本論文的研究主旨乃是探討馬來西亞(簡稱大馬)八十年代中期至九0年代初所形成的政治反對勢力，它以及政黨聯盟的陣線組織去抗衡執政了卅多年的執政集團國民政憲(及其前身聯盟)_，造成所謂的「兩縣政治」─大馬特有的兩個政黨聯盟之陣線互相競爭、對抗，以贏取選舉上台執政。本論文先從分析及定位現有的大馬政體開始(第二章)，接著討論大馬政治法對勢力乃至於兩線政治形成的因素和過程。整個論文的章節架構如下：

第一章的導論部分討論研究動機、目的即問題和架設等，再探討一些民主政治的發展之理論，並建構一個適宜的分析架構。

第二章分析現有的大馬政體之形成過程，爲大馬多元種族背景及特殊的歷史過程所造成的混和政體定名，那就是「種族威權民主」政體，並以此訂位來檢視大馬政治對反對的意義。

第三章分析「兩線制」民主觀念如何在華裔社會形成，並由此評析大馬華裔的政治理念之轉變與發展，以及其所代表的意義。

第四章則探討馬來社會在政經的發展和變遷裡，馬來人的政治反對勢力如何形成、壯大，以及以何種形式和性質的政治反對出現。

第五章討論華巫印的不同之政治反對勢力如何結盟，並在九0年大選中和國民陣線形成對壘的局面；這裡也分析大選的過程和結果，以了解兩線政治的運作。

第六章的總結篇提出兩線政治形成的綜合評析，即它的形成因素，所帶來的衝擊，包括大馬的政體可能面臨的政體轉型及民主化的問題。

(一) 中文部份
人民黨‧1991‧九十年代再出發‧吉隆坡：人民黨‧Ernst Cassirer著‧于曉等譯‧1990‧語言與神話‧台北：桂冠‧Milovan Djilas著‧中央日報譯‧1979‧新階級‧台灣：中央日報‧民政黨‧1989‧（在我現階段談兩黨制）‧刊《南
洋商報》(10月16日) ‧

全國十五個華團領導機構‧1983‧國家文化備忘錄特輯‧吉隆坡：全國十五個華團領導機構‧

行動黨‧1983‧土著金融大醜聞‧八打靈：行動黨‧
‧1989‧（絕對可行，努力以卦）‧刊《南商報》‧(10月15日) ‧
‧1991‧丹絨宣言‧八打靈：行動黨‧
Samuel P. Huntington著‧江炳倫等譯‧1988‧轉變中社會的政治秩序‧台灣：黎明文化‧

