Chen, Z. (2017). The Chinese Cultural Root of the Community of Common Destiny for All Mankind. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icelaic-17.2017.166
Cheng, W. (2013). Corpus-based linguistic approaches to critical discourse analysis. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (pp. 1–8). Wiley-Blackwell.
Cheng, W. (2016). Duterte heads home from China with $24 billion deals. ABS-CBN News. https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/10/21/16/duterte-heads-home-from-China-with-24-billion-deals
Choo, J. (2009). Ideas matter: China’s peaceful rise. Asia Europe Journal, 7(3-4), 389–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-009-0241-3
Crismundo, K. (2018). BOI, Bank of China ink deal to attract Chinese investors to PH. Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1027149
De Castro, R. C. (2016). Facing Up to China’s Realpolitik Approach in the South China Sea Dispute: The Case of the 2012 Scarborough Shoal Stand-off and Its Aftermath. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 3(2), 157–182. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48601794
Almase, A. D. (2017). Diplomatic Engagement and Negotiated Agreement Between Philippines and China: A Constructive-Realist Approach in Post-Arbitration. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies.
Egberink, F., & van der Putten, F.-P. (2010). ASEAN and Strategic Rivalry among the Great Powers in Asia. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 29(3), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341002900307
Fernando, J. A. (2020). China’s Belt and Road Initiative in the Philippines. Asia Pacific Bulletin, 542. East-West Center.
Firth, J. R. (1957). Applications of General Linguistics. Transactions of the Philological Society, 56(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-968x.1957.tb00568.x
Fook, L. L. (2018). The China-Philippine Bilateral Consultative Mechanism on the South China Sea: Prospects and Challenges. ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, 14(2018).
Francisco, R., & Mogato, M. (2013). Philippines says China expanding territory before code takes effect. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-ChinaidUSBRE9830KQ20130904
Gao, Z., & Jia, B. B. (2013). The Nine-Dash Line in the South China Sea: History, Status, and Implications. The American Journal of International Law, 107(1), 98–124. https://doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.1.0098
Ghiasy, R., Su, F., & Saalman, L. (2018). The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Security Implications and Ways Forward for the European Union | SIPRI. Sipri.org; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/the-21st-century-maritime-silk-road.pdf
Glosny, M. A. (2006). Heading toward a Win–Win Future? Recent Developments in China’s Policy toward Southeast Asia. Asian Security, 2(1), 24–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799850600575199
Gore, L. (2022). Why China’s “peaceful rise” will be particularly difficult. Think China – Big Reads, Opinion & Columns on China. https://www.thinkChina.sg/why-Chinas-peacefulrise-will-be-particularly-difficult
Green, M. (2017). Counter-Coercion Series: Scarborough Shoal Standoff. In Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative. Centre for Strategic and International Studies. https://amti.csis.org/counter-co-scarborough-standoff/v
Ha, H. T. (2019). Understanding China’s Proposal for an ASEAN-China Community of Common Destiny and ASEAN’s Ambivalent Response. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 41(2), 223–254. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26798853
Hong, Z. (2013). The South China Dispute and China-ASEAN Relations. Asian Affairs, 44(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2012.760785
Huang, Y. (2014). The 2008 Milk Scandal Revisited. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/yanzhonghuang/2014/07/16/the-2008-milk-scandalrevisited/?sh=6abc50424105
Inquirer Research. (2012). Scarborough shoal standoff: A timeline. https://globalnation.inquirer.net/36003/scarborough-shoal-standoff-a-historicaltimeline
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept. (2018). Philippines: 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Philippines. IMF Staff Country Reports, 18(287), 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484378588.002
Jiao, W. (2013). President Xi Gives Speech to Indonesia’s Parliament. China Daily. http://www.Chinadaily.com.cn/China/2013xiapec/2013-10/02/content_ 17007915.htm
Kim, W., & Gates, S. (2015). Power transition theory and the rise of China. International Area Studies Review, 18(3), 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/2233865915598545
Klipper, R. (2016). Why China Might Seek to Occupy Scarborough Shoal. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/why-china-might-seek-to-occupy-scarborough-shoal/
Krishnamurthy, R. (2006). Collocations. In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd ed., Vol 1). Elsevier Science & Technology.
