自1970年代石油危機以來，各國傳統內燃引擎車(ICEV)的銷售佔比逐漸下 降，而油電混合動力車(HEV)和電池電動車(BEV)的比例顯著提升。本文利 用專利新穎性指標衡量汽車產業的技術創新，並通過專利數據了解各類型汽車的 專利分佈。基於 Verhoeven 和 Bakker 等人(2016)計算專利新穎性的方法，我 們使用來自八個專利局的資料，並新增兩個時間窗口(10年及20年)來建構專利 新穎性指標。我們分析了各國傳統車廠及中美電動車廠在1990年至2023年間於美 國專利局的專利申請，發現Tesla在專利新穎性方面顯著領先於其他美國電動車 廠、中國電動車廠及傳統車廠;而比亞迪雖不及Tesla，但在專利創新程度上領先 於其他美國及中國電動車廠，並且超越了中國的傳統車廠。

Since the 1970s oil crisis, the sales share of traditional internal combustion engine vehicles has gradually declined, while the proportion of hybrid and electric vehicles has significantly increased. This study utilizes patent novelty indicators to measure technological innovation in the automotive industry and examines the distribution of patents across different types of vehicles through patent data. Based on the method for calculating patent novelty by Verhoeven and Bakker et al. (2016), we use data from eight patent offices and introduce two additional time windows (10 years and 20 years) to construct the patent novelty indicators. We analyzed the patent applications of traditional automakers and electric vehicle manufacturers from China and the U.S. at the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) from 1990 to 2023. The findings reveal that Tesla significantly leads other U.S. electric vehicle manufacturers, Chinese electric vehicle manufacturers, and traditional automakers in terms of patent novelty. Although BYD lags behind Tesla, it surpasses other U.S. and Chinese electric vehicle manufacturers and outperforms traditional Chinese automakers in terms of patent innovation.

中文文獻

丁學文(2024)。陸電動車逆襲特斯拉 彎道超車 3 關鍵。《聯合報》，取自 https://ieknet.iek.org.tw/ieknews/news_open.aspx?actiontype=ieknews&indu_ idno=8&nsl_id=6bee89c6777d4030af0900b1951875a4。
陳信志(2020)。中國大陸 2021-2035 年新能源汽車產業發展規劃。車輛中心產 業發展處，取自 https://www.artc.org.tw/tw/knowledge/articles/13416。
國務院辦公廳(2020)。國務院辦公廳關於印發《新能源汽車產業發展規劃(2021— 2035 年)》的通知。中華人民共和國中央人民政府，取自 https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2020-11/02/content_5556716.htm。

英文文獻

Aghion, P., Dechezleprêtre, A., Hemous, D., Martin, R., & Van Reenen, J. (2016). Carbon taxes, path dependency, and directed technical change: Evidence from the auto industry. Journal of Political Economy, 124(1), 1-51.
Bai, C. E., Hsieh, C. T., & Song, Z. (2020). Special deals with Chinese characteristics. NBER macroeconomics annual, 34(1), 341-379.
Borgstedt, P., Neyer, B., & Schewe, G. (2017). Paving the road to electric vehicles–A patent analysis of the automotive supply industry. Journal of cleaner production, 167, 75-87.
Daim, T. U., Rueda, G., Martin, H., & Gerdsri, P. (2006). Forecasting emerging technologies: Use of bibliometrics and patent analysis. Technological forecasting and social change, 73(8), 981-1012.
Fleming, L. (2007). Breakthroughs and the ‘long tail ’of innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review.
Gittelman, M., & Kogut, B. (2003). Does good science lead to valuable knowledge?
Biotechnology firms and the evolutionary logic of citation patterns. Management science, 49(4), 366-382.
Gruber, M., Harhoff, D., & Hoisl, K. (2013). Knowledge recombination across technological boundaries: Scientists vs. engineers. Management science, 59(4), 837-851.
Lanjouw, J. O., & Schankerman, M. (2004). Patent quality and research productivity: Measuring innovation with multiple indicators. The economic journal, 114(495), 441-465.
Naughton, B. (2021). The rise of China's industrial policy, 1978 to 2020. México: Universidad Nacional Autónomica de México, Facultad de Economía.
Nerkar, A. (2003). Old is gold? The value of temporal exploration in the creation of new knowledge. Management science, 49(2), 211-229.
Rosenkopf, L., & Nerkar, A. (2001). Beyond local search: boundary‐spanning, exploration, and impact in the optical disk industry. Strategic management journal, 22(4), 287-306.
Shane, S. (2001). Technological opportunities and new firm creation. Management science, 47(2), 205-220.
Sinigaglia, T., Freitag, T. E., Kreimeier, F., & Martins, M. E. S. (2019). Use of patents as a tool to map the technological development involving the hydrogen economy. World Patent Information, 56, 1-8.
Sinigaglia, T., Martins, M. E. S., & Siluk, J. C. M. (2022). Technological evolution of internal combustion engine vehicle: A patent data analysis. Applied Energy, 306, 118003.
Strumsky, D., & Lobo, J. (2015). Identifying the sources of technological novelty in the process of invention. Research policy, 44(8), 1445-1461.
Trajtenberg, M., Henderson, R., & Jaffe, A. (1997). University versus corporate patents: A window on the basicness of invention. Economics of Innovation and new technology, 5(1), 19-50.
Verhoeven, D., Bakker, J., & Veugelers, R. (2016). Measuring technological novelty with patent-based indicators. Research policy, 45(3), 707-723.