自上研究部以來，對於「組織與管理」一門，獨為偏好，有關書籍、雜誌、期刊等，稍有涉獵，而以「組織氣候」理論之抽象，用而發為實際，特饒興趣，因有深加研究之志。近承指導教授及多位師長協助，獲台北市政府經費補助，遂能實現多年心願，以理論和實際相互印證。
研究期間，一方研析理論，一方整理資料，深獲啓發，益感研究組織氣候之重要；非為其受國內研究者殊鮮，而特為甚於任何組織之發展，人員之福祉大有影響。是以文稿既成，爰將感受與提要並納，以贊為序。
任何組織之目的，恆在於解決「適應」、「整合」、「目標達成」及「型態維護」等問題〔帕森思，(Talcott Parsons)一九六○〕；然如何解決？非賴人員之齊心一志，群策群力，無以為功。惟人員之情緒、價值觀念、態度及期望等各異，如何使其群策群力？恆是必須深思的主題。然則，組織氣候之研究正可提供此一主題予解決之道。蓋組織氣候之研究，即係基以「整體」與「主觀」的環境觀念，以研究組織成員的行為動機及其行為，是乃追本溯源之研究，實乃全面密集之探討。
組織係由人所構成之系統，人恆為組織最可貴之資產，如何使其發揮潛能，努力從公，負獻目標，恆需考慮彼等之行為動機和各種社心需求。管理若能引發其成就動機與隸屬動機，必可滿足其多種心理需求，固能收其發揮潛能，團結一致，群策群力之效。惟組織若非提供一良好之組織氣候，欲收此種效益，實無由而得。舉一例以言，當人員察覺組織之獎酬有欠公允，失之客觀時，管理若不從事改善，組織氣候何以良好？人員之成就動機何能引發？隸屬需求何能滿足？遑論目標欲期達成!
人員之行為，並非對客觀現實之反應，而係受主觀察覺所影響，然亦僅有研究其主觀之察覺，始能了然彼等之不滿所在，組織氣候之研究正是擔負起此一角色。憑藉此一研究，或可了解組織內在環境品質之優劣所在，從而釐制合適之管理政策，以存其優良，去其劣腐，斯能達成改善組織、健全組織之基本要求。
組織氣候者，主係組織人員之心理氣候，尤如家庭氣氛然！家庭能否幸福，不端在物質生活之奢華，卻全賴具有和諧與合作之氣氛，人人具有成就與團結之意願，克能共持家庭之不墜，共謀家庭之隆興！是以組織是否健全，並不全賴物質設備之精良，尤賴人員對其特性予以察覺所形成之氣候是否良好；關於此點，諸多方面厥為要素，例如：能有彈性的結構，不使人員因備受限制而抑低成就動機；具有公平的獎酬，不使人員因獎酬不宜而抑低隸屬動機；賦予人員較多的責任，不使人員因權責不稱而推失諉過，抑低其成就動機••…等，在在影響人員是否能獲得社心的滿足而盡其全力為組織目標邁力。以此觀之，當然，欲求組織氣候獲得改善，自需從事全面的努力，或能有所成果。
組織氣候亦主係由領導型態所形成之結果，專制的領導，不能期望有民主的氣候；反之，民主的領導，必不致於人員之間爭相傾軋，惟利是圖。因此，欲改善組織氣候，常需先求改變管理人員之領導態度以及其對人的各種假設。雖然，各組織之情況有別，需要互異!但一般言之，似乎以「人性本善」之人性假設（Y理論）〔麥克葛羅格，(Douglas McGregor)一九六○〕以及「民主的領導」方式，更能符合國情，更能激發人員之成就動機，滿足自我實現的需求。
組織氣候之研究，無異對組織作一番總診斷，且對於人員之心向亦可獲得大致了解，惟此一研究旨在改善組織的內部環境，絕非提供組織作為「控制」人員之利器，是以各級人員皆須具有正確的觀念，亦即：管理的一方應能以此種研究分析作為改善組織的藍本，而非管理的一方亦能根據察覺感受，具實以告，無庸心懷疑懼。
有關組織氣候之研究，雖類以企業機構為多，而施之於服務性機關或行政機關較少，然而，「管理的學理是有普遍性的。凡是在工商企業界實施良好的管理原理原則，亦必能施行於政府部門，反之亦然」。( Administrative doctrine is universal. Principles and general rules which hold good for business hold good for the state too, and the reverse applies.)〔費堯（Henri Fayol)，一九一一〕。因此，本研究若能稍有成果，得獲行政機關取之借鏡，用收拋磚引玉之效，誠為欣然，亦誠受此語之啓發。
職上之故，本研究之旨趣，一方固在研析組織氣候之一般理論及衡量方法，企圖作一綜合及整合的分析以供未來研究者從事進一步研究之參考；另一方，則亦在運用現有的理論和方法，從事對台北市政府作一個案分析，描述市政府組織氣候之實際狀況以供管理當局改善組織進而健全組織，提高績效以及有效達成組織目標之張本。全文共分八章，二十三節，約二十餘萬言，各章節之大要如下：
第一章緒論，分三節：第一節為基本認識與了解，指出環境對組織與管理之衝擊，提示研究組織與管理切不可忽視環境之作用；然則環境中恆以內在環境與組織及其人員最具密切關係，故對組織內在環境—亦即組織氣候—加以研究乃更具實質意義；也因此，組織氣候之設計，實為管理的基本課題。第二節陳述研究之旨趣所在，分別說明一、研究動機與研究目的、二、研究問題與驗證假設。第三節則為研究設計：一、選定研究方法，二、選定研究工具與研究變數，三、提出本研究之基本理論架構，四、設定研究場合並進行抽樣設計，以及五、說明如何蒐集資料和分析資料等，此後並進入本論範圍。