Lai, C. J. (2017). Rhetorical traps and China’s peaceful rise: Malaysia and the Philippines in the South China Sea territorial disputes. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 19(1), 117–146. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcx008
Lina, W., & Kun, Z. (2016). China’s Policy Shifts on Southeast Asia. China Quarterly of
International Strategic Studies, 02(01), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1142/s2377740016500081
Liu, W. (2020). A Corpus-Based Study of Semantic Prosody and Semantic Preference of“Seem.” Open Journal of Social Sciences, 08(05), 282–291. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.85020
Ma, D. (2012). China Digs It. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/China/2012-04-25/China-digs-it
Malindog-Uy, A. (2021). Public Diplomacy And China-Philippine Relations. The Asean Post. https://theaseanpost.com/article/public-diplomacy-and-China-philippine-relations
Marcos, F. E. (1969). New Filipinism. Office of the President of the Philippines, Public Information Office.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2016). Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China on Settling Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea Through Bilateral Negotiation. Www.fmprc.gov.cn. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/201606/t20160608_679464.html
Mokry, S. (2018). Decoding Chinese concepts for the global order. Merics; Mercator Institute for China Studies. https://www.merics.org/en/report/decoding-chinese-concepts-globalorder
National Economic and Development Authority. (2017). Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 (pp. 19–20). National Economic and Development Authority.
Neil. (2019). What lies ahead for the Philippines on China’s Belt and Road Initiative? Business World Online. https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2019/01/20/209826/whatlies-ahead-for-the-philippines-on-Chinas-belt-and-road-initiative/
Neil. (2022). Marcos told to assert sea claim against China. Business World Online.
https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2022/07/11/460428/marcos-told-to-assert-seaclaim-against-China/
Office of The Press Secretary. (2017). MOA Signing between Presidential Communications Operations Office (PCOO) and China Central Television (CCTV). Republic of the Philippines, Office of the Press Secretary. https://ops.gov.ph/photo_gallery/moa-signingpresidential-communications-operations-office-pcoo-China-central-television-cctv/
Ordinario, C. U. (2019). DOF chief: PHL has everything to gain from China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Business Mirror. https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/09/17/dof-chief-phl-haseverything-to-gain-from-Chinas-belt-and-road-initiative/
Permanent Court of Arbitration. (2016, July 12). The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines V. The People’s Republic OF China) [Press release]. https://docs.pcacpa.org/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Press-Release-No-11-English.pdf
Pew Research Center: Journalism & Media Staff. (2006). How 9-11 Changed the Evening News. Pew Research Center’s Journalism Project. https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2006/09/11/how-9-11-changed-the-eveningnews/
Qi, H. (2019). Joint development in the South China sea: China’s incentives and policy choices. Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies, 8(2), 220–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/24761028.2019.1685427
Rabena, A. (2018). The Complex Interdependence of China’s BRI in the Philippines. Brink News; BRINK –Conversations and Insights on Global Business. https://www.brinknews.com/the-complex-interdependence-of-Chinas-bri-in-thephilippines/
Reeves. (2019). The South China Sea Disputes: Territorial and Maritime Differences Between the Philippines and China. Journal of Global Faultlines, 6(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.13169/jglobfaul.6.1.0039
Reuters. (2008). FACTBOX: Who’s affected by China’s milk scandal, and why? Reuters.com. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-milk1-idUST12657320080922
Sanglap, R. (2018). Philippine central bank, Bank of China sign agreement for currency exchange. S&P Global Market Intelligence. https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/newsinsights/trending/ngraae3s1mxi8hbffbzrea2
Satyawan, I. A. (2018). The diplomacy of scientific research in the South China Sea: the case of join to oceanographic marine scientific research expedition between Vietnam and the Philippines. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 129(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/129/1/012024
See Seng Tan. (2015). Multilateral Asian Security Architecture (p. 88). Routledge.