江炳倫‧1989‧亞洲政治文化個案研究‧台灣：五南‧

───‧（政黨與政黨體系研究）‧刊《國立政治大學學報》，第62期‧

Edward O. Wilson著‧宋文里譯‧1992‧人質本性原論‧台灣：桂冠‧

阮西湖‧1992‧（海外華族的形成與發展）‧刊《華僑華人歷史研究》(北京)，
第17期：8-10‧

何秀煌‧1992‧人性、記號與文明‧台北：東大‧

何忠良‧1990‧西馬來西亞華人政黨政治之研究‧台灣政治大學東亞研究所碩士論文‧

何國忠‧1992‧（民主失調與大馬華人政治困局）雪蘭莪中華大會堂青年團主辦「當代大馬華人政治辨思」學術研討會論文。

何啟良‧1989a‧（大馬華團參攻評析）‧刊《南洋商報》(9月13日) ‧

───‧1989b‧（論馬來西亞華人公會在國民陣線的去留）‧刊《問題與研究》，第28卷第六期‧

───‧1991（1991-2000年經濟展望綱領對華人社會的沖擊）‧新山中華公會主辦研討會論文(8月11日) ‧

───‧1992‧（政治反對在大馬）‧新山中華公會青年團主辦「當代大馬華人政治省思」研討會論文‧

吳祖田‧1991‧（馬來西亞之「國家陣線」政黨聯盟）刊《問題與研究》，第30卷第3期‧

Fredric C. Deyo著‧李佳哲譯‧1990‧亞洲四小龍的政經分析‧台北：駱駝‧

李烔才‧1989‧追尋自己的國家‧台北：遠流‧

J. J. Rousseau著‧李堂山譯‧1986‧論人類不平等的起源和基礎‧台北：唐山‧

Leo Suryadinata (廖建裕)著‧李學光及陳巽華譯‧爪哇土生華人政治(1917~1942) ‧1986‧北京：友誼‧

林水檺及駱靜山編‧1984‧馬來西亞華人史‧吉隆坡：大馬留台校友會總會‧

林吉祥‧1987‧南北大道醜聞大揭露‧八打靈：行動黨‧

林幸謙‧1993‧生命的風格‧收於簡媜編《八十一散文選》‧台北：九歌‧

林晃昇‧1986a‧（打破政治壟斷，消除種族主義）‧研討會講稿‧

－──‧1986b‧（兩個陣線制度與馬來西亞民主）‧雪中華大會堂主辦「全國華團聯合宣言與民權研討會」講稿‧

───‧1986c（全國華團民權委員會倡議兩陣線概念─促使我國民主制度更加健全地發展）‧刊《星檳日報》（７月１５日）‧

林開忠‧１９９２‧從國家理論的立場論：大馬華文教育運動中「傳統中華文化」之創造‧台灣清華大學社會人類學研究所碩士論文‧

金耀基‧1992‧中國社會與文化‧香港：牛律大學出版‧

金觀濤及劉青峰‧1989‧興盛興危機－論中國封建社會的超穩定結構‧台北：風雲時代‧

周福泰及覃文標編‧1983‧社會研討會論文集‧吉隆坡：大馬華人文化協會‧

柯嘉遜‧1989‧馬來西亞的政治神話‧吉隆坡：雪蘭莪中華大會堂‧

David Mclellan著‧施忠連譯‧1991‧意識形態‧台北：桂冠‧

Gerhard Lenski, Jean Lenksi及Patrick Nolan著‧涂肇慶譯‧１９９３‧社會變遷‧台北：桂冠‧

Jean Piaget著‧倪連生及王琳譯‧1987‧結構主義‧北京：商務‧

G. Ritzer著‧馬康莊及陳信木譯‧1990‧社會學理論(上下冊) ‧台北：巨流‧

Ian Roxborough著‧馬紹章譯‧1991‧發展理論‧台灣：聯經‧

馬華‧1987‧大馬華裔的前景‧吉隆坡：馬華‧

───‧1989‧（變質的兩黨制後果堪虞）‧刊《南洋商報》(10月14日) ‧

梁英明‧1992‧（馬來西亞種族政治下的華人和印度人社會）‧刊《華僑華人歷史研究》(北京)，第17期：1-7‧

徐崇溫‧1988‧結構主義與後結構主義‧台北：谷風‧

翁詩傑‧1989‧（聯合陣線與兩黨制）‧刊《新明日報》(12月30日)‧

教總‧1986‧林連玉先生榮哀特輯‧吉隆坡：林連玉基金會‧
雪蘭莪中華大會堂‧1986a‧馬來西亞全國華團聯合宣言‧吉隆坡：雪蘭莪中華大會堂‧

───‧1986b‧馬來西亞全國華團民權委員會：貫徹華團宣言第一階段九大目標‧吉坡坡：雪蘭莪中華大會堂‧

陳友信‧1990‧（認識當前政局，展望「兩線制」）‧刊《南洋商報（7月30）

陳亞才‧1989‧（馬來西亞華人研究概略與華社資料中心的歷史研究計劃）‧刊《海外華人研究》，第一期‧