第二章透視組織氣候之理論，著重於概念及理論之抽象層面上，分四節：第一節說明組織氣候之理論基礎，亦即艾京遜（John W. Atkinson）之動機作用理論；第二節探討組織氣候之概念，分別提示類似的概念、當代的概念，並澄清概念的混淆所在。第三節指陳組織氣候在組織行為中之地位，析釋組織氣候與組織發展、組織變遷、領導型態、人員行為動機等之關係。第四節則提出組織氣候之主要類型，說明各種類型之特質，並據以提示設計良好組織氣候之途徑與方法。
第三章組織氣候之衡量與衡量證據之分析，雖亦為理論方面之探討，但著眼於理論之運用和實際衡量方法以及已往衡量成果之分析，分二節：第一節探討一般衡量組織氣候之方法，說明察覺衡量為何必要？既為必要，則其方法與工具如何？以及察覺衡量之建構如何等。第二節是為衡量證據之分析，首先探討學者將組織氣候作為獨立變數、中介變數、或依賴變數處理時的發現，然後根據筆者的見鮮，嘗試作一整合之分析以為參考。
而自第四章開始，則係根據個案調查的結果，從事衡量與分析，以選第七章止。所使用的工具厥為黎特文與史春格（George H. Litwin and Robert A. Stringer Jr.）所建立之組織氣候工具，加上國內許士軍教授所修正之意見而得。至若處理的方式，則為在各章節中分別提示有關的概念及理論，然後再從事衡量與分析；而提示概念及理論之目的，厥為在文章說明上有其基礎。準此：各章節之內容有如下述：
第四章分析組織內之挑戰性氣息，分三節探討並衡量與分析一、組織賦予個人責任之程度，二、組織對風險所持之態度，及三、組織要求的績效標準。
第五章分析組織對獎酬及支持所持的態度，亦分三節探討一、組織所採之獎酬方式，二、組織內之支持性氣氛，及三、組織處理衝突之態度。
第六章是為組織中社會包容氣息之分析，分二節研討組織中之人情氣息與員工對組織之認同感究達何種程度。
第七章則有三節，分別探討組織的結構，員工的一般態度，然後將前面的各章節予以綜合組織氣候或組織次級氣候進行綜合分析。
最後一章（第八章）是為結論，亦有三節：第一節旨在歸納研究發現，指陳理論方面、個案分析方面以及個案分析與理論相互印證等三方面之發現。第二節則係根據研究發現，分別針對未來研究者以及台北市政府管理當局提供若干建議，以作為進一步研究，或改善組織、釐訂管理策略之參考。至若最後一節，則在說明本研究乃是實證研究之嘗試，當然受有相當的限制，因此，未來研究者應力求排除這些限制，或可期望獲得更佳的成果。
本研究撰寫期間，至感困難者，厥為資料蒐集之不易，縱有所得，類為斷簡殘篇；加上筆者智力駑鈍，才疏學淺，故雖殫精竭慮，然偏頗不周，疏漏謬誤，自所難免，尚祈諸師長、先進惠予指正，不勝感荷！
朱 榮 欽 謹識 六十六年七月

壹、中文部分
一、書籍
1.王雲五主編，雲五社會科學大辭典（第九冊），心理學，台北：商務印書館，民國五十九年。
2.王德馨著，現代工商管理，台北：三民書局，民國六十四年。
3.朱承武著，獎勵建議制度，台北：正中書局，民國六十五年。
4.李序僧著，工業心理學，台北：大中國圖書公司，民國六十年。
5.吳洋德譯，組織心理學（Edgar H. Schein原著，Organizational Psychology,1965），台北：協志工業叢書出版股份有限公司，民國六十四年。
6.吳堯峯著，現代管理淺釋，台中：瑞成書局，民國六十二年十一月。
7.韋從序著，統計學，台北：正中書局，民國五十三年。
8._______，統計方法，台北：國立政治大學公企中心，民國六十一年。
9.許士軍著，管理：規劃與創新，台北：地球出版社，民國六十三年十一月。
10.許是祥譯，行為科學與管理（Douglas McGregor原著，The Professional Manager），台北：中華企業管理發展中心，民國六十四年十月。
11.陳秋帆譯，經營組織之體制與改善（幸田一男原著），台北：新太出版社，民國六十二年。
12.陳超塵著，統計學，上、下冊，台北：商務印書館，民國五十年十一月。
13.張春興、楊國樞合著，心理學，台北：三年書局，民國六十四年。
14.張潤書著，行政學，台北：三民書局，民國六十五年。
15.楊國樞、林碧峯合譯，行為統計學（John J. Roscoe原著），台北：國立編譯館，民國六十一年十一月。
16.蔡麟筆著，參與式的領導與管理績效之研究，台北：幼獅月刊社，民國六十二年八月。17._______譯，管理程序與組織行為（Alan C. Filley and Robert J. House原著，Managerial Process and Organizational Behavior,1969），台北：五洲出版社，民國六十四年三月。
18.龍冠海著，社會學，台北：三民書局，民國五十六年。
二、論文及期刊
(一)論文
1.孫本初撰，服務性機關中專業人員的機關認同之研究——台北市醫院之調查分析，國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文，民國六十五年六月。
