序

在歷史上，政治、宗教、種族等原因，造成許多逃亡海外的難民，使其遭受悲慘的命運．他們的政府視他們為逃犯，往往剝奪其國籍，不再給予保護，他們所在地的政府視他們為非法入境的外國人，可能隨時強迫遣返其本國，他們於國際間流離無所，到處乞憐，從人道和法理的角度看，都有損人類的尊嚴，他們的生活、工作、教育等問題獲得解決之前，首先必須取得合法的難民地位，有了法律地位，他們的權利才可以得到承認，所以如何確認他們的法律地位，又是很重耍的課題。究竟國際難民有沒有法律地位？如果有，又怎樣認定？他們有沒有法律權利？如果有，又怎樣保障？總括說來，有沒有國際難民法或一般規範？本文的主旨就是探討這些和其他相關問題。

本文共分六章十七節，各章內容要旨如下：

第一章為導論，說明難民所以引起國際社會共同嚴重關切的原因，及自第一次世界大戰後的難民分佈情形，以了解難民問題的嚴重性。

第二章從第一次世界大戰以前、國際聯盟時期和聯合國時期等三個時期來觀察難民國際法地位的演變經過。

第三章澄清「難民」一詞的涵義，針對一向為傳統國際社會所誤解的難民與類似人群的關係與差別，並探討何謂法定難民。

第四章說明國際難民法的成文法淵源和不成文法淵源，並論及難民的國際權利、責任和程序能力。

第五章介紹在現行國際難民法下難民如何取得法律地位，其法律地位如何認定、在何種情況下將導致難民地位的喪失，並說明取得法律地位的難民的權利與義務。

第六章是本文結論，指出國際難民規範的形式及其法律性質，並對國際難民問題作一囘顧與展望。

筆者學淺才疏，又沒有論文的寫作經驗，幸蒙陳師治世教授在百忙中悉心教導，指正觀念，修改文字，核閱再三，使本文能如期完成，肺腑感激，實非語文所能表示一二，在寫作過程中，幸得吾友陳沛利同學及葛雲鳳小姐幫忙，又有班上同學的策勵，在此亦一併致謝。父母和家人的支持與關懷，使我能順利完成碩士班的課程，更應該表示懇切謝忱。初試論文撰寫，必多疏漏謬誤，還盼高明雅正!

曾天賜謹識於

國立政治大學外交研究所

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主要參考書目

一、中文部份

甲、書籍

1.丘宏達等：現代國際法（上、下冊），台北，三民書局，民國六九年，二版。

2.朱建民：國際組織新論，台北，正中，民國六七年，台修一版。

3.杜蘅之：國際法大綱（上、下冊），台北，商務印書館，民國六十年，初版。

4.杜蘅之：中美關係與國際法，台北，商務印書館，民國六十八年，初版。

5.陳治世：學生國際法，台北，漢苑出版社，民國六十八年，初版。

6.張乃維：國際法上人權與其保障問題，台北，商務印書館，民國六八年，修訂初版。

7.雷崧生：國際法原理（上、下冊），台北，正中書局，民國六四年，台十版。

8.雷崧生：國際組織，台北，商務印書館，民國六一年，十版。

9.謝福助：個人在國際法上之地位，台北，正中書局，民國六六年，一版。

乙、文件

1.中華民國出席聯合國大會第二十三屆常會代表團報告書。

2.聯合國難民事宜高級專員報告書，大會第八屆會正式記錄，補編十一號，紐約(A/2394) ,1953.

3.聯合國難民事宜高級專員報告書，十屆會大會正式資料，補編十一號，紐約(A/2902 Add. :1),1955.

4.聯合國難民事宜高級專員報告書，十一屆會大會正式資料，補編十一號，紐約(A/3123/Rev.1) ,1956.

5.聯合國難民事宜高級專員報告書，十三屆會正式資料，補編資料六號c，紐約(A/3834) ,1958.

6.聯合國難民事宜高級專員報告書，十四屆會大會正式資料，補編資料十一號，紐約(A/4104/Rev.1) ,1959.

7.聯大第十五屆會全體事設委員會，各次會議簡要記錄，1960。

8.聯合國難民事宜高級專員報告書，十六屆大會正式記錄，補編第六號A(A/477/Rev.1)紐約1961.

二、英文部份：

A. Books.

1. Amerasinghe, C.F. : State Responsibility for Injuries to Aliens, Oxford : Clarcndon Press,1967.

2. Ballentine James A. : Ballentine Law Dictionary, with Pronunciation. N Y. : Bancraft-whitney Co. San Francisco California, 1969.