Simões, L. (2022). The Role of ASEAN in the South China Sea Disputes. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2022/06/23/the-role-of-asean-in-the-south-China-seadisputes/
Social Weather Stations. (2018). Second Quarter 2018 Social Weather Survey: 4 out of 5 Pinoys repudiate government’s policy of allowing Chinese intrusion in the West Philippine Sea. SWS Special Report.
Suryadinata, L., & Iseas-Yusof Ishak Institute. (2017). The rise of China and the Chinese overseas: a study of Beijing’s changing policy in Southeast Asia and beyond. Iseas Yusof Ishak Institute.
Talmon, S., & Bing Bing Jia. (2014). The South China Sea Arbitration. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Thayer, C. A. (2013). ASEAN, China and the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 33(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2013.0022
The Philippine Star. (2017a). China, Japan investments up, Korea down. Philstar.com. https://www.philstar.com/business/2017/12/03/1764917/China-japan-investments-upkorea-down
The Philippine Star. (2017b). Phl, China sign joint dev’t plan. Philstar.com. https://www.philstar.com/business/2017/03/19/1680175/phl-China-sign-joint-devt-plan
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, (1982).
Vaz-Pinto, R. (2014). Peaceful rise and the limits of Chinese exceptionalism. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 57(spe), 210–224. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329201400213
Verma, S., Paracuelles, E., & Chan, C. (2018). The Belt and Road Initiative: Globalization, 65 China style. Nomura. https://www.nomuraconnects.com/focused-thinking-posts/the-beltand-road-initiative-globalisation-China-style/
Weatherbee, D. E. (1987). The Philippines and ASEAN: Options for Aquino. Asian Survey, 27(12), 1223–1239. https://doi.org/10.2307/2644631
Wong, A. C. (2019). The Philippines’ Policy and Perspectives A Shifting Strategic Stance toward China. In China and Southeast Asia in the Xi Jinping Era (pp. 171–193). Lexington Books.
Wong, J. (1984). The Philippines’ Relations with China. In The Political Economy of China’s Changing Relations with Southeast Asia (pp. 123–149). Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27929-6_5
Wong, J. (1995). China’s Economic Reform and Open-Door Policy Viewed from Southeast Asia. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 11(3), 269–279. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25770556
Wong, J., & Chan, S. (2003). China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement: Shaping Future Economic Relations. Asian Survey, 43(3), 507–526. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2003.43.3.507
Woods, S. (2016). The Sino-Philippine South China Sea Dispute. American Journal of Chinese Studies, 23(special issue 1), 159–171. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44289146
Wu, S., & Zou, K. (2016). Arbitration Concerning the South China Sea (1st ed.). Routledge.
Yin, X. (2004). The Impact of China ASEAN Free Trade Agreement on Regional Trade. The Journal of East Asian Affairs, 18(2), 311–339. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23258197
Yue, J. (2021). The Limits to China’s Peaceful Rise – Deep Integration and a New Cold War. Global Policy, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13040
Zhang, D. (2018). The Concept of “Community of Common Destiny” in China’s Diplomacy: Meaning, Motives and Implications. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 5(2), 196–207.
https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.231
Zhao, S. (2005). China’s pragmatic nationalism: Is it manageable? The Washington Quarterly, 29(1), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1162/016366005774859670
Zheng, B. (2005). Ten Views on China’s Development Road of Peaceful Rise and SinoEuropean Relations. Real Instituto Elcano. https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/commentaries/ten-views-on-Chinas-developmentroad-of-peaceful-rise-and-sino-european-relations/