2.謝永祥撰，本國銀行與在台美國銀行組織氣候之比較研究，國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，民國六十四年六月。
(二)期刊
1.許濱松撰，「組織氣候與管理」，載於國立政治大學公共行政會刊（第十一期），民國六十五年。
2.鄭瑞澤撰，「人群關係之實驗室訓練的學習過程」，政大學報（第二十二期），民國五十九年十二月。
貳、英文部分
一、書籍（Books)
1. Argyris, Chris, Integrating the Individual and the Organization, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1964.
2. _______, Personality and Organization: the Conflict between System and the Individual, New York Harper and Row, Publishers, 1957.
3. Barnard, Chester I., The Functions of an Executive, 2nd ed., Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968.
4. Burns, Tom, and Stalker, George, M. ,The Management of Innovation, London: Tavistock Publication Limited. 1961.
5. Beckett, John A., Management Dynamics: The New Synthesis, New York: Mc-Grow-Hill Book Company, 1971.
6. Blake, Robert R., and Mouton, James S., The Managerial Grid, Houston: Gulf Publishing Company, 1964.
7. Campbell, John, P., Dunnette, M.D, Lawler, E.E., ⅢWeick, K. E. Jr., Managerial Behavior, Performance, and Effectiveness, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1970.
8. Davis, Keith, Human Behavior at Work: Human Relations and Organizational Behavior, 4th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1972.
9. Dewey, John, Democracy and Education: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education, New York: Mcmillan Company, 1922.
10. Drucker, Peter F., Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices, New York: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1974.
11. French, Wendell, The Personnel Management Process: Human Resources Administration, 3rd ed., Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974.
12. Gallerman, Saul W., Management by Motivation, American Management Association, Inc., 1968.
13. George, Claude S., Jr., The History of Management Thought , Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.
14. Gilmer, B. Von Hailer, Industrial Psychology, New York: McGraw-Hill, Book Company, 1961.
15. Halpin, A. W. and Crofts, D., The Organizational Climate of Schools, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963.