3. Bennett, Marion T. : American Immigration Polices. Washington, D. C. : A History Public Affairs Press, 1963.

4. Bishop, Jr. William W. : International Law; Cases and Materials. 2nd ed. 1962. 台北，淡江書局，民國五八年，一版。

5. Briggs, Herbert W. : The Law of Nations. Lodnon : Stevens, 1953.

6. Brownlie, Ian. : Principles of Public International Law. 3rd ed. Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1973.

7. Buehvig, E. H. : The U N and Palestine Refugees. Bloomington : Indiana University Press,1971.

8. Burns, Edward McNall. : Western Civilization. 8th ed. N. Y. : W. W. Norton & Company Inc.,1976.

9. Carey, Johns. : International Protection of Human Rights. N. Y.: Oceana Publications, Inc.,1968.

10. Chandler, Edgar H. S. : The High Tower of Refugees. N. Y. : Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Publishers, 1959.

11. Cheng, Bin. : The General Principle of Law as applied. by International Courts and Tribunals. London : Stevens, 1953.

12. Cicero. : Laws. Translated by C. W. Keyes. Cambrigde, Mass. : Harvard University Press,1948.

13. Common Council For American Unity : The Alien and the Immigration Law. N. Y. Oceana Publications, Inc.,1958.

14. Garicia-Mora, Manuel R. : International Law and Asylum as a Human Rights. Washington, D.C:Public Affairs Press, 1956.

15. Glahn, Gerhard Von. : Laws Among Nations; An Introduction to Public International Law.3rd ed. N. Y.:Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1970.

16. Grahl-Madeson, Atle. : The Status of Refugees in International Law. 2Vols. Netherlands:A. W. Sijthoff-Leyden, 1966-72.

17. Greig D.W. International Law 2nd ed. London : Butterworths, 1976.

18. Holborn, Louise W.:The International Refugee Organization-A Specialized Agency of the U.N；Its History and Work 1940-1952. London : Oxford Univ. Press, 1956.

19. Hudson, Manley O. : International Legislation. Vols. I-XI. Washington : n.p.,1931-1950.

20. Jessup, Philip C.:A Modern Law of Nations. N. Y.:Macmillan, 1948.

21. Lauterpacht, H. : International Law and Human Rights. London:Stevens & Sons Limited, 1950.

22. Lauterpacht, H. : An International Bill of the Rights of Man. N. Y. : Columbia Univ. Press,1945.

23. McNair, Lord (Sir Arnold Duncan ).: The Law of Treaties. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1961.

24. McDougal, Myress ; Larswell, Harold D. and Chen. Zung-Chu. : Human Rights and World public Order. Newttaven and London : Yale Univ. Press, 1980.

25. Oppenheim, L.: International Law. 2 Vols. 8th ed. Edited by H. Lauterpacht. London :Longmans, Green & Go., 1955. Vol. 1:Peace.

26. Paxton Robert O.: Europe in the Twentieth Censtury n. p.: Harcourt Brace Jovarnovich Inc., 1975.

27. Pompe, C.A. : The Convention of 28 July, 1951 and the International Protection of Refugees. Geneva : UNHCR, 1958.

28. Proudfoot, Malcolm J.: European Refugees : 1939-1952；A Study in Forced Population Movement. Illinois : Northwestern Univ. Press, 1956.

29. Robinson, Nehemiah. : Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees ; Its History, Contents and Interpretation, A. Commentary, N. Y. : Institute of Jewish Affairs, 1953.

30. Schechtman, Joseph B. : European Population Transfers 1939-1945. N. Y. Oxford Univ. Press, 1946.

31. Schwarzenberger, Georg. : International Law. 3rd ed. 3Vols. London : Stevens, 1957. Vol. 1.

32. Schwarzenberger, Georg. : A Manual of International Law. 4th ed. 2Vols. London : Stevens,1960. Vol. 1.

33. Simpson, John Hope. : Refugees. A Review of the Situation Since September 1938. Lodnon:Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1949.

34. Simpson, John Hope. : The Refugee Problem. London : Oxford Univ. Press, 1939.

35. Stoessinger, John George. The Refugee and the World Community. Minneapalis : The Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1950.

36. Srensen , Max. : Manual of Public International Law. N.Y.:St. Martin's Press, 1968.

37. Taft Donald R. and Robins Richard. : International Migration-The Immigration in the Modern World. N.Y.: The Ronald Press Co., 1959.

38. Weis, Paul. : The Concept-of the Refugee in International Law (U.N. Dec. HCR/INF/49,Geneva 1961).

39. Weis, Paul : Nationality and Statelessness in International Law. London:Stevens, 1956.

B. Periodicals :

(1) Arnold-Forster, A. “U.N.R.R.A.'s work for Displaced Persons in Germany.” 22 International Affairs (Jan, 1946).