R. Kessing 著‧陳其南等校譯‧1991‧文化人類學‧台北：巨流‧

陳師孟等‧1991‧解構黨國資本主義‧台北：澄社‧

陳祖排‧1987‧（華人會被同化）‧收於《馬來西亞八十年代評論文選》‧台北：大馬青年社‧

陳劍紅‧1984‧（戰後大馬華人的政治發展）收於林水檺及駱靜山編《馬來西亞華人史》‧吉隆坡：大馬留台校友會聯合總會‧

陳鴻瑜‧1987‧政治發展理論‧三版‧台北：桂冠‧

Nigel Harris著‧陳鴻瑜等譯‧1990‧第三世界的結束‧台北：桂冠‧

陳應德‧1990‧（大選結果初探）‧刊【星洲日報】(10月31日) ‧

郭仁德‧1991‧勞工黨血淚廿年‧吉隆坡：馬來西亞華人文化協會‧

郭洙鎮‧1987‧（華教與華族團結目標及歷史任務）‧收於《馬來西亞八十年代評論文選》‧台北：大馬青年社‧

───等‧出版日期不詳‧華教人士與政黨政治‧吉隆坡：鐵山泥‧許忠逸‧1992‧階級形構與官僚威權體制的政經轉化－台灣發展過程之分析(1985-1979) ‧台灣政治大學政研所碩士論文‧

許斯能‧1993‧（圓桌會議－被遺忘的歷史片段）‧刊《南洋商報》(3月6號) ‧

莊錫昌等編‧1991‧多維視野中的文化理論‧台北：淑馨‧

Ozay Mehmet著‧辜瑞榮譯‧1987‧監守自盜‧八打靈：社會分析學會‧
華社資料研究中心(華資) ‧1990‧論華團人士參政‧吉隆坡：雪蘭莪中華大會堂‧

華倫斯坦(I. Wallerstein) ‧1992‧（資本主義文明的沒落）‧刊《二十一世紀》，第十期：118-132‧

Milovan Djilas著‧葉蒼譯‧1976‧不完美的社會‧香港：今日世界‧

羅馬俱樂部(The Club of Rome)著‧黃孝如譯‧1992‧第一次全球革命‧台北：時報‧

黃瑞祺‧1986‧批判理論與現代社會學‧台北：巨流‧

黃德福‧1992‧民主進步黨與台灣地區政治民主化‧台灣：時英‧

Ernst Cassirer著‧黃漢青及陳衛平譯‧1983‧國家的神話‧台灣：均成‧

黃新楠‧1992‧（自獨立以來，馬來西亞聯邦憲法修正的發展，以及對其國會民主制度的影響）‧收於行動黨社青團編《大家一起來關心》‧八打靈：行動黨‧

馮東陽‧1979‧看一九七八年大選的－馬華成敗史‧檳城：星光‧
董總‧1988‧會訊(5月15日) ‧
張亦善‧1964‧明代中國與馬來亞的關係‧台灣：台大文史業刊‧
Robert A. Dahl著‧張明貴‧1989‧多元政治：參與和反對‧台北：唐山‧
張景雲‧1990‧（兩線制小議）‧刊《南洋商報》(8月31日)
楊建成‧1982‧馬來西亞華人的困境‧台灣：文史哲‧
───‧1988‧華人與馬來亞之建國‧台灣：文史哲
楊培根‧1990‧（歷史的十字路口）‧刊《南洋商報》(7月28日) ‧
───‧1992‧（修憲與國會民主）‧收於行動黨社青團編《大家一起來關心》‧八打靈：行動黨‧

廖小健‧1992‧（九十年代馬來西亞華人資本）‧刊《東南亞研究》(廣洲暨南大學) ‧1992(1)：46-49‧
Maurice Duvergerrd ‧雷競璇譯‧1991‧政黨概論‧香港：青文文化事業‧
Lesile White著‧曹錦清等譯‧1990‧文化科學‧台北：遠流‧
Victor Purcell著‧劉前度譯‧1950‧馬來亞華僑史‧檳城：光華日報‧
劉錫通‧1987‧（華人的困境與團結）‧收於《馬來西亞八十年代評論文選》‧台灣：大馬青年社‧

謝復生‧1982‧（協和式民主政治理論之檢討），刊《政治學報》，第十期‧
───‧1983‧（多元分歧的社會與穩定的民主政治－馬來西亞之個案研 究）‧刊《政治學報》，第十一期‧
謝詩堅‧1984‧馬來西亞華人政治思潮演變‧檳城：謝詩堅‧
蕭全政‧1991‧政治與經濟的整合‧台灣：桂冠‧
蕭新煌編‧1990‧變遷中台灣社會的中產階級‧台北：巨流‧
鍾天祥‧1984‧李三春、華教、馬華‧吉隆坡：人間‧
John Rex著‧顧駿譯‧1991‧種族與族類‧台北：桂冠‧

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