16. Hellriegel, Don, and Slocum, John W., Jr., Management: A Contingency Approach, Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1974.
17. Hooper, F. C., Management Survey: The Significance of Management in the Modern Community, London: Sir Issac Pitman and Sons, Ltd., 1948.
18. Herzberg, Frederick, Mauzner, Bernard, and Snyderman, Barbara, The Motivation to Work, 2nd ed., New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1959.
19. Herzberg, Fredrck, Work and the Nature of Man, Cleveland: the World Publishing Company, 1966.
20. Kahn, Robert L., et al., Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity , New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1964.
21. Koontz, Harold, and O’Dennell, Cyril, Principles of Management: An Analysis of Managerial Functions, 5th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1972.
22. Kast, Fremont B., and Rosenzweig, James B., Organization and Management: A Systems Approach, 2nd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company 1974.
23. Lawrence, Paul R., and Lorsch, Jay W., Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration, Boston: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1967.
24. Leavitt, Harold J., "" Applied Organizational Change in Industry: Structural, Technological and Humanistic Approaches , in J March (Ed.), Hand Book of Organizations, Chicago: Rand McNally (1965) PP.1144-1170.
25. Lewin, Kurt, Field Theory in Social Science, New York: Harper and Bros.,1951.
26. Litwin, George H., and Stringer, Robert A., Jr., Motivation and Organizational Climate, Boston: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1968.
27. Likert Rensis, New Patterns of Management, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1961.
28. Litterer, Joseph A., The Analysis of Organizations , 2nd ed. , New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1973.
29. Luthans, Fred, Organizational Behavior, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973.
30. McCormick, Ernest J., and Tiffin, Joseph, Industrial Psychology, 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1974.
31.McFarland, Dalton E., Management: Principles and Practices, 4th ed., New York: The Macmillan Publishing Company, 1974.
32. McGregor, Douglas, The Human Side of Enterprise, New York: McGraw- Hill Book Company, 1960.
33._______, The Professional Manager, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,1967.
34. Maier, Norman R. F., Principles of Human Relations: Application to Management, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952.
35. March, James G., and Simon, Herbert A., Organizations, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1958.
36. Marrow, Alfred J., Bowers, D., and Seashore, S., Management by Participation: Creating a Climate for Personal and Organization Development New York: Harper & Row ,Publishers, 1967.
37. Maslow, Abraham H., Motivation and Personality, New York: Harper and Row, 1954.
38. Newman, William H., Summer, Charles E., and Warren, E. Kirby, The Process of Management: Concepts, Behavior and Practice, 3rd ed., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1972.
39. Parsons, Talcott, The Social System, Glencoe, III: Free Press, 1951.
40. Patchen, Martin, Participation, Achievement , and Involvement on the Job, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1970.
41. Schein, Edgar H., and Bennis, Warren G., Personal and Organizational Change through Group Methods: The Laboratory Approach, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1965.
42. Shull, Fremont A., et al., Organizational Decision-Making, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1970.
43. Simon, Herbert A., et al., Public Administration, New York: Afred A. Knopf, 1950.
44. _______, Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision- Making Processes in Administrative Organization, New York: The Free Press, 1957.
45. Sisk, Henry C., The Principles of Management, Ohio: South-Western Publishing Company, 1969.
46. Steers, Richard M. and Porter, Lyman W., Motivation and Work Behavior, New York :McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975.
47. Taguiri, Renato, “The Concept of Organizational Climate, “ in Taguiri and Litwin (Eds. ), Organizational Climate: Explorations of a Concept, Boston: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1968.
48. Tannenbaurn, R., Weschler, I. R., and Massarick,. F., Leadership and Organizations: A Behavioral Science Approach, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1961.
49. Tead, Ordway, The Art of Administration, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1953.
50. Vroom, Victor, H., Work and Motivation, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1964.
二、( Articles )
1. Argyris, Cris, “The Individual and Organization: Some Problems of Mutual Adjustment,” Administrative Science Quarterly, vol.2, No.1 (1957), PP.1- 24.
2. Becker, Charles E., “Deciding When It’s Time for a Change in Organizational Climate, “ Personnel (May-June, 1975), PP.25-31.
3. Dieterly, Duncan L., and Schneider, Benjamin, “The Effect of Organizational Environment on Perceived Power and Climate: A Laboratory Study: “ Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol.11 (1974), PP.316-337.
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