(2) Beyer, Gunther. “The Political Refugee : 35 Years Later.” 15 International Migration Review (hereafter cited as I.M.R. ) Nos.1-2 (Spring-Summer, 1981).

(3) Cuny, Frederick C. “ The UNHCR and Relief Operations : A Changing Role. “ 15 I.M.R. Nos.1-2 (Spring-Summer, 1981).

(4) Evans, Alana E, “Observations on the Practice of Terrtoriai Asylum in the U.S. “56 American Journal of International Law (hereafter cited as A.J.I.L.) (1962).

(5) Ginbergs, George. “The Soviet Union and the Problem of Refugees and Displaced Persons, 1917-1956., 51 A.J.I.L. (1957)

(6) Green, L. C. “The Individual and His Status in International Law.” Indiana Journal of International Law. (1961).

(7) Gross, Douglas. “The Right of Asylum under United States Law.” 80 Columbia Law Review (Jan. 1980).

(8) Holborn, L.W. “ The Legal Status of Political Refugees, 1920-1938.” 32 A.J.I.L. (1938).

(9) Jaeger, Gilbert. “Refugee Asylum : Policy and Legislative Developments.” 15 I.M.R. ( Spring-Summer, 1981).

(10) Kennedy, Edward M. “Refugee Act of 1980” 15 I.M.R. (spring-Summer, 1981).

(11) Kunz. Egon F. “Exile and Resettlement:Refugee Theory.” 15 I.M.R.( Spring-Summer, 1981).

(12) Melander, Goran. “Refugees and International Cooperations.” 15 I.M.R. (Spring-summer, ( 1981)

(13) “Ming V. Marks, U.S. District Courts. S.D.N.Y., 367. F. Supp.673.” reported in 68 A.J.I.L.(1974)

(14) Protection of Aliens from Discrimination and World Public Order : Responsibility of States Conjoined with Human Rights.” 70 A.J.I.L. ( July, 1976).

(15) Radley, Kurt Ren'e. “ The Palestinian Refugees : The Right to Return in International Law.” 72 A.J.I.L. (July, 1978.)

(16) Rose, Peter I. “Some Thoughts About Refugees and the Descendants of Theseus.” 15 I.M.R. ( Spring-Summer, 1981).

(17) Rucker, Arthur. “The Work of the International Refugee Organization.” 25 International Affairs (Jan. 1949).

(18) “Secretary of State Rusk’s Letter to the President (text); Text of Protocol (1967’s UN Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees ); Text of the Convention.” 63 AJIL (1969).

(19) Starr, Paul D. : Trouble Waters : Vietnamese Fisherfolk on America's Gulf Coast.” 15 I.M.R. (Spring-summer, 1981).

(20) Stein, Barry N. : “Occupational Assimilation of Refugees. “ 15 I.M.R. (Spring-summer,1981)

(21) Weis, Paul. : “The International Protection of Refugees”. 48 A.J.I.L. (1954)

(22) Weis, Paul : “Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons.” 10 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly ( hereafter cited as I.C.L.Q.) (1961).

(23) Weis, Paul. :“ The Hague Agreement relating to Refugee Seaman.” 7 I.C.L.Q. (1958)

(24) Weis, Paul. : “The UN Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, 1961.” 11 I.C.L.Q. ( 1962).

(25) Wei, Paul. : “ Legal Aspects of the Convention of 28 July, 1951 relating to the Status of Refugees.” 30 British Yeas Book of International Law (1953).

C. Documents and International Instruments.

Ⅰ. U.S. Documents.

1. U.S. Program to Assist the World’s Refugees. The Official Monthly Record of U.S. Foreign Policy. Vol. 79, No.2031 (Oct. 1979).

2. Political Asylum. Department of State Bulletin. Vol. 80, No.2034 ( Jan. 1980), pp.35-37.

3. Refugee Coodinator Reports on situation in Thailand. Department of State Bulletin. Vol.80, No.2037 (Apr. 1980),pp.31-38.

4. U.S. and the World’s Refugees. Department of State Bulletin. Vol. 80, No.2044 (Oct, 1980) , pp.31-33.

5. Voluntary Agencies and the U.N. Development Digest. (Q). Vol. 18, No.4 (Oct. 1980), pp.82-90.

6. Refugees Admissions and Resettlement Plans for FY1981. Department of State Bulletin. Vol.80, No.2045 (Dec. 1980), pp.44-46.

7. Refugees in the U.S. Response. Department of State Bulletin. vol.81, No.2040 (Jan. 1981), pp.5-7.

8.FY 1982 and FY 1983 Refugees for Migration and Refugee Assistance. Department of State Bulletin. Vol.80, No.2045 (May, 1981), pp.59-61.

Ⅱ. International Instruments.

1922 July 5 Arrangement with Regard to the Issue of Certificates of Identity to Russia Refugees (13 LONTS 237).

1924 May 31 Plan for the Issue of a Certificate of Identity to Armenian Refugees. ( LON Doc. C.L.72(a)).

1926. May 12. Arrangement relating to the Issue of Identity Certificates to Russian and Armenian Refugees, Supplementing and amending the previous Arrangements dated July 5th, 1922, and May 31st, 1924 (89 LONTS 47).

1928. June 30 Arrangement relating to the Legal Status of Russian and Armenian Refugees (89 L0NTS 53)

1928 June 30 Arrangement Concerning the Extension to Other Categories of Refugees of Certain Measures taken in Favor of Russian and Armenian Refugees (89 LONTS 53).

1930 Apr. 12 International Convention on Certain Ouestions relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws (179 LONTS 89).

1930 Apr. 12. Protocal relating to Militery Obligations in Certain cases of Double Nationality (178 LONTS 227)

1933 Act 28 Convention relating to the International Status of Refugees (159 LONTS 199).

1935 July 30 Plan for the Issue of a Certificate of Identity to Refugees from the Saar ( League of Nations Official Journal, 1681).

1936 July 4 Provisional Arrangement concerning the Status of Refugees coming from Germany (171 LONTS 75)

1938 Feb. 10 Convention concerning the Status of Refugees coming from Germany (192 LONTS 59)

1939 Sep. 14 Additional Protocol to the Provisional Agreement and to the Convention Signed at Geneva on July 4th, 1936 and February 10th, 1938, concerning the Status of Refugees coming from Germany (198 LONTS 141)

1945 June 26 Charter of the U.N.

1945 June 26 Statute of the International Court of Justice

1946 Oct. 15 London Agreement relating to the Issue of a Travel Document to Refugees who are the Concern of the Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees (11 UNTS 73)

1946 Dec.15 Constitution of the I.R.O. (18 UNTS 3)

1948 Dec. 10 Universal Declaration of Human Rights

1949 July 1 Convention concerning Migration for Employment (120 UNTS 71)

1951 July 28 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (189 UNTS 137)

1953 Dec. 11 European Interim Agreement on Social Security Schemes relating to Old Age, Invalidity and Survivors, and Protocol thereto (218 UNTS 211)

1953 Dec. 11 European Interim Agreement on Social Security Other Than Schemes for Old Age, Invalidity and Survivors, and Protocol thereto (218 UNTS 153)

1954 Sep.28 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (360 UNTS 117)

1957 Mar. 25 Rome Treaty establisbing the European Economic Community (298 UNTS 11)

1957 Nov. 23 The Hague Agreement relating to Refugee Seamen (7 ICLO. 344)

1957 Dec. 13 European Convention on Extradition (359 UNTS 273)

1959 Apr. 20 European Agreement on the Abolition of Visas for Refugees (376 UNTS 85)

1967 Oct. 4 Protocal Relating to the Status of Refugees. (6 Int. Legal Materials 178 [1967])

Ⅲ. U N Documents

A/RES on Refugees and Displaced persons. (Feb.12, 1946; UN Doc. A/45)

A/RES/217 (III) Dec,10, 1948)

E/RES/248 (IX), Study of State-lessness (Aug. 8, 1949; UN Doe. HCR/INF/48, 47)

A/RFS/319(IV), Refugees and Stateless Persons (Dec. 3, 1949; UN Doc. HCR/INF/48, 1 )

E/RES/319(XI), Refugees and Stateless Persons (Aug.11/16, 1950; UN Doc. HCR/INF/48, 49)

A/RES/428 (V), Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( Dec.14,1950, UN Doc. HCR/INF/48. 4)

A/RES/429(V), Draft Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. (Dec. 14, 1950; UN Doc. HCR/INF/ 48, 8)

A/RES/1167(XII), Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong (Nov. 26, 1957; UN Doc. HCR/INF/48, 32)

E/RES/672(XXV), Establishment of the Executive Committee of the Programme of the UNHCR ( Apr. 30, 1958; UN Doc. HCR/INF/48, 66)

A/RES/1388(XIV), Report of the UNHCR (Nov. 20, 1959; UN Doc. HCR/INF/48, 39)

A/RES/1499(XV), Report of the UNHCR (Dec, 5, 1960; UN Doc. HCR/INF/48, 42)

UN Doc A/CONF. 9/15 [Aug. 30, 1961], UN Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness.

UN Doc. E/AC 32/5 (E/1618), 40 [1951] Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of ECOSOC

UN Doc. A/CONF. 2/108 (Recommendation B in the Final Act of the Conference of Plenipotentiaries, July 18, 1951 )

Yearbook of the United Nations, 1950,1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1977.

Human Rights Yearbook for 1965-1971,1980,